Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Chapter 6
1.
2. Settlers in the
Ohio Valley
1730-1755: Transitional period.
Lifestyle on frontier was
changing.
Transients:
Explorers who investigated the
land, then moved on to new
lands.
Settlers:
wanted permanency.
Frontier continued to move west
with more settlers.
3. Conflicting Land Claims
Rivalry between France and
Great Britain
Series of wars for 100 years
Seven Years War:
(1756-1763)
Last seven years of the
wars and fighting in
Europe
Known as the French and
Indian War in North
America
4. Think ahead:
1. Why is the war known as the French and Indian
War? Why not the British and French War?
2. What are allies?
3. Who become allies, when fighting occurs in North
America?
French and Native Americans?
British and Native Americans?
No allies. Everyone fights against everyone?
5. Claims of the Ohio River
Valley
de
1669: French – Robert Cavelier
La Salle’s exploration of the Ohio
River
1671: British - Batts and Fallam
exploration of New River
Waters flow into the Kanawha,
Ohio, and Mississippi rivers.
1749: French strengthened –
Celeron de Blainville buried lead
plates along the Ohio River
7. Lead Plate Translation
In the year 1749, reign of Louis XV., King of France, We,
Celeron, commandant of a detachment sent by Monsieur the
Marquis de la Galissoniere, Commandant General of New
France, to re-establish tranquillity in some Indian villages of
these cantons, have buried this plate at the mouth of the river
Chinodashichetha, the 18th August, near the river Ohio,
otherwise Beautiful River, as a monument of renewal of
possessions, which we have taken of the said river Ohio, and of
all those which fall into it, and of all the lands on both sides, as
far as to the sources of said rivers; the same as were enjoyed or
ought to have been enjoyed, by the preceding Kings of France,
and that they have maintained it by their arms and by treaties,
especially by those of Ryswick, Utrecht, and Aix-la- Chapelle.
8. Views on Treaties and
Land Ownership
Indians:
British:
Avoided difficulties by Treaties are seen as the
negotiating treaties with end of warfare or as
Indians trade agreements
Treaties had nothing to
Used treaties to take do with land ownership
control of property
Saw treaties as
Saw treaties as binding changeable.
French:
Permanent ownership of land was not
a major consideration.
More interested in fur trade.
Did not pose a threat to Indians.
9. Setting the Scene
Nemacolin Path:
Path cut by Nemacolin (Delaware Indian) and Thomas Cresap
Wills Creek in Cumberland, Maryland to beginning of Ohio
River, near Pittsburgh.
Brought French and British into direct contact with the Ohio
Valley
Treaty of Logstown:
Signed by Christopher Gist of the Ohio Land Company,
Delaware, and Shawnee tribes
Gave Virginia control of the Ohio Valley
11. Governor Dinwiddie’s
Proposal
(1753) Virginian Governor
Robert Dinwiddie:
Diplomatic mission to Fort
LeBouef, near Lake Erie.
Led by 21 year old George
Washington.
Mission was to ask the
French to leave the Ohio
Valley
12. George Washington
Followed the Nemacolin Path
to the forks of the Ohio River
where Monongahela and
Allegheny rivers meet.
There, joined by:
Christopher Gist, Ohio Land
Company
Jacob Van Braam, French
interpreter
Half King, Indian chieftain
and guide
14. George Washington at
Fort LeBouef
Washington met with
French leader, Jacques
Legardeur de Saint Pierre
Dinwiddie’s proposal was
rejected
Group prepared to go
home.
Found out that the French
had bribed the Half-King
to convince him to stay
with them. (didn’t
succeed)
15. War Breaks Out
Captain William Trent
Ordered by Dinwiddie to build a
fort at the forks of the Ohio River.
May 1754: Washington sent as
back up.
Learns of Trent’s defeat
French destroyed British’s
partially built fort
Replaced with Fort Duquesne
French actions are considered an
act of war.
Washington prepares to march
against the French.
16. Let the War Begin!
Washington and 40 men
French scouting party
Skirmish is over in 15
minutes:
Washington’s troops had
killed 10 men, including
French leader, Joseph
Coulon de Villers de
Jumonville.
Marks the beginning of the
French and Indian War.
17. Jumonville’s Death
Think it out:
What does John Shaw’s account
about Jumonville’s death prove
about the war?
From what you know about the
war, which side would you fight
for?
18. Advantages
French: British:
Larger land claim Larger population
Already-existing Powerful Iroquois
system of forts in the allies
Ohio Valley Control of the oceans
Majority of Indian Population that was
allies concentrated in a very
Superior military small area
officers and army. Desire to protect their
own property
19. Disadvantages
French: British:
Sparse Population Military organization
Soldiers with no Poorly organized
personal interest in the frontier volunteers
land Less qualified officers.
Poor lines of supply
20. Battle at Fort Necessity
Immediate retaliation from the
French:
Set out in search of those
responsible for Jumonville’s
death
Washington ordered the
completion of Fort Necessity at
Great Meadows
July 3, 1754:
1,600 French soldiers and Indians;
300 British men
1/3 of Washington’s men were
sick or wounded
Washington surrendered
21. Terms of Surrender
Washington was required to
leave the Ohio Valley and
not return to build forts for
a year.
Washington agreed to
return all prisoners taken in
Jumonville battle.
French agreed to return Fort
Duquesne and build no
more forts in the Ohio
Valley
22. Battle of the
Monongahela
Dinwiddie asked the King
of England for
reinforcements.
Sent two regiments of
British Regulars
General Edward Braddock
Started training 1,000
Virginia Militia – disliked
them, and saw them as
undisciplined
Aided by Colonel George
Washington
23. Braddock’s force
All met at Fort
Made up of:
Cumberland, then
1,400 British soldiers
headed to Fort
60 sailors Duquesne
2,400 colonial troops
300 Indians
150 wagons
2,000 horses
26. The Shawnee and
Mary Draper Ingles
Attacked a settlement at Draper’s Meadows the
day before Braddock’s defeat.
Killed many and took prisoners:
Took Mrs. William Ingles (Mary Draper Ingles),
her two sons, her sister-in-law (Mrs. Mary
Draper), and Henry Lenard prisoners.
Mary Ingles gave birth to her third child a few
days after her abduction.
Group was split up; Mary Ingles and her baby
were taken to a salt lick near Cincinnati, Ohio.
27. Escape
Mary Ingles and a Dutch woman
managed to escape.
Mary left her baby behind.
They had no supplies
Lived off the land: ate berries and
nuts
Followed the rivers for six weeks
and covered 500 miles.
The Dutch woman turned on her,
even tried to kill Mary.
They separated, but both reached
Draper’s Meadow.
28. Native
Americans
Fight Back Major Andrew Lewis and a
After Braddock’s defeat, the
Indians waged war against company of militia were sent
beyond the Ohio River. (340
the settlers. men)
Pioneers took refuge in Ran short of supplies.
forts: Made canoes to try to save
Fort Pleasant, Edward’s what they had, but hit rapids
and lost most of what they
Fort, Forman’s Fort, Evans’ had.
Fort, Fort Ashby Men threatened to desert.
Settlers asked for help from Lewis disbanded men in at
Dinwiddie Devon in Mingo county.
Never reached Shawnee
towns.
29. Tides of War
April 1756
Group of French and Indians attacked Edward’s Fort in
Hampshire County.
Totally wiped out British forces
Four months later, Dinwiddie issued a formal declaration of
war.
May 1758
Band of Shawnee attacked Fort Seybert in Pendleton
County
Indians promised that if the frontiersmen surrendered, their
lives would be spared.
It was a trick. All eleven who surrendered were put to death.
30. Success with William Pitt
British government put William Pitt in charge of
the war.
Pitt
Reorganized forces, poured money and supplies
into the war effort, and instantly saw positive
results.
July 26, 1758: British defeat French at Louisburg
and Fort Frontenac.
British gained control over Lake Ontario
French stopped from reinforcing their forts in the
Ohio Valley
British moved toward Ft. Duquesne, but French
blew it up and left.
British rebuilt it and renamed it Fort Pitt.
31. Battle of Quebec
British victories at Ft. Niagara, Ft.
Ticonderoga, and Crown Point preceded
the Battle of Quebec.
September 12, 1759, Quebec
Both French and British generals were
killed.
French retreat signaled beginning of the
end of the French empire in North
America.
Great Britain gained control of all of the
land east of the Mississippi River.
British won the war.
32. Journal Entry
You are a soldier during the French and Indian War.
Choose one battle and write a letter to someone in
your family about your experiences throughout the
battle. It must be historically accurate, use real
names, and real events.
Have fun with it! This is your chance to express your
opinions about which side you would choose to fight
with, brutality of the battles, and your own ideas
about what may work better when fighting.
