MEMBANGUN INDUSTRI PROBIOTIK : PROSPEKTIF PROBIOTIK SEBAGAI FEED ADDITIVES PADA INDUSTRI PETERNAKAN DI INDONESIA source : bppt

1. MEMBANGUN INDUSTRI PROBIOTIK :
PROSPEKTIF PROBIOTIK SEBAGAI FEED ADDITIVES
PADA INDUSTRI PETERNAKAN DI INDONESIA
PUSAT TEKNOLOGI AGROINDUSTRI – BPPT
2016

2. OUTLINES
 Peta Industri Peternakan
 Prospek Probiotik
 Market challange
 Konsep probiotik
 Teknologi produksi probiotik
 Produk dan aplikasi probiotik BPPT
 Business plan C-Xanthoprobiotik
 Penutup

3. Sumber : Statistik Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan 2015
http://ditjennak.pertanian.go.id
Peta Industri Peternakan

4. Budi Tangendjaja, 2015
AMIS - IRIAP

5. 1,09
2,04

6. Budi Tangendjaja, 2015
AMIS - IRIAP

7. Seminar: “Potret Bisnis Unggas 2015
dan Prediksi Bisnis Tahun 2016”
Jakarta, 18 November 2016
87,5 T

8. Thom Wright and Sugiarti M.
USDA Staff
Indonesia Grain and Annual Feed Report, 2016
Grain Report Number ID1610
3,4
6kg/h

9. Ban AGP
UEA 2006
Ban AGP
USA 2010
Ban AGP
Ind 20…?
Alternatif Ab
Konsep Probiotik
Probiotik luar negeri :
• Yea Sac : Alltech USA
• CYC : Korea
• Lactosan : Austria
• Diamond : Inggris
• Trillac : Australia
Probiotik Produk BPPT 2006 :
• PSC-G2 : sapi potong
• PSC-G21 : sapi perah
• Mikrosil : pembuatan silase
• Prochick : ayam pedaging
• Komposil : pengolah limbah
UU No 18/2009 ps 22
PP No ...? April / 20...?
Prospek Probiotik
Market challange

10. Drh. Endah Widiastuti dan Usman Ali
PELARANGAN PENGGUNAAN HORMON TERTENTUDAN/ATAU
ANTIBIOTIK SEBAGAI IMBUHAN PAKAN
Senin, 15 Desember 2014
DIREKTORAT PAKAN TERNAK
Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan
Kementerian Pertanian Indonesia

12. 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Quantity Value
Additive
Rice Bran
PMM
Fish Meal
MBM
SBM
Corn
Seminar: “Potret Bisnis Unggas 2015
dan diolah lebih lanjut

13. Feed : 14,580,000,000 kg
3 % : 437,400,000 kg
10 % : 43,740,000 kg
1 kg : 50,000 IDR Rp/kg
AGP : 2,187,000,000,000 IDR Rp Prob GP 30 % : 656,000,000,000 IDR Rp

14. Konsep Probiotik
1974 : Parker
“ Organisms and substances which contribute to intestinal
microbial balance”
1989 : Fuller
“ Live microbial food/feed supplement which beneficially
affects the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance”
Probiotics mean “for life” and are defined as :
“ living microorganisms which upon ingestion in certain
numbers exert health benefits in humans and animals
beyond inherent basic nutrition ”
2002 : FAO / WHO

15. M. Elie Metchnikoff
Nobel Prize winner
1845 - 1916
Henry Tissier
1906
 Diare anak  miskin Bifido
 Anak sehat  kaya Bifido
 Bacillus bifidus communis
 Rekomendasi terapi Bifido
Alfred Nissle 1917
Escherichia coli galur
Nissle 1917
 Petani Bulagria  susu yoghurt – umur panjang
 Keracunan mikrobiota usus  “replacing with LAB”
 Eksperimen susu fermentasi Bacillus bulgaria
 The prolongation of life 1907  Nobel Prize
 Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus
 The scientific rationale for the health benefit of LAB
Lactobacillus casei Shirota
Minoru Shirota
1921

16. Probiotics mean “for life” and are defined as :
“ living microorganisms which upon ingestion in certain
numbers exert health benefits in humans and animals
beyond inherent basic nutrition ”
2002 : FAO / WHO
Probiotics  Health benefits are derived from specific strains of
bacteria with proven clinical efficacy
Studies are showing the health status of the host is as important to
probiotic efficacy as the microbial strain
Combination of different probiotics strains reduces the ability of
potentially pathogenic bacteria to adhere to and colonize the gut
more than single strains, thus reducing risk of infection
Gambar. 2. (a) mikrograf elektron
Scanning dinding dinding usus halus
ayam menunjukkan lactobacilli
menempel ke permukaan
(b) Scanning mikrografi elektron
wilayah oesophagus dari lambung
babi menunjukkan streptokokus dan
lactobacilli melekat pada sel epitel
Gambar. 3. (a) mikrograf elektron Scanning potongan dinding usus
halus ayam menunjukkan lactobacilli menempel ke permukaan
(b) Scanning mikrografi

17. Bagan saluran pH bakteri
pencernaan ayam
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 2003, p. 6816–6824 Vol. 69, No. 11

20. Our studies showed that the feed additive S. cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 may accelerate the development
of the functionality of the rumen ecosystem, by creating more favourable ecological conditions for
earlier establishment of cellulolytic bacteria and ciliate protozoa in the rumen of newborn lambs. Other
studies including more animals should be undertaken to conŽrm this tendency. If so, this microbial additive
could be a useful tool to optimize the rumen function of young ruminants and to avoid digestive
disorders during weaning. This work also demonstrated that an allochtonous microorganism, such as a
probiotic yeast can affect the development and the activities of autochtonous microbes in a complex
ecosystem.

21. Teknologi Produksi Probiotik
500 T Y-1
62,50 T M-1
4 1 %
16 Run M-1
2 D R-1

23. TAHUN 2005 2006 2018201720162007
RISET DAN
PENGEM-
BANGAN
TEKNOLOGI
PRODUK
PASAR
INDUSTRI PROBIOTIK DAN PETERNAKAN
PSc
G1
PSc G1,2,3 = Probiotik Ruminansia ; ProChick = Probiotik Unggas
MIKROBA PROBIOTIK PSc DAN ProChick
HASIL REKOMBINAN DNA
SELEKSI
GALUR
MIKROBA
END
TRAPING
FREEZE
DRYING
OPTIMASI MEDIA DAN
FORMULASI PRODUK
SPRAY
DRYING
PEMULIAAN GALUR
MIKROBA
TRANSFORMASI GEN, UJI
INVITRO & INVIVO
ISOLASI GEN
POTENSIAL
TEKNOLOGI
REKOMBINAN DNA
PSc
G4
PSc
G2
PSc
G3
TAHUN 2005 2006 2007
RISET DAN
PENGEM-
BANGAN
TEKNOLOGI
PRODUK
PASAR
INDUSTRI PROBIOTIK DAN PETERNAKANINDUSTRI PROBIOTIK DAN PETERNAKAN
PSc
G1
PSc
G1
PSc G1,2,3 = Probiotik Ruminansia ; ProChick = Probiotik UnggasPSc G1,2,3 = Probiotik Ruminansia ; ProChick = Probiotik Unggas
MIKROBA PROBIOTIK PSc DAN ProChick
HASIL REKOMBINAN DNA
MIKROBA PROBIOTIK PSc DAN ProChick
HASIL REKOMBINAN DNA
SELEKSI
GALUR
MIKROBA
END
TRAPING
END
TRAPING
FREEZE
DRYING
FREEZE
DRYING
OPTIMASI MEDIA DAN
FORMULASI PRODUK
OPTIMASI MEDIA DAN
FORMULASI PRODUK
SPRAY
DRYING
SPRAY
DRYING
PEMULIAAN GALUR
MIKROBA
TRANSFORMASI GEN, UJI
INVITRO & INVIVO
ISOLASI GEN
POTENSIAL
TEKNOLOGI
REKOMBINAN DNA
TEKNOLOGI
REKOMBINAN DNA
PSc
G4
PSc
G4
PSc
G2
PSc
G2
PSc
G3
PSc
G3
Produk dan Aplikasi Probiotik BPPT

24. 1 2
3 4
Mikrosil
Probiotik PSc
Fermentasi Harvesting
Uji In-Vivo
Uji In-Vitro
Mikroba Probiotik Produksi Silase
Konsentrat - Probiotik PSc

25. Total mikroba hidup* ……………… tidak kurang dari ………………1,25 x 1012 CFU/gram
(*Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan Bifidobacterium bifidum)
MANFAAT: Menciptakan keseimbangan mikroflora dalam saluran pencernaan
sehingga meningkatkan proses pencernaan bahan pakan, penyerapan zat nutrisi,
daya tahan infeksi saluran pencernaan, dan meningkatkan produksi daging
KANDUNGAN BAHAN: Sukrosa, susu skim, produk kering fermentasi Saccharomyces
cerevisiae dan Bifidobacterium bifidum, Soybean meal, vitamin dan mineral
DOSIS:
Sapi/Kerbau : 0,5 gram per ekor per hari
Kambing/domba : 0,1 gram per ekor per hari
PETUNJUK PEMAKAIAN:
Larutkan 0,5 gram atau satu sendok takar PSc JiTu ke dalam 20 ml larutan gula
cair/molases 0,5% dan campurkan larutan ke dalam 2 kg bahan pakan konsentrat
(polard, dedak atau onggok), aduk hingga merata, kemudian campurkan ke dalam
pakan konsentrat keseluruhan.
PENYIMPANAN: Tutup rapat kemasan, simpan ditempat yang sejuk dan kering,
hindarkan dari panas sinar matahari langsung.
PSc JiTuProbiotik Ruminansia
BERAT BERSIH: 250 GRAM
Diproduksi Oleh:
Balai Pengkajian Bioteknologi BPPT, Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang
Telp: 021-7560562 ext. 1549,1542 Fax: 021-7560208
E-mail: bswinoto@webmail.bppt.go.id
PRODUK PROBIOTIK - BPPT
PSc
(untuk sapi, kambing)
MikroSIL
(pembuatan Silase)
ProCHICK
(untuk ayam)
Probiotik PSc G1
Probiotik PSc G2

26. APLIKASI PROBIOTIK PSc

28. DATA HASIL UJI PROBIOTIK PERIODE TAHUN 2005 - 2006
No
Sampel Sapi Uji
ADG
(gram/ekor/hari) Delta
(gr/hr)
Hari
DOF
Jml
sapi
Benefit
(kg)
Waktu
Pengujian
PSc Kontrol
1 Sapi PO I 770 780 -10 120 200 -120
Maret-Juni
2005
2 Sapi PO II 740 710 30 120 560 1.008
Okt 2005 -
Jan 2006
3 Sapi Australia CC I 1660 1710 -50 70 400 -700
Juli – Agst
2005
4 Sapi Australia CC II 1470 1410 60 70 600 1.260
Juni-Juli
2006
5 Sapi Australia CC III 1500 1420 80 70 990 2.772
Juni-Juli
2006
97.6% 423.7 gr/ekor
94.3% 534.1 gr/ekor
97.6% 433.9 gr/ekor1.5
2.1
Perlakuan
Jumlah (ekor)
Mortalitas
(%)
Total
konsumsi
pakan (kg)
Rata-rata
konsumsi
pakan
(kg/ekor)
Rata-rata
berat
badan
(kg/ekor)
FCR
(Feed
Convertion
Ratio)
awal mati akhir
Kontrol 2.500 133 2.367 5,32 6.984 2,95 1,53 1,93
Prochick 2.500 78 2.422 3,12 6.515 2,69 1,65 1,63

29. Gb. 10. kandang sistem litter kapasitas kandang 3000 ekor; Gb. 11. Sekam a
tidak berbau; Gb.12. Karkas ayam organik, rendah lemak dan kholes

31. 2016
2017
2018
• Pengembangan produksi prob cur-
x liquid skala pilot plan 75 – 500 L
• Trial field prob cur-x skala
komersial
• Fasilitas produksi
komersial probiotik cur-
x dan ayam probiotik
• Pengembangan produksi prob
cur-x liquid skala pilot plan 2500 L
• Pengembangan produksi prob
cur-x powder skala pilot plan 75 –
500 kg
 Inovasi Probiotik Cur-x
 Trial produksi prob cur-x
 Trial field prob cur-x
 Development prob cur-x
Investasi
Business Plan Probiotik Cur-x
2009 - 2014

34. 160 kL
16 T
16 T Y-1
2 T M-1
0,2 1 %
10 Run M-1
3 D R-1
160 KL Y-1
20 KL M-1
10 eq 2 K L
10 Run M-1
3 D R-1

36. Forcast Market share Probiotik dari Populasi Ternak di Indonesia
Jenis Ternak Tahun Real Closed Feed Duration T-Feed Dosis Revenue
25 %
Revenue
(ribuan) 2015 1,000 Kg Hari Kg 0.03% 1,000 25%
S. Perah 525 525 3 90 141,750 43 42,525 10,631
S. Potong 15,494 15,494 6 90 8,366,760 2,510 2,510,028 627,507
Kambing 18,880 18,880 0.5 90 849,600 255 254,880 63,720
Domba 16,510 16,510 0.5 90 742,950 223 222,885 55,721
Babi 8,044 8,044 1 90 723,960 217 217,188 54,297
A.Buras 285,021 285,021 0.2 18 1,026,076 308 307,823 76,956
A. Petelur 151,419 151,419 0.2 18 545,108 164 163,533 40,883
A. Pedaging 1,497,626 1,497,626 0.2 18 5,391,454 1,617 1,617,436 404,359
Itik 46,875 46,875 0.2 18 168,750 51 50,625 12,656
0.1% 17,956,408 5,387 5,386,922 1,346,731
17,956 5.39 5,386,922 1,346,731
ton ton
Ribu
Rupiah
Ribu
Rupiah
Forcast market share Probiotik from Feedmill Industry
Feedmill Ind. Thousand ton
Closed
0.10%
Ton 0.03%
Poultry 13,680 13.680 13,680 4.10
Ruminan 152 0.152 152 0.05
Swine 304 0.304 304 0.09
4.24 Ton
Rev. 4,240.80 M
30 % Rev. 1,272.24 M

37. Total Market Size :
99,938 L
Rp.4,996,900,000
Forecast Market Probiotik Liquid

38. Probiotik/kg 1,052,622 F-2500
Probiotik/ton pakan 315,787 pakan/ton F-2500
Probiotik/kg pakan 316 pakan/kg F-2500
Probiotik/kg pakan 91 pakan/kg F-10.000
Perbandingan harga Probiotik/kg skala pilot dan industri
Harga AGP : 50 – 150 rupiah
Rp15.79/dosis
126
6.32
Rp4.55/dosis
Perah Potong Domba Unggas Biaya/hr B/C
5 632 5.70
8 1,011 4.75
0.5 63 29.69
0.2 25 23.75
Daily Feed
Rasion (Kg/day)
Rp.126/kg
Perah Potong Domba Unggas Biaya/hr B/C
5 1,579 2.28
8 2,526 1.90
0.5 158 11.88
0.2 63 9.50
Daily Feed
Rasion (Kg/day)
Rp.316/kg

39. •Y-
Generation
•Pemerintah
•Lembaga
Riset
•Masyarakat
Feed
mill
Feed
additive
Food
industri
Farm
industri
Stake Holder Industri Probiotik

40.  Probiotik telah dipelajari secara intensif dan dieksplorasi komersial
dalam beragam produk yang berbeda
 Probiotik mempunyai efek menguntungkan untuk kesehatan ternak
 Peran probiotik mencegah diare, terapi antibiotic, dan terapi immun/alergi/
Imflamasi dengan cara kolonisasi resisten mikroba pathogen dan
menekan pertumbuhannya serta memodulasi sistem immun pencernaan
 Probiotik utama : Lactobacillus dan Bifidobacterium, probiotik
potensial : Enterococcus, Propionibacterium, Saccharomyces,
Streptococcus thermophilus, Pediococcus dan Lactococcus
 Perkembangan teknologi memperluas aplikasi probiotik dalam
industri feed additive untuk peternakan dan dapat untuk substitusi
antibiotic growth promoter (AGP)
Penutup

41. Daftar Pustaka
1. Bruno Biavati. Probiotics and Prebiotics. Traditional food in combating foodborne pathogens. Department of
Agro-environmental Science and Technologies, Fac. Of Agriculture. University of Bologna, Italy. 2011
2. C.A. Patterson, PhD, Pag. Probiotics Benefits beyond basic nutrition August 2008. Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada. 1341 Baseline Rd., Tower 5, 2nd Floor. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C5.
3. Camila Boaventura, Rafael Azevedo, Ana Uetanabaro, Jacques Nicoli and Luis Gustavo Braga. The Benefits of
Probiotics in Human and Animal Nutrition. New Advances in the Basic and Clinical Gastroenterology.
www.intechopen.com
4. Carlos Ricardo Soccol, Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe, Michele Rigon Spier, Adriane Bianchi Pedroni
Medeiros, Caroline Tiemi Yamaguishi, Juliano De Dea Lindner, Ashok Pandey and Vanete Thomaz-Soccol. The
Potential of Probiotics: A Review. C.R. SOCCOL et al.: The Potential of Probiotics, Food Technol. Biotechnol. 48
(4) 413–434 (2010)
5. Francisco Guarner (Chair, Spain), Aamir G. Khan (Pakistan), James Garisch (South Africa), Rami Eliakim
(Israel), Alfred Gangl (Austria), Alan Thomson (Canada), Justus Krabshuis (France), dan Ton Le Mair (The
Netherlands). Probiotics and prebiotics. World Gastroenterology Organisation Practice Guideline. 2008 May.
6. H. Tissier, The treatment of intestinal infections by the method of transformation of bacterial intestinal flora, C.
R. Soc. Biol. 60 (1906) 359–361 (in French).
7. Hesham A. El Enshasy . Industrial Platform Design for Large Scale Production of Probiotic Yeast. Institute of
Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia
8. http://www.customprobiotics.com/about_probiotics_continued.htm
9. Nicolae Corcionivoschi, Dan Drinceanu, Ioan Mircea, Deirdre Stack, Lavinia Ştef, Călin Julean, Billy Bourke.
REVIEW : The Effect of Probiotics on Animal Health. Corcionivoschi N. et. Al./Scientific Papers: Animal Science
and Biotechnologies, 2010, 43 (1)
10. R. FULLER. A Review Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 1989, 66, 365-378
11. S.C. Ng., MRCP., A.L. Hart, PhD, M.A. Kamm, MD, A.J. Stagg, PhD, and S.C. Knight, PhD. BASIC SCIENCE
REVIEW : Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics: Recent Advances. Inflamm Bowel Dis. Volume 15, Number 2,
February 2009

42. Contact Person :
Budhi Santoso Reksohadiwinoto
PTA TAB – BPPT, Indonesia
Gedung 610 Lt. 2, Puspiptek, Serpong,
Tangerang 15314, Banten
Indonesia
T : 62-21-7560729 ext 7460, 0815.8177977
F : 62-21-7560444
E : budhi.santoso@bppt.go.id
bswin88@gmail.com
http://www.poultryhub.org/physiology/body-systems/digestive-system/

44. PROBIOTICS: Probiotics are defined as ‘living micro–organism that, upon ingestion in certain
numbers, exerts health benefits beyond inherent basic nutrition’ [12]. Their use as powder or
granulate formulations is linked to proven efficacy on the gastrointestinal microflora. This
positive effect on the gastrointestinal flora results not only in an improved health status,
especially in young animals, but also in improved animal performance, including growth rate
and/or feed conversion efficiency. There are different categories of probiotic feed
preparations: Additives containing about 1010 CFU g–1, premixes containing 108 CFU g–1, and
feeds, meals or pellets containing about 106 CFU g–1 [13]. Microorganisms that are used in
animal feeds in the EU are mainly Gram–positive bacteria belonging to the families Bacillus
(B. cereus var toyoi, B. licheniformis; B. subtilis), Enterocococcus (E. faecium), Lactobacillus (L.
acidophilus, L. casei, L. farciminis, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus), Pediococcus (P. acidilactici),
Streptococcus (S. infantarius). Lactic acid–producing bacteria are used in a large variety of
fermented feed applications.

45. Probiotics strain Dose and design research Result References
Bactocell probiotic
Pediococcus acidilactici
109 cfu g-1
Dosis 0,8 g , 1 g , 1,6 g per kg
feed rasion
800 DOC Ross broiler chicks
42 days, PCV Blood, Hb, total
protein, albumin, total lipid, ,
cholesterol
PCV, Hb, TP, TL, albumin no significant
change Cholesterol significant
decrease BW and DWG significant
increase (3-6 W)
1 & 0,8 g kg-1 FR higher BW (6 W)
Alkhalf, A. et al.
Saudi Journal of Biological
Sciences (2010) 17, 219–225
www.ksu.edu.sa
www.sciencedirect.com
Probiotic
Enterococcus faecium,
Lactobacillus casei and
Lactobacillus plantarum
Bacillus subtilis
106 - 108 cfu g-1
Fertilized eggs
10 mg probiotic solution in water
Probiotic in diet DOC Chicks
Challenged with Salmonella
enteritis at hatching
Probiotic provided caecum reduction
of Salmonella enteritidis from the
second week of life.
The probiotic promoted elimination of
Salmonella enteritidis in the crop and in
the caecum of the chicks at 7 and 21
days of age.
Leandro, N.S.M., et al.
R. Bras. Zootec., v.39, n.7,
p.1509-1516, 2010
S. cereviseae 103 cfu kg-1, 105 cfu kg-1
107 cfu kg-1 feed diet
Percent weight gain (PWG) and
Feeding efficiency (FE) of
Epinephelus coioides
S. cereviseae 107 cfu kg-1 had
significantly higher survival rates than
those fed the 103 cfu kg-1, S. cereviseae
diet and control diet after challenge
with Streptococcus sp and iridovirus,
with increased survival rates of 26,6 %
and 36,6 %, respectively, compare to
the challenge control group.
S. cereviseae 107 cfu kg-1 had
significantly increased PWG and FE
which were 211,6 % and 1,2.
Chiu-Hsia Chiu, et al.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology 29
(2010) 1053-1059 ELSEVIER
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/fsi
S.cereviseae and Lactid acid
bacteria
S.cereviseae and Lactid acid
bacteria as potensial mycotoxin
decontaminating agents
S.cereviseae action was binding
mycotoxin
Shetty, P.H. and Jespersen, L.
Trends in Food Science &
Technology 17 (2006) 48-55

46. Effect of Cyclodextrin
Complexation of
Curcumin on its Solubility
and Antiangiogenic and
Anti-inflammatory
Activity in Rat Colitis
Model
Solubility, phase
solubility, and in vitro
dissolution studies
showed that curcumin
has higher affinity for
hydroxypropyl-β-CD
(HPβCD) than other CDs.
HPβCD complex of
curcumin was further
investigated for its
antiangiogenic and anti-
inflammatory activity
using chick embryo and
rat colitis model.
HPβCD complex of
curcumin proved to be a
potent angioinhibitory
compound, as
demonstrated by
inhibition of angiogenesis
in chorioallantoic
membrane assay.
Curcumin- and HPβCD-
treated rats showed a
faster weight gain
compared to dextran
sulfate solution (DSS)
controls.
Yadav, V.R., et al.
AAPS PharmSciTech, Vol.
10, No. 3, September
2009

47. Nutrition Research Reviews (2000),
13, 279-299
Antibiotic use in animal feed and
its impact on human health :
Lincomycin, Virginiamycin
Erythromycin, tylosin, kitasamycin,
oleandomycin, spiramycin
Monensin, lasolocid, narasin,
salinomycin
Bacitracin,
Carbadox, olaquindox
Inhibit protein synthesis in Gram-
positive bacteria
Inhibit protein synthesis, principally
in Gram-positive bacteria
Affect bacterial cell permeability;
active against Gram-positive
bacteria
Gram-positive cell-wall synthesis,
Inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis and
denature pre-existing DNA; active
against anaerobes
Antibiotic-resistant human
pathogens are a major challenge
in human medicine (Collignon,
1997; Turnidge, 1998; Williams &
Heymann, 1998; Guillemot, 1999).
There is some risk that excessive
attention to transfer of antibiotic-
resistant bacteria or genes from
animals to man will divert attention
from the need to address problems
inherent in the medical use of
antibiotics. Antibiotic-resistance
problems in human medicine
include those of MRSA, VRE,
multiresistant Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, penicillin-resistant
pneumococci, multiresistant
Gram-negative organisms and
extended-spectrum b-lactamase-
producing Gram-negative
bacteria (Gold & Moellering, 1996;
Collignon, 1997).

48. Centrifugal cells separator