The document reviews various studies focused on the outcomes of late talkers, highlighting factors such as parental influence, early language interventions, and predictive measures for language development. It includes a systematic review of literature that examines characteristics of late-talking toddlers and potential long-term implications for language impairments. Notable studies explore early identification of language delays and the effectiveness of interventions in improving language outcomes.

1. Outcome of late-talkers: references
Recommended Review
Paul, R., & Roth, F. (2010). Characterizing and predicting outcomes of
communication delays in infants and toddlers: Implications for clinical
practice. Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools, 42, 331.
doi: 10.1044/0161-1461(2010/09-0067)
Other papers
Bishop, D. V. M., Holt, G., Line, E., McDonald, D., McDonald, S., & Watt, H.
(2012). Parental phonological memory contributes to prediction of
outcome of late talkers from 20 months to 4 years: a longitudinal study
of precursors of specific language impairment. Journal of
Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 4(3). doi: 10.1186/1866-1955-4-3
Buschmann, A., Jooss, B., Rupp, A., Feldhusen, F., Pietz, J., & Philippi, H.
(2009). Parent based language intervention for 2-year-old children with
specific expressive language delay: a randomised controlled trial.
Archives of Disease in Childhood, 94, 110-116.
Cable, A. L., & Domsch, C. (2011). Systematic review of the literature on the
treatment of children with late language emergence. International
Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 46(2), 138-154. doi:
10.3109/13682822.2010.487883
Desmarais, C., Sylvestre, A., Meyer, F. o., Bairati, I., & Rouleau, N. (2008).
Systematic review of the literature on characteristics of late-talking
toddlers. International Journal of Language and Communication
Disorders, 43(4), 361 - 389.
Ellis, E. M., & Thal, D. J. (2008). Early language delay and risk for language
impairment. Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, 15(3),
93-100. doi: 10.1044/lle15.3.93
Flax, J. F., Realpe-Bonilla, T., Roesler, C., Choudhury, N., & Benasich, A.
(2009). Using early standardized language measures to predict later
language and early reading outcomes in children at high risk for
language-learning impairments. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42(1),
61-75. doi: 10.1177/0022219408326215
Henrichs, J., Rescorla, L., Schenk, J. J., Schmidt, H. G., Jaddoe, V. W. V.,
Hofman, A., . . . Tiemeier, H. (2011). Examining continuity of early
expressive vocabulary development: The Generation R Study. Journal
of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 54(3), 854-869. doi:
10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0255)
Lyytinen, P., Eklund, K., & Lyytinen, H. (2005). Language development and
literacy skills in late-talking toddlers with and without familial risk for
dyslexia. Annals of dyslexia, 55(2), 166-192. doi:
10.1007/s11881-005-0010-y
Nelson, H. D., Nygren, P., Walker, M., & Panoscha, R. (2006). Screening for
speech and language delay in preschool children: systematic evidence
review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Pediatrics, 117,
e298-319.
O'Hare, A. E. (2009). Wayward words and watchful waiting: should clinicians
be more proactive for the preschooler with uncomplicated expressive

2. language delay? Arch Dis Child, 94(2), 80-82. doi:
10.1136/adc.2008.148528
Reilly, S., Wake, M., Ukoumunne, O. C., Bavin, E., Prior, M., Cini, E., . . .
Bretherton, L. (2010). Predicting language outcomes at 4 years of age:
Findings from Early Language in Victoria Study. Pediatrics, 126(6),
E1530-E1537. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-0254
Rescorla, L. (2009). Age 17 language and reading outcomes in late-talking
toddlers: Support for a dimensional perspective on language delay.
Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 52(1), 16-30. doi:
10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0171)
Rescorla, L., Roberts, J., & Dahlsgaard, K. (1997). Late talkers at 2: Outcome
at age 3. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 40,
556-566.
Rescorla, L., & Schwartz, E. (1990). Outcome of toddlers with specific
expressive language delay. Applied Psycholinguistics, 11, 393-407.
Rice, M. L., Taylor, C. L., & Zubrick, S. R. (2008). Language outcomes of 7-
year-old children with or without a history of late language emergence
at 24 months. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research,
51(2), 394-407. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/029)
Thal, D. J., & Katich, J. (1997). Predicaments in early identification of specific
language impairment: Does the early bird always catch the worm? In K.
N. Cole, P. S. Dale & D. J. Thal (Eds.), Assessment of communication
and language (pp. 1-28). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
Thal, D. J., Tobias, S., & Morrison, D. (1991). Language and gesture in late
talkers: a one-year follow-up. Journal of Speech and Hearing
Research, 34, 604-612.
Wake, M., Tobin, S., Girolametto, L., Ukoumunne, O. C., Gold, L., Levickis,
P., . . . Reilly, S. (2011). Outcomes of population based language
promotion for slow to talk toddlers at ages 2 and 3 years: Let's Learn
Language cluster randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal,
343. doi: d4741
Zubrick, S. R., Taylor, C. L., Rice, M. L., & Slegers, D. W. (2007). Late
language emergence at 24 months: An epidemiological study of
prevalence, predictors, and covariates. Journal of Speech, Language
and Hearing Research, 50(6), 1562-1592. doi:
10.1044/1092-4388(2007/106)