A research that we presented and submitted to our teacher, Mrs. Lopez. I uploaded this because I wanted to help other students in the ABM track especially to Senior High Students who have Reseach in Daily Life in their subjects.

1. Strategies on How to Infer &
Explain Patterns and Themes
from Data + Examples
Group 7
Leader: Krista Goden
Members: Regina May Tenorio
Jhon Zerich Soltes
Lalaine Pineda
Becuran High School
Becuran Sta. Rita Pampanga
Submitted to:
Mrs. Rosario Chat Lopez

2. Your classes starts at 7:30am but you arrived at school at 6:00 in
the morning. This is what you saw. Any conclusions?

3. What is Infer?
▪Infer is the short of Inference.
▪Inference is using observation and
background to reach a logical conclusion.

4. What are Patterns &Themes from Data?
▪Pattern - a repeated form or design
especially that is used to decorate
something
- something that happens in a
regular and repeated way
"Pattern." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 3 Sept. 2016.

5. What are Patterns &Themes from Data?
▪Theme - A theme is generated when similar
issues and ideas expressed by participants within
qualitative data are brought together by the
researcher into a single category or cluster.
- This ‘theme’ may be labeled by a word
or expression taken directly from the data or by
one created by the researcher because it seems
to best characterize the essence of what is being
said.

6. Techniques to IdentifyThemes in Qualitative Data
1. Word Repetitions - We begin with word-based techniques. Word repetitions, key-
indigenous terms, and key-words-in-contexts (KWIC) all draw on a simple
observation—if you want to understand what people are talking about, look at
the words they use. Word repetitions can be analyzed formally and informally. In
the informal mode, investigators simply read the text and note words or
synonyms that people use a lot. A more formal analysis of word frequencies can
be done by generating a list of all the unique words in a text and counting the
number of times each occurs.
2. Indigenous categories - Another way to find themes is to look for local terms that
may sound unfamiliar or are used in unfamiliar ways. Patton (1990:306, 393-400)
refers to these as "indigenous categories" and contrasts them with "analyst-
constructed typologies." Grounded theorist refers to the process of identifying
local terms as in vivo coding (Strauss 1987:28-32, Strauss and Corbin 1990:61-74).
Part 1

7. 3. Key-words-in-context (KWIC) - Are closely associated with indigenous
categories. KWIC is based on a simple observation: if you want to
understand a concept, then look at how it is used. In this technique,
researchers identify key words and then systematically search the corpus of
text to find all instances of the word or phrase. Each time they find a word,
they make a copy of it and its immediate context. Themes get identified by
physically sorting the examples into piles of similar meaning.
4. Compare and Contrast - The compare and contrast approach is based on
the idea that themes represent the ways in which texts are either similar or
different from each other. Glazer and Strauss (1967:101_116) refer to this
as the "constant comparison method.”
Part 2
Techniques to IdentifyThemes in Qualitative Data

8. 5. Social Science Queries - Besides identifying indigenous themes—
themes that characterize the experience of informants—
researchers are interested in understanding how textual data
illuminate questions of importance to social science. Spradley
(1979:199–201) suggested searching interviews for evidence of
social conflict, cultural contradictions, informal methods of social
control, things that people do in managing impersonal social
relationships, methods by which people acquire and maintain
achieved and ascribed status, and information about how people
solve problems.
Part 3
Techniques to IdentifyThemes in Qualitative Data

9. Strategies on How to Infer Data
▪Thematic Analysis
▪Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA)

10. Thematic Analysis
▪ Braun and Clarke (2006) define thematic analysis as:
“A method for identifying, analyzing and reporting patterns
within data.” (p. 79)
▪ Thematic analysis is a widely used method of analysis in
qualitative research. In 2006 Braun and Clarke published an article
that described to novice researchers how to use thematic analysis
in a step-by-step manner. Braun and Clarke (2006) state that
thematic analysis is a foundational method of analysis that
needed to be defined and described to solidify its place in
qualitative research.

11. The 6 Steps ofThematic Analysis:
1. Familiarization with the data: This phase involves reading and re-reading the
data, to become immersed and intimately familiar with its content.
2. Coding: This phase involves generating succinct labels (codes!) that identify
important features of the data that might be relevant to answering the
research question. It involves coding the entire dataset, and after that,
collating all the codes and all relevant data extracts, together for later stages
of analysis.
3. Searching for themes: This phase involves examining the codes and collated
data to identify significant broader patterns of meaning (potential themes).
It then involves collating data relevant to each candidate theme, so that you
can work with the data and review the viability of each candidate theme.
Part 1

12. The 6 Steps ofThematic Analysis:
4.Reviewing themes: This phase involves checking the candidate themes
against the dataset, to determine that they tell a convincing story of the
data, and one that answers the research question. In this phase, themes are
typically refined, which sometimes involves them being split, combined, or
discarded.
5. Defining and naming themes: This phase involves developing a detailed
analysis of each theme, working out the scope and focus of each theme,
determining the ‘story’ of each. It also involves deciding on an informative
name for each theme.
6.Writing up: This final phase involves weaving together the analytic narrative
and data extracts, and contextualizing the analysis in relation to existing
literature.
Part 2

13. Qualitative Data Analysis
▪Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) is the range
of processes and procedures whereby we
move from the qualitative data that have
been collected into some form of
explanation, understanding or interpretation
of the people and situations we are
investigating.

14. Techniques in Collecting Qualitative Data
▪Observation - Observational data refer to the
raw materials an observer collects from
observations, interviews, and materials, such
as reports, that others have created.
- Data may be recorded in several
ways: written notes, sketches, tape recordings,
photographs, and videotapes.
Part 1

15. Techniques in Collecting Qualitative Data
▪Interviewing – Hold interview as it collects
data from various people from different
places, cultures and etc.
▪Documents – Try finding information from
written documents and other types of data
available.
Part 2

16. Example:
Interviewer: Do we request school facilities to DepEd?
Principal:Yes, of course
Interviewer: How do we request school facilities to DepEd?
Principal:The Annual Improvement Plan should present our requirement for facilities in
our school, from there, we will go to our Superintendent, and we will write all the needs
for our school if DepEd can provide, or to MOOE (Maintenance and Other Operating
Expenses)
Interviewer: How do they approve it? Do you need to show some outlines, plans or
pictures for the project?
Principal: It is a must to show the annual improvement plan. If it is approved, next is to
do the request letter, once it is approved, DepEd will send monitoring on the necessity,
once it is confirm and they have available funds, they will provide the budget.
Interviewer: Do the PTA Officers or Students have some contribution? If so, what are
they?
Principal: Definitely, they have, we have the authorized PTA fee, from that fund we can
have other needs to be addressed, also from authorized voluntary fee for our other
needs

17. Patterns
Question & Answer Data;
Someone answers the
questions, and someone
asks.
Theme
The School and its
Facilities

18. Questions?

19. Thank

20. Sources:
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-inference-how-to-infer-intended-meaning.html
(What is Inference? - Study.com)
http://www.analytictech.com/mb870/readings/ryan-
bernard_techniques_to_identify_themes_in.htm
(Techniques to Identify Themes in Qualitative Data)
https://www.psych.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/our-research/research-groups/thematic-
analysis/about-thematic-analysis.html
(About thematic analysis - The University of Auckland)
https://sites.google.com/site/howtousethematicanalysis/home/what-is-thematic-analysis
(What is Thematic Analysis?)
http://www.slideshare.net/amethyst212/data-analysis-qualitative-data-presentation-2
(Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) ppt.)