This document summarizes a report on child labor in rural areas, specifically in the village of Galghoria near IIT Kharagpur. It was found that child labor is prevalent, with around 100 children out of 250 of school age not attending school. Many work on farms or shops with their families due to poverty and lack of access to higher education. Solutions proposed include increasing access to schools, vocational training, awareness campaigns, and community motivation to value education over child labor. Overall the report examines the problem of child labor in the local rural context and ways to improve conditions for children.

1. TRANSFER AND MANAGEMENT OF RURAL TECHNOLOGY
PROF. S C MAHAPATRA
PROF. P. K. BHOWMICK
RURAL DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
IIT KHARAGPUR

2. PRESENTED BY
NITESH KHANDELWAL 09HS2005
NEERAJ KUMAR 09HS2026
MD AKRAM SABA 09HS2027

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
WE FEEL IMMENSE PLEASURE IN EXPRESSING OUR
GRATITUDE AND HEARTLY THANKFUL TO
PROF. S C MAHAPATRA
&
PROF. P K BHOWMICK
FOR THEIR SUPPORT IN THE COMPLETION &
COMPILATION OF THIS PROJECT REPORT.

4. THE REPORT IS BASED ON
THE SURVEY CONDUCTED AT
THE VILLAGE OF
GALGHORIA, LOCATED
ABOUT 4 KM FROM THE
IIT CAMPUS. THE REPORT
IS BASED ON CHILD
LABOUR IN RURAL AREAS.
FROM OUR OBSERVATION,
WE FOUND THAT CHILD
LABOUR IS ONE OF THE
PROBLEMS IN RURAL
INDIA. SO HERE, WE
HAVE FOCUSED OUR
PRESENTATION ON
IMPROVING THE CONDITION
OF THE CHILDREN IN
RURAL INDIA.

5. DEFINITION
 Child labor is employing children who are
under aged to work as determined laws of a
state.
 This practice is considered to be exploitative
in many countries and international
organizations.
 Effects include a loss of potential and dignity
in self, which is harmful to a child’s physical
and mental development.

6. HISTORY OF CHILD LABOUR
CHILD LABOUR IS NOT AN INDIA-SPECIFIC
PROBLEM, BUT HAS BEEN A PROBLEM IN ALL THE
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DURING THE EARLY STAGES OF
INDUSTRIALISATION, AS WE ARE FACING NOW.
EUROPE, NORTH AMERICA AND JAPAN ARE EXAMPLES FOR
THIS.
CHARLES DICKENS, IN DAVID COPPERFIELD HAS
PORTRAYED THE CHILD LABOUR PROBLEM IN ENGLAND
DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.

7. DURING THE EARLY STAGES OF INDUSTRIALISATION, EACH OF THESE
COUNTRIES EXPERIENCED A POPULATION EXPLOSION DUE TO DECLINING DEATH
RATES ACCOMPANIED BY HIGH TOTAL FERTILITY RATES.
THESE IMBALANCES AFFECTED THEIR POPULATION PYRAMIDS, INCREASING
THE PROPORTION OF CHILDREN (0-14 YEARS) IN TOTAL POPULATION FROM
ABOUT 30 PER CENT TO OVER 40 PER CENT. IT PEAKED AT ABOUT 42-45
PER CENT IN ALL CASES WHEN THE PROPORTION STARTED DECLINING. INCIDENCE
OF CHILD LABOUR (VARIOUSLY DEFINED) WAS AT ITS PEAK WHEN THE
PROPORTION OF CHILD POPULATION WAS AROUND 42-45 PER CENT AND
VIRTUALLY DISAPPEARED WHEN IT DECLINED TO UNDER 30 PER CENT.
HISTORICALLY, TIME TAKEN FOR THIS CHANGE HAS DIFFERED FROM
COUNTRY TO COUNTRY.
TRANSITION IN THE UK DRAGGED FOR ALMOST A CENTURY WHILE THAT IN
JAPAN WAS IN LESS THAN FIFTY YEARS. SOUTH KOREA AND CHINA ARE
ATTEMPTING TO DO SO IN ONE GENERATION.
DEMOGRAPHERS HAVE STUDIED THIS PHENOMENA AS THEORY OF
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION. A SIMILAR CASE IS OBSERVED IN INDIA AS WELL.

8. STRUCTURAL CHANGE BY
INDUSTRIALISATION MADE MORE AND
MORE PEOPLE CHANGE OVER FROM
AGRICULTURAL TO NON-AGRICULTURAL
ACTIVITIES, AND URBANISATION
IMPROVED. BUT, AS A BY-
PRODUCT, THE FACILITIES IN THE
CITIES SUFFERED. THIS HAS ALSO
LED TO A PHENOMENA TERMED AS
"STREET URCHINS"

9. CHILD LABOR IN INDIA
 The constitution of India guarantees free and
compulsory education to children between the age of
6 to 14 and prohibits employment of children younger
than 14 in any hazardous environment.
 Child labor is prevalent in almost all informal
sectors of the Indian economy.
 OUT OF A TOTAL ESTIMATED CHILD POPULATION OF 175.9 MILLION IN
INDIA 85.8 PER CENT ARE IN RURAL AREAS AND 14.4 PER CENT IN
URBAN AREAS.
 OUT OF A TOTAL ESTIMATED FULL-TIME CHILD LABOR (USUAL
ACTIVITIES STATUS DEFINITION) OF 8.9 MILLION, 90.9 PER CENT
WERE IN RURAL AREAS AND ONLY 9.1 PER CENT WERE IN URBAN
AREAS.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF CHILD
LABOUR

11. TOTAL CHILD LABOR
2/3 OF THE CHILD LABOURERS IN RURAL INDIA ARE
INVOLVED IN THE FAMILY ENTERPRISES AS NON-WAGE
WORKERS. THE REST WORK AS WAGE-BASED
WORKERS. THE FAMILY ENTERPRISE BASICALLY

12. CHILDREN WHO
NEITHER GO TO
SCHOOL, NOR ARE
INVOLVED IN ANY
LABOR FORCE
LARGE INCIDENCE
OF SUCH NOWHERE
CHILDREN.
JUST HELP THEIR
PARENTS IN THE NO-WHERE
AGRICULTURAL
LABOR WORK. CHILDREN

13. CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOR
 The presence of a large number of child laborers is regarded as a
serious issue in terms of economic welfare. It is evident from India
ranking at lowest quarter (122th) in World HDI in spite of its rapid
economic growth.
 When children are working, they are put apart from the necessary
education . Moreover, large number of low-paid Child labors lowers
India’s per capita income. Their hazardous working condition lowers
India’s welfare level.
 High illiteracy rate puts long-term economic growth at risk.
 According to the International Labor Organisation (ILO), there are
tremendous economic benefits for developing nations by sending
children to school instead of work. Without education, children do
not gain the necessary skills.

14. STEPS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT
NATIONAL AUTHORITY ON THE ELIMINATION OF CHILD
LABOUR (NAECL)
• ESTABLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA IN SEPTEMBER 1994
• TO ORCHESTRATE ITS POLICIES DEALING WITH THE ELIMINATION OF
CHILD LABOUR.
CHILD LABOUR PROHIBITION AND REGULATION ACT OF
1986
• EXEMPTS FROM PROHIBITION OVER 90 PER CENT OF CHILD LABOUR IN
INDIA
• THE INCIDENCE OF CHILD LABOUR IN THE PROHIBITED AND HAZARDOUS
ACTIVITIES DOES NOT OCCUR FROM CHILDREN BORN AND BROUGHT UP IN
THE VICINITY OF THESE ACTIVITIES.
ILO (1996) TARGETING THE INTOLERABLE AND ITS
PROPOSED CONVENTION
• HAS AGAIN RESTRICTED ITSELF TO THE SO-CALLED HAZARDOUS AND
INTOLERABLE FORMS OF CHILD LABOUR.

15. TEPS NEEDED TO BE TAKEN

16. WHAT WE OBSERVED IN GOLGHORIA
 WE FOUND THAT MOST OF THE CHILD
LABORERS IN GOLGHORIA ARE
ACTUALLY NOWHERE CHILDREN.
 WHAT NEEDS TO BE FOCUSED ON IS
THE MOTIVATION.
 PARENTS DOUBT THE QUALITY OF
EDUCATION, AND FEEL THAT THEIR
CHILDREN CAN LEARN MORE BY
WORKING AS LABORERS.
 THE MOTIVATION OF THE PARENTS AND
CHILDREN IS THE BASIC NECESSITY.

17. GOLGHORIA: AT A GLANCE
 Sarpanch: Sukhisaren
 4 km from IIT campus
 Population: around 750-800
 2 primary school present upto class 4th
 250 school going children
 Balrampur and Gopali are the nearby village
for higher education
 Out of 250 children (less than 15 years) 150
are going to school and 100 are school drop
out.

18. GOLGHORIA PRIMARY SCHOOL
 Headmaster- ashok thapar
 4 teachers are present
 School is upto 4th class
 65 student studies in class 5th
 Out of 65, 40-45 goes to another village for
higher education
 Rest are drop out

19. Places of works for child labor
in Golghoria
 Cycle repair shop
 Mostly agriculture
 Ration shop
 Some Children work in Kharagpur at places
like Tea shops, restaurants etc.
 Home laborers
 Servant in houses in Kharagpur.

20. INTERVIEWS…
 Name-Milind khiladi
 Age-13
 Father is farm labor
 Went to school upto
class 4
 Working at cycle repair
shop

21. INTERVIEWS…
 Name- shankar dulai
 Age-14
 Father is rajmistri
 Went to school upto
class 8
 Working at cycle repair
shop

22. INTERVIEWS…
 Abhijeet mahapatra
 School-balrampur
vidyapeeth
 Age-12years
 Father-farm labor
 Studying in Class-8th

23. REASON FOR CHILD LABOR
 No school for higher education within the village so parents hesitate
to send girl child.
 Poverty
 Implementation of MGNREGA has been stopped after the mamta
banergee govt came so, very less sources of income for the parents.
 Most of the child labor is agriculture labor, they work in the field with
their family.
 Very less job opportunities
 Drinking problem
 Lack of professional education
 Farming and other agriculture activities is very labor intensive , so
most of the parents use their children as laborer.

24. SOLUTION
 General public awareness is important, which involve door to door
awareness and different programs and scheme to aware people.
 Incentive should be given to teachers by way of ‘Best Teacher Award' for
enrolment of child laborers and dropouts into Formal Schools.
 Parents should be motivated to send their children to schools by
explaining them various government child welfare schemes.
 Night classes should be arranged for the children as during daytime
children are involved in homely activities(these type of night classes is
occuring in golghoria by two retired teacher ).
 Parents and children should be made aware of different job opportunities
and how they could earn a living from the education they are getting.
 Observance of a specific day as ‘Anti Child Labour Day’. (June 12th is being
observed as Anti Child Labour Day by ILO)
 Motivation
 Parents should be made aware of harmful effect of drinking and steps
should be taken to eradicate drinking.

25. HOW DO WE MOTIVATE THE PEOPLE
 PEOPLE SHOULD BE MADE AWARE OF
BENEFITS OF EDUCATION
SYSTEM, HOW THEIR
DOWNTRODDEN LIVES CAN IMPROVE
BY IT.
 CONDUCTION OF STREET PLAYS
PROVIDES AN EXCELLENT CHANNEL
TO DELIVER PROPER ESSENCE OF
EDUCATION.
 TO GAIN THE TRUST OF THE PEOPLE
IN ORDER TO MEET OUR OBJECTIVES.
 ESTABLISHMENT OF A GOOD
SCHOOL, RUN BY AN NGO OR ANY
VOLUNTARY ORGANISATION, WHICH
MAY WIN THE TRUST OF THE PEOPLE.

26. CONCLUSION
 INCIDENCE OF FULL TIME CHILD LABOR IN INDIA HAS BEEN DECLINING FOR THE LAST DECADE BUT
CONTINUES TO BE AN OVERWHELMINGLY RURAL PHENOMENA.
 PREPONDERANCE OF RURAL BOYS STILL WORKING WITHIN THE FAMILY MODES OF EMPLOYMENT.
 LARGE SEGMENT OF RURAL GIRLS ARE IN “NOWHERE” CATEGORY.
 CONCENTRATION OF CHILD LABOR IN THE AGE GROUP 10-14 YEARS IS A POINTER FOR AN URGENT NEED
OF A FOCUSED POLICY.
 IT IS A CHALLENGE FOR THE POLICY-MAKERS AND LEADERS AT THE VILLAGE, REGIONAL, STATE AND THE
NATIONAL LEVEL AS WELL AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO REDEEM THEMSELVES AND CONFIDENTLY CORRECT THE
ERRORS OF NEGLECT OF MANY DECADES.

27. Hoping to
alleviate child
labour