DNA sequencing is a technique to find out the exact arrangement of Nucleotides to make one strand of DNA. DNA sequencing helps in numerous ways from sequence information to paternity testing, mutation detection etc. Traditionally two approaches were used to solve the problem. First is based of enzymes and Second is based on ddNTPs to sequence the DNA using gel electrophoresis technique.
2. ObjectivesObjectives
• What is DNA Sequencing ?
• History of development
• Basic Methods- Chain
termination and Chemical
modification method
3. What isDNA Sequencing ?What isDNA Sequencing ?
• Determining the precise order of nucleotides
in DNA.
• We need to determine the order of nucleotide
bases in a strand of DNA for sequencing.
4. The Need for DNA SequencingThe Need for DNA Sequencing
• Gene isolation
• Sequence charaterization
• Forensics
• Molecular Archeology
• Gene Gene Interaction
• Gene Protein Interaction
• Cloning
5. DNADNA
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Stores genetic information
• Four different nucleotides A,T,G,C
• DNA comprises of a long molecule analogous to a chain,
while the links of the chain are called Nucleotides
10. Sequencing MethodSSequencing MethodS
• To determine the order of the nucleotide
bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and
thymine in a molecule of DNA two methods
were used
1. Maxam and Gilbert; Chemical Sequencing
2. Sanger; Chain Termination Sequencing
• These two are conventional methods
• Robotics and automated sequencing are
based on these methods
11. Maxam and Gilbert MethodMaxam and Gilbert Method
• In 1976–1977, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert
developed a DNA sequencing method based on
chemical modification of DNA and subsequent
cleavage at specific bases
I. Chemical Modification of DNA; radioactive labeling
at one 5' end of the DNA (typically by a kinase
reaction using gamma-32
P ATP)
II. Purification of the DNA fragment to be sequenced
III. Chemical treatment generates breaks in DNA
IV. Run on the gel
12. Chemical Modification and CleavageChemical Modification and Cleavage
• Ploy nucleotide Kinase radioactive label at one
5' end of the DNA using gamma-32
P
5′ G A C G T G C A A C G A A 3′
32
P 5′ G A C G T G C A A C G A A 3′
13. Chemical Modification and CleavageChemical Modification and Cleavage
• Base Modification using Dimethyl sulphate
– Purine
• Adenine
• Guanine
– Only DMS------- G
– DMS+ Formic acid-------G+A
• Cleavage of Sugar Phosphate backbone using
Piperidine
14. Chemical Modification and CleavageChemical Modification and Cleavage
• Base modification using Hydrazine
– Pyrimidine
• Cytocine
• Thymidine
– Hydrazine----- C+T
– Hydrazine + NaCl--------C
• Cleavage of Sugar Phosphate backbone using
Piperidine
16. Sequencing gels are read from bottom to top (5 to 3 ).′ ′
G G+A T+C C
3′
A
G
C
A
A
C
G
T
G
C
A
G
5′
Longer fragments
Shortest fragments
G
A
Maxam-Gilbert SequencingMaxam-Gilbert Sequencing
32
P 5′ G A C G T G C A A C G A 3′
17. Maxam Gilbert Sequencing: Process SummarizedMaxam Gilbert Sequencing: Process Summarized
1. Label 5’- end of DNA
2. Aliqot DNA sample in 4 tubes
3. Perform base modification reaction
4. Perform Cleavage reaction
5. Perform Gel Electrophoresis
6. Perform Autoradiography
7. Interpret results
18. Sanger; Chain Termination Sequencing
• It is PCR based method
• A modified DNA replication reaction
• Growing chains are terminated by
dideoxynucleotides
19. The 3 -OH group necessary for formation of the phosphodiester bond is missing in ddNTPs′
20. ddATP + ddA
four dNTPs dAdGdCdTdGdCdCdCdG
ddCTP + dAdGddC
four dNTPs dAdGdCdTdGddC
dAdGdCdTdGdCddC
dAdGdCdTdGdCdCddC
ddGTP + dAddG
four dNTPs dAdGdCdTddG
dAdGdCdTdGdCdCdCddG
ddTTP + dAdGdCddT
four dNTPs dAdGdCdTdGdCdCdCdG
A
C
G
T
Sanger; Chain Termination SequencingSanger; Chain Termination Sequencing
A G C T G C C C G
21. Sequencing gels are read from bottom to top (5 to 3 )′ ′
G A T C
3′
G
G
T
A
A
A
T
C
A
T
G
5′
Longer fragments
Shorter fragments
ddG
ddG
Chain Termination SequencingChain Termination Sequencing
22. Sanger Sequencing: An Example
5’-TACACGATCGA-3’
3’-ATGTGCTAGCT-5’
Denature the sequence
Use only forward primer i.e. using 3’-5
23. 3’-ATGTGCTAGCT-5’
5’-T-3’
5’-TACACGAT-3’
Amplification in ddTTPAmplification in ddTTP
3’-ATGTGCTAGCT-5’
5’-TA-3’
5’-TACA-3’
5’-TACACGA-3’
5’-TACACGATCGA-3’
Amplification in ddATPAmplification in ddATP
Amplification in dGTTPAmplification in dGTTP Amplification in ddCTPAmplification in ddCTP
3’-ATGTGCTAGCT-5’
5’-TACACG-3’
5’-TACACGATCG-3’
3’-ATGTGCTAGCT-5’
5’-TAC-3’
5’-TACAC-3’
5’-TACACGATC-3’
24. Reading Sequence
BAND ddATP ddTTP ddGTP ddCTP
12 bp
11 bp
10 bp
9 bp
8 bp
7 bp
6 bp
5 bp
4 bp
3 bp
2 bp
1 bp
3’
5’ 5’
3’
25. Sanger Sequencing: Process SummarizedSanger Sequencing: Process Summarized
1. Get enough quantity of DNA (Run PCR)
2. Aliqot DNA into four different tubes
3. Prepare PCR reaction mix as below:
• Primer, taq PM, template(ss DNA), dNTPS (All)
and ddNTPs(ddATP, ddGTP,ddCTP & ddTTP
respectively)
1. Run PCR
2. Perform Gel Electrophoresis
3. Interpret results