treasury dept

1. Foreign currency exposure
and
risk management…

2. what exposure means…
That part of company’s volume of business which may
get affected by movements in exchange rates-
 May / may not be favourable
 Unpredictable - One can only forecast a strong
probability..
 How fast the exchange rate moves….

3. what exposure means…
 ERR is inherent in the business of all multinational
enterprises as they are to make or receive payments in
foreign currencies
 Hence foreign exchange risk has become an integral
part of the management activities of any MNC

4. Types of exposures….
 Accounting Exposures
 Transaction Exposure
 Translation Exposure
 Operating / Economic Exposure

5. Transaction exposure

6. Different types of transactions
Transactions that can have an impact on currency
movements…
Trade related
 Export bills receivables / Import Bills Payable
 Advance payments – exports
Loan repayments
Repatriation of investments

7. Different types of transactions
Transactions that can have an impact on currency
movements…
Interest payments / receivables
Inward remittances
Whether these transactions will be concluded before
the next balance sheet

8. Transaction Exposure
 How it generated
 When it is generated and how it ends
Conceived at the time of quoting a price in foreign
currency
Given birth when the quotation is accepted
Anniversaries – on due dates and if not met on due
dates crystallizes into an exposure…
Final stage – extinguished when FC bought / sold

9. Transaction Exposure Risk
“Risk in adverse movement of exchange rates from
the time the transaction is budgeted till the time of
exposure is extinguished – by sale / purchase of a
foreign currency against domestic currency….”

10. Impact of Transaction Exposure..
It will be of short term in nature
Will have an impact on cash flow of a company

11. Impact of Transaction Exposure..
It will be of short term in nature
Will have an impact on cash flow of a company

12. Hedging Transaction Exposure
Since exposure arises due to unanticipated movement of
exchange rate , entering into a financial counter-transaction
at a future point in time is known as hedging

13. Basic Objectives of Formulating Hedging
Strategy
Hedging is an attempt to reduce the losses due to
unexpected or unanticipated changes in exchange rate
But hedging has associated costs; therefore costs are to be
weighed against returns and the fulfillment of objective of
maximisation of value of the firm
Firms by nature are risk takers therefore the hedging
strategy is not to eliminate total risk but to maximise the
value of the firm

14. Hedging Transaction Exposure
The amount receivable ( exports) is technically referred
as long position
The amount payable ( imports) is technically referred
as short position
The MNCs will have both types of positions

15. Hedging Transaction Exposure
The basic rule of hedging is:
The payables (short position) in a currency in the future is
to be hedged with buying (long position) in the same
currency in the forward; and receivables (long position) in
a currency in the future is to be hedged with selling (short
position) the same currency in the forward

16. Instruments of Hedging
1. Forward contract
2. Money market hedge
3. Future contract
4. Option contract
5. Currency invoicing
6. Exposure netting
7. Currency Risk Sharing

17. Forward Contract
A forward contract is an agreement made today between
a buyer and a seller to exchange the commodity or
instrument for cash at a predetermined future date at a
price agreed upon today
In a forward contract, two parties agree to do a trade at
some future date, at a stated price and quantity
No money changes hands at the time the deal is signed

18. Forward Contract
 Forward contracts are not traded on an exchange, they
are
said to trade over the counter (OTC)
 The secondary market do not exist for the forward
contracts and faces the problem of liquidity and
negotiability
 Forward contracts face counter party risk

19. Hedging with Forward contract
● Suppose an importer has imported a machine worth $ 1,00,000
● The machine is expected to arrive in a month when the amount
is payable
● The current exchange rate is $1= Rs. 46.75
● He expects to move the rate to $1= Rs. 47.75
● He checks the forward market and finds that one month forward
rate is $1= Rs. 47.50
● The importer buys $1,00,000 as the dollar was cheaper in the
forward market as compared to his own perception

20. Money Market Hedge
 Money market hedge involves mixing of foreign
exchange and money markets to hedge at the
minimum cost
 It involves taking advantage of disequilibrium between
the two markets

21. Money Market Hedge
One possibility:
The importer buys that amount of dollars in the spot market
which when deposited in the US at US interest grows to
$1,00,000 in one month
Second possibility:
The importer buys $1,00,000 in the forward market and to
make the payment in Indian rupees, deposits that much
amount in the bank deposit to grow to honour the contract

22. Futures Contract
 A futures contract is a financial security, issued by an
organised exchange to buy or sell a commodity, security or
currency at a predetermined future date at a price agreed
upon today
 Futures are exchange traded contracts to sell or buy
financial instruments or physical commodities for future
delivery at an agreed price

23. Futures Contract
 The contract expires on a pre-specified date which is called
the expiry date of the contract
 On expiry, futures can be settled by delivery of the
underlying asset or cash
 The futures contract relates to a given quantity of the
underlying asset and only whole contracts can be traded

24. Currency Futures
 Currency Futures means a standardised foreign exchange
derivative contract traded on a recognized stock exchange
to buy or sell one currency against another on a specified
future date, at a price specified on the date of contract
 Currency future contracts allow investors to hedge against
foreign exchange risk
 Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 permitted currency futures
trading with effect from August 6, 2008.

25. Forwards Vs. Futures
Two parties negotiate a forward transaction
Futures is structured as two transactions
Party BParty A
Party A Party B
Clearing
House

26. Difference between Forward Hedge and a
Future Hedge
Forward Market Hedge Future Hedge
Contracts executed by banks Contracts executed by
brokerage houses of future
exchanges
Tailor-made contracts Standardised contracts
Price quoted reflects banker’s
perception of future price
Price paid is determined by
forces of demand and supply
Contract bilateral between two
parties
Contract with the future
exchange

27. Options
‘ An option is a contractual agreement that gives the option
buyer the right, but not the obligation, to purchase (call
option) or to sell (put option) a specified instrument at a
specified price at any time of the option buyers choosing by
or before a fixed date in the future
The buyer / holder of the option purchases the right from
the seller/writer for a consideration which is called the
premium

28. Options
Seller (writer) Purchaser (holder)
Premium
Striking or exercise price

29. Options
European Option: The holder of the option can
only exercise his right ( if he so desire)
on the expiration date
American Option : The holder can exercise his right any
time between purchase date and
expiration date

30. Options
Call Option :
A call option gives the buyer the right to buy a fixed number
of shares/commodities at the exercise price upto the date of
expiration of the contract
Put Option:
A put option gives the buyer the right to sell a fixed number of
shares/commodities at the exercise price upto the date of
expiration of the contract

31. Options Example
Current price of oil is $65 per barrel.
An airlines company feels oil prices might rise 6 months later &
wishes to hold an option to buy oil 6 months hence at, at most $67.
An oil refinery feels prices will fall 6 months later & wishes to hold
an option to sell oil 6 months hence at, at least $67.
Both companies approach the exchange and place their orders.
Exchange has options which fulfill the requests at $67 per barrel.
1. What is the expiration period ?
2. Is Airline Company a holder or writer ?
3. Is Oil Refinery a holder or writer ?
4. What option type does Airline Company hold ?
5. What option type does Oil Refinery hold ?
6. What are the Strike Prices ?

32. Features of Options
The option is exercisable only by the owner, namely the
buyer of the option
The owner has limited liability
Options have high degree of risk to the option writers
Options involve buying counter positions by the option
sellers
Options are popular because they allow the buyer profits
from favourable movements in exchange rate

33. Call Option - Example
Call option grants the owner the right to purchase a specified
financial instrument for a specified strike price over a
specified period of time
I buy a call today for $0.33 for 15 barrels oil, strike price $50,
exercise date June 1 2010 Today’s oil price is $49 per barrel.
Tomorrow If the oil price is $52 my intrinsic value = $2,
option premium = $0.45 (say)
MTM (mark-to-market) = $(0.45 - 0.33)*15 = $0.12*15 =
$1.80

34. Call Option - Example
If the oil price is $60 on June 1 2010 (the spot price) then
I would exercise my option (i.e. buy the oil from the
counter-party).
I could then sell oil in the open market for $60, i.e. the
payoff would be worth $10; my profit would be $10 minus
the premium I paid for the option $0.33 = $9.67.
Net gain = $9.67*15 = $145.05

35. Call Option - Example
If however the spot price is $40 then I would not exercise
the option. I would buy the stocks in the open market for
$40, why waste $50 on it? The option would expire
worthless
Thus, in any future state of the world, I am certain not to
lose money on the underlying by owning the option; my
loss is limited to the premium I have paid.

36. Put Option - Example
Put option grants the owner the right to sell a specified
financial instrument for a specified strike price over a
specified period of time.
I buy a put option today at $ 0.5 to sell 10 coal per metric
tons on June 1, 2010, at $50 per metric ton. Today coal
price is $48 per metric tons.
Tomorrow If the share price is $49 my intrinsic value = $1,
option premium = $0.6 (say)
MTM (mark-to-market) = $(0.6 - 0.5)*10 = $0.1*10 = $1

37. Put Option - Example
On June 1, 2010 the coal price is $40 (spot price) I would
exercise my option (i.e. sell the share to the counter-party)
I could then buy coal in the open market for $40, i.e. the
payoff would be $10; my profit would be $10 minus the
premium of $ 4.5 I paid for the option = $0.5.
Net gain = $0.5*10 = $5

38. Put Option - Example
If, however, the spot price is more than the strike price,
say, $60, then I would not exercise the option. I would sell
such a share in the open market for $60, and earn more
than I would by selling through the option.
My option would be worthless and I would have lost the
premium for the option.
Thus, in any future state of the world, I am certain not to
lose money by owning the option; my loss is limited to the
premium I have paid.

39. Option Benefits
Holder (Buyer who has
gone Long)
Writer (Seller who has
gone Short)
Call Right to Buy
No Obligation
Premium Pay
No Right
Obligation to Sell
Premium Receive
Put Right to Sell
No Obligation
Premium Pay
No Right
Obligation to Buy
Premium Receive

40. Hedging with Options
In the case of hedging with options, if the price surpass the
expectations, only then the option is exercised and the
hedge comes into operation
This kind of hedging is usually resorted when there is a
possibility of non-performance of contract
The cost involved in purchasing an option is called
premium

41. Hedge through Currency Invoicing
If during the negotiation of an import contract, an importer of
a country having weak currency may get goods invoiced in
domestic currency and the exporter from this country should
invoice goods in strong currency
The risk shifts from one party to the other

42. Exposure Netting
 Netting means the net of payables and receivables
 The exposure, if netted, is reduced so also the cost of
hedge

43. Currency Risk Sharing
 It is the practice of introducing a clause in the
transaction contract
 The parties would declare a neutral zone within which
the risk is not shared

44. MNCs and Transaction Exposure
Management
 The companies dealing in multicurrency environment
or multicurrency cash flows need to prepare cash
budgets to know the exact extent of transaction
exposure
 The net transaction exposure is arrived at on quarterly
basis

45. Foreign currency inflow-outflow cash budget
Q-1 Q-2 Q-3 Q-4 Total
RECEIPTS
American Dollars ($) 300 280 320 400 1300
British Pound(BP) 20 25 18 40 103
Canadian Dollars(C$) 40 25 45 45 155
DISBURSEMENTS 0
American Dollars ($) 200 160 240 300 900
British Pound(BP) 40 15 20 40 115
Canadian Dollars(C$) 20 40 75 20 155
Japanese Yen (JPY) 10 30 20 20 80
NET EXPOSURE 0
American Dollars ($) 100 120 80 100 400
British Pound(BP) -20 10 -2 0 -12
Canadian Dollars(C$) 20 -15 -30 25 0
Japanese Yen (JPY) -10 -30 -20 -20 -80

46. MNCs and Transaction Exposure
Management
The net positive transaction exposure (+ ve flows) indicates
strengthening of domestic currency against foreign currency
($) will cause loss to the firm and depreciation makes it
profitable
The net negative transaction exposure (- ve flows) indicates
strengthening of domestic currency against foreign currency
($) will give profit to the firm and weakening of domestic
currency would cause the loss

47. Hedging Transaction Exposure of MNCs
MNCs by nature are risk takers and they take risk when
adequate compensation is present in the venture
In a multicurrency environment, it is not necessary that
foreign exchange risk to be zero for international business
to become attractive for the firm
Strategies to decrease transaction exposure:
 International Diversification
 Hedging

48. Thank You
Best of Luck….