5. • The
Memory
Process:
3
Stages
Acquisi@on
• The
ini@al
step
toward
remembering
in
which
new
informa@on
is
taken
in
• Stage
Theory
Storage
• Informa@on
retained
in
memory
• Memory
traces
Retrieval
• The
process
of
searching
for
some
item
in
memory
and
finding
it
• Recogni@on
&
Recall
6. • I.
STAGES
OF
MEMORY
SENSORY
MEMORY
Iconic
versus
Echoic
Selec@ve
ATen@on
SHORT
TERM
MEMORY
(STM)
Primary
Memory;
Working
Memory
Chunking
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
(LTM)
Key
Concepts:
Retrieval,
Priming,
Zeigarnik,
Redin@gra@on,
Landmark
Events,
Flashbulb
Memories,
Prospec@ve
Memory,
Effects
of
Hypnosis
Accuracy
of
Long-‐Term
Memory:
Eyewitness
Reports,
Repressed
Memories
STAGES
OF
MEMORY
KEY
CONCEPTS
Rehearsal
versus
Chunking;
Iconic
versus
Echoic;
Recent
versus
Remote;
Zeigarnik
effect
versus
Redintegra@on
10. • Can
be
deliberate
or
automa@c
• For
something
to
move
from
Sensory
into
short
term
memory,
there
must
be
deliberate
focused
aTen@on
• ATen@on
&
Memory
are
linked
• Selec7ve
ALen7on
11. • Manipula@ng
Informa@on
• Chunking:
Transforming
Separate
Items
into
Meaningful
Units
• Working
Memory
18. • Proposes that there
is a single memory
system that consists
of three levels of
processing
• Physical (Structural)
• Acoustic (Phonemic)
• Semantic
• Semantic meaning
will give you the
most successful
memory learning
• Level’s
of
Processing
Model
22. • Con@nue
to
work
on
a
problem
unconsciously
un@l
a
solu@on
is
obtained.
Remembering
and
working
on
an
incomplete
task.
• Ziegarnik
Effect
A
waiter
can
serve
on
a
large
table
remembering
each
and
every
dish
ordered,
starters,
main,
drinks,
everything
Try
asking
them
about
the
order
details
a
moment
aber
it
was
served
and
they
completely
forgot
it.
This
phenomenon
encouraged
Soviet
Psychologist
Bluma
Zeigarnik
to
research
into
it
and
find
that
what
you
don’t
finish
s@cks
longer
and
deeper
in
your
memory.
27. • Can
provide
more
details
about
a
memory
• Hypnosis
elicits
more
false
memories
thantrue
ones
• More
like
to
reconstruct,
use
imagina@on
to
fill
gaps
• Great
confidence
• When
given
false
informa@on,
likely
to
incorporate
• Effects
of
Hypnosis
28. • Sensory
and
short
term
is
usually
accurate,
but
long
term
memory
frequently
distorts
informa@on.
• Long
term
memory
relies
more
on
seman@c
features
• People
also
oben
make
inferences
and
file
these
into
LTM
• Sources
are
less
accurately
remembered
than
informa@on
• ACCURACY
OF
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
30. • Memories
of
trauma@c
events
that
are
thought
by
some
to
have
been
repressed
and
inaccessible
for
decades
• Evidence
against
comes
from
the
fact
that
most
remember
violent
crimie
and
abuse
rather
than
forget
• Memory
experts
believe
it
is
rare
for
people
to
first
recover
memories
of
abuse
years
aber
it
has
taken
place
• Repressed
Memories
33. III.
The
Biology
of
Memory:
The
Case
of
H.M.
• What
Happens
when
you
Remove
the
Hippocampus?
34. • H.M.:
Had
seizures
and
hippocampus
removed
in
mid
1950s
• Complete
anterograde
amnesia
• Highlighted
cri@cal
role
of
hippocampus
in
crea@ng
long-‐term
memory
• III.
The
Biology
of
Memory
42. • The older the memory, the less reliable
• Trace Decay Theory:
43. • Trace Decay & Alcoholism
• MUST control for alcohol
dependency, because their
more recent memories are
not consolidated
• Abhorrent memory for
periods of drinking
45. Proactive: Trying to fill an already full cup. Cannot remember
the second set of things!!!
Retroactive: Can’t get back to the first set of things.
• Interference
Theory
46. • Anterograde:
Acquiring
new
• Retrograde:
Loss
before
injury
• PosTrauma@c:
Memory
for
events
short
@me
aber
trauma
• Paramnesia:
Distor@on,
confabula@on,
error
aTemp@ng
to
create
past
• Types
of
Amnesia
47. • Cues
needed
for
retrieval
are
insufficient
or
incomplete
(@p-‐of
the
tongue
phenomenon)
• Cue-‐Dependent
ForgeZng
Retrieval
Failure
50. Five
Memory
Enhancing
Strategies
• Chunking
• Imagery
and
Associa@on
• Re-‐crea@on
of
Context
• Study
Strategies
• Mnemonics
4
Mnemonic
Devices
• The
Method
of
Loci;
• The
Peg-‐Word-‐
System;
• Word
Associa@ons;
• The
Subs@tute
Word
Technique
• V.
ENHANCING
MEMORY
51. Encoding
Specificity:
The
greater
the
similarity
between
the
way
it
is
encoded
and
cues
present,
the
beTer
the
recall
• State
Dependent
Memory
52. • Informa@on
is
most
likely
to
be
transferred
from
short
to
long-‐term
memory
when
elabora@ve
rehearsal
is
employed
• Make
new
informa@on
more
meaningful
by
rela@ng
it
to
exis@ng
knowledge
• Elabora7ve
Rehearsal
61. • Word
Associa7ons
• Acronym:
Word
using
first
leTer
of
each
item
on
a
list
• Acros@c:
Phrase
or
rhyme
that’s
constructed
from
the
first
leTer
of
each
word
