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Congenital hernia & hydrocoele
1.
2. Congenital Inguinal HerniaCongenital Inguinal Hernia
Indirect Inguinal HerniaIndirect Inguinal Hernia
Continued patency of the ProcessusContinued patency of the Processus
VaginalisVaginalis
Patent PV sac is potentialPatent PV sac is potential
hernia/hydrocoelehernia/hydrocoele
In hernia the sac is wider & contains anIn hernia the sac is wider & contains an
intraabdominal structureintraabdominal structure
In hydrocoele the sac is narrow & containsIn hydrocoele the sac is narrow & contains
3. Processus VaginalisProcessus Vaginalis . . .. . .
PV develops during12th wk of gestationPV develops during12th wk of gestation
Out pouching of the peritoneal cavity through theOut pouching of the peritoneal cavity through the
internal ringinternal ring
PV plays an integral role in the descent of testesPV plays an integral role in the descent of testes
PV obliterates spontaneously from the deep ring to thePV obliterates spontaneously from the deep ring to the
testistestis
possible role of CGRP in fusion of PVpossible role of CGRP in fusion of PV
Distal portion persists as tunica vaginalisDistal portion persists as tunica vaginalis
4. At birth PV is patent in up to 80% infants.At birth PV is patent in up to 80% infants.
5.
6. IncidenceIncidence
0.8 – 4 %0.8 – 4 %
Highest in 1st year of lifeHighest in 1st year of life
Incidence in premature infants 16 – 25%Incidence in premature infants 16 – 25%
M:F is 6:1M:F is 6:1
Right 60%, Left 30%, Bilateral 10%Right 60%, Left 30%, Bilateral 10%
7. Factors contributing to development ofFactors contributing to development of
herniahernia
Undescended testisUndescended testis
Increased peritoneal fluid :Increased peritoneal fluid :
Ascites, VP shuntAscites, VP shunt
Increased abdominal pressure :Increased abdominal pressure :
Severe ascites, Meconium peritonitis,Severe ascites, Meconium peritonitis,
post repair of Exomphalos / CDHpost repair of Exomphalos / CDH
Chronic respiratory disease :Chronic respiratory disease :
Cystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis
Connective tissue disorders:Connective tissue disorders:
Ehlers –Danlos, Marfans, MucopolysaccharidosisEhlers –Danlos, Marfans, Mucopolysaccharidosis
8. Clinical FeaturesClinical Features
Bulge in inguinal area extending towards / intoBulge in inguinal area extending towards / into
scrotum with crying / strainingscrotum with crying / straining
may be present at birth or appear latermay be present at birth or appear later
reduces in size when the child is relaxed / asleepreduces in size when the child is relaxed / asleep
smooth soft-firm mass that emerges from thesmooth soft-firm mass that emerges from the
external ring lateral and above pubic tubercle,external ring lateral and above pubic tubercle,
enlarges with increased abdominal pressureenlarges with increased abdominal pressure
9. Can be reduced with gentle pressure, mayCan be reduced with gentle pressure, may
reduce with gurgling noisereduce with gurgling noise
Examine position of testis – undescended /Examine position of testis – undescended /
retractileretractile
Reappears on crying / valsalva (blowing aReappears on crying / valsalva (blowing a
balloon / coughing ) preferably whileballoon / coughing ) preferably while
standingstanding
Thickening & silkiness on palpating the cordThickening & silkiness on palpating the cord
as it crosses pubic tubercle –as it crosses pubic tubercle – Silk GloveSilk Glove
signsign
If in doubt re-evaluate at second visitIf in doubt re-evaluate at second visit
10. ManagementManagement
Inguinal hernia does not resolveInguinal hernia does not resolve
spontaneouslyspontaneously
Must be operated because of high riskMust be operated because of high risk
of incarcerationof incarceration
Operation :Operation :
HerniotomyHerniotomy - High suture ligation of the- High suture ligation of the
sac at the internal ringsac at the internal ring
Open technique / LaparoscopyOpen technique / Laparoscopy
11. TechniqueTechnique
Anaesthesia:Anaesthesia:
In infants – ETGAIn infants – ETGA
Older children – facial or laryngeal maskOlder children – facial or laryngeal mask
Transverse groin skin crease incisionTransverse groin skin crease incision
Open layersOpen layers
Incision in external oblique aponeurosisIncision in external oblique aponeurosis
lateral to external ringlateral to external ring
12.
13. Fibres of cremasteric fascia are separatedFibres of cremasteric fascia are separated
Shiny glistening white hernial sac identified &Shiny glistening white hernial sac identified &
lifted with blunt forcepslifted with blunt forceps
In males the sac lies anterior & medial to vasIn males the sac lies anterior & medial to vas
& vessels& vessels
Vas & vessels are never held with forceps,Vas & vessels are never held with forceps,
dissected off the sac with overlying areolardissected off the sac with overlying areolar
tissuetissue
14.
15. In females there are no significant structures otherIn females there are no significant structures other
than round ligament of uterusthan round ligament of uterus
Ensure there are no contents in the sac, divideEnsure there are no contents in the sac, divide
between clampsbetween clamps
Dissect proximally upto neck of the sacDissect proximally upto neck of the sac
Twist the proximal sac & transfix the neck at the levelTwist the proximal sac & transfix the neck at the level
of deep ringof deep ring
Traction on the testis to return it to the scrotumTraction on the testis to return it to the scrotum
Closure in layersClosure in layers
16. Contralateral explorationContralateral exploration
Selected contralateral exploration:Selected contralateral exploration:
Age:Age: 40% contralateral hernias occur after unilateral surgery in40% contralateral hernias occur after unilateral surgery in
children under 1 yrchildren under 1 yr
Side of hernia:Side of hernia: LeftLeft
Sex:Sex: FemaleFemale
Patency of PV sac on opposite side:Patency of PV sac on opposite side: Herniography,Herniography,
intraoperative pnuemoperitoneum, Choledochoscope /intraoperative pnuemoperitoneum, Choledochoscope /
laparoscopelaparoscope
Conditions predisposing to hernia on the opposite side:Conditions predisposing to hernia on the opposite side:
VP Shunt, connective tissue disordersVP Shunt, connective tissue disorders
Poor risk for GAPoor risk for GA
17. Irreducible HerniaIrreducible Hernia
Incarcerated hernia: contents cannot beIncarcerated hernia: contents cannot be
easily reduced into peritoneal cavityeasily reduced into peritoneal cavity
Irritability, pain in the groin / abdomen,Irritability, pain in the groin / abdomen,
vomitingvomiting
Tense, tender, non fluctuant mass in theTense, tender, non fluctuant mass in the
groin, may extend into scrotum, notgroin, may extend into scrotum, not
transilluminanttransilluminant
Bilious vomiting, abdominal distensionBilious vomiting, abdominal distension
indicates obstruction of bowelindicates obstruction of bowel
18. Strangulated hernia: Tightly constricted atStrangulated hernia: Tightly constricted at
the neck resulting in ischemia ofthe neck resulting in ischemia of
contents.contents.
Pain intensifies, vomiting becomes bilious.Pain intensifies, vomiting becomes bilious.
Blood in stoolsBlood in stools
Mass is tender, edema & reddening ofMass is tender, edema & reddening of
overlying skin, feveroverlying skin, fever
19. Management:Management:
Non operative:Non operative: only when there is noonly when there is no
e/o ischemiae/o ischemia
Under sedation & analgesia reduce theUnder sedation & analgesia reduce the
hernia by gentle compressionhernia by gentle compression
Elective herniotomy after 48 hrs byElective herniotomy after 48 hrs by
which time there is less edemawhich time there is less edema
20. Operative:Operative: When hernia cannot beWhen hernia cannot be
reduced or hernia is strangulatedreduced or hernia is strangulated
Hernial sac opened. Look for viability ofHernial sac opened. Look for viability of
bowelbowel
Deep ring can be enlarged by incising theDeep ring can be enlarged by incising the
arching fibres of conjoint tendon superiorlyarching fibres of conjoint tendon superiorly
Tell tale e/o ischemia – bloody or foulTell tale e/o ischemia – bloody or foul
smelling fluid in the sac. Explore thesmelling fluid in the sac. Explore the
abdomenabdomen
21. Complications of herniotomyComplications of herniotomy
Ascending / trapped testisAscending / trapped testis
Recurrence – 0.8%Recurrence – 0.8%
Injury to vasInjury to vas
Testicular atrophyTesticular atrophy
22. Congenital HydrocoeleCongenital Hydrocoele
Usually noted in early infancy, can occur atUsually noted in early infancy, can occur at
anytimeanytime
Often bilateralOften bilateral
Soft, bluish, fluctuant swelling surrounding theSoft, bluish, fluctuant swelling surrounding the
testistestis
Fluctuate in size: smaller at night when theFluctuate in size: smaller at night when the
child is relaxedchild is relaxed
23. Neck of the hydrocoele narrows at the externalNeck of the hydrocoele narrows at the external
ring & usually does not extend into the inguinalring & usually does not extend into the inguinal
canalcanal
Hallmark: Brilliant transilluminationHallmark: Brilliant transillumination
In most children with congenital hydrocoele theIn most children with congenital hydrocoele the
PV sac closes and hydrocoele resolvesPV sac closes and hydrocoele resolves
between 12 – 24 monthsbetween 12 – 24 months
There is no e/o hydrocoele will evolve intoThere is no e/o hydrocoele will evolve into
herniahernia
24.
25. ManagementManagement
Observation for first 2 years unless large,Observation for first 2 years unless large,
painfulpainful
Herniotomy if it persists > 2 yrsHerniotomy if it persists > 2 yrs