3. One life is lostOne life is lost
in the process ofin the process of
creating anothercreating another
becausebecause
it is obstetrical emergencyit is obstetrical emergency
which when unrecognizedwhich when unrecognized
and mishandledand mishandled
leads to Maternal deathleads to Maternal death
4. DefinitionDefinition
A suddenly developing severe lifeA suddenly developing severe life
threatening condition that isthreatening condition that is
related to pregnancy or deliveryrelated to pregnancy or delivery
which requires urgent medical orwhich requires urgent medical or
surgical therapeautic interventionsurgical therapeautic intervention
in order to prevent the likely deathin order to prevent the likely death
of woman.of woman.
5. An obstetrical emergencyAn obstetrical emergency::
īŽ may occur anytime during pregnancy,may occur anytime during pregnancy,
delivery, or up to 6 weeks after child birth.delivery, or up to 6 weeks after child birth.
īŽ may occur suddenly without any warning.may occur suddenly without any warning.
īŽ is life threatening.is life threatening.
īŽ Requires urgent action.Requires urgent action.
īŽ The patient must be taken to a hospital orThe patient must be taken to a hospital or
first referral unit without any delayfirst referral unit without any delay..
6. Realize that every pregnancy faces theRealize that every pregnancy faces the
risks, even when the previous onesrisks, even when the previous ones
have been normalhave been normal
Every pregnant woman even if she is wellEvery pregnant woman even if she is well
nourished and well educated, can developnourished and well educated, can develop
sudden life threatening complications thatsudden life threatening complications that
require quality obstetric care.require quality obstetric care.
7. RememberRemember
īŽ Excessive bleeding during child birth is dangerousExcessive bleeding during child birth is dangerous
īŽ If quantity of blood lost is more than which can be heldIf quantity of blood lost is more than which can be held
in cupped palm, it is excessivein cupped palm, it is excessive
īŽ Continuous flow of blood, whether or not placenta isContinuous flow of blood, whether or not placenta is
delivered, is dangerousdelivered, is dangerous
īŽ Excessive blood loss, fast &feeble pulse, cold &clammyExcessive blood loss, fast &feeble pulse, cold &clammy
skin are signs of impending loss of consciousnessskin are signs of impending loss of consciousness
īŽ If baby is not delivered within 12 hours of L/P, is anIf baby is not delivered within 12 hours of L/P, is an
emergencyemergency
īŽ If placenta does not come out within 30 minutes ofIf placenta does not come out within 30 minutes of
delivery of baby, is an emergencydelivery of baby, is an emergency
11. LacerationsLacerations
īŽ First thing to be ruled out in bleeding postFirst thing to be ruled out in bleeding post
partum woman with a firm uteruspartum woman with a firm uterus
īŽ Careful examination of the entire genital tractCareful examination of the entire genital tract
īŽ Rarely results in massive blood lossRarely results in massive blood loss
īŽ May be life threatening if extends to the retroMay be life threatening if extends to the retro
peritoneumperitoneum
12. Atony (PPH)Atony (PPH)
īŽ Most common cause ofMost common cause of
significant blood losssignificant blood loss
due todue to retained placentaretained placenta
or its bitsor its bits
īŽ Generally responds toGenerally responds to
uterine massage anduterine massage and
uterotonic drugsuterotonic drugs
(oxytonics).(oxytonics).
13.
14. AbruptionAbruption
īŽ Delivery is generally indicted unless the fetus isDelivery is generally indicted unless the fetus is
very premature and both the mother and fetusvery premature and both the mother and fetus
are stableare stable
īŽ Renal failure is the most common cause ofRenal failure is the most common cause of
maternal mortalitymaternal mortality
īŽ Couvelaire uterus results dueCouvelaire uterus results due
to retroplacental clotsto retroplacental clots
īŽ Restriction of physical activityRestriction of physical activity
īŽ No vaginal doucheNo vaginal douche
15. PreviaPrevia
īŽ Transvaginal ultrasound is highly accurate inTransvaginal ultrasound is highly accurate in
making diagnosismaking diagnosis
īŽ Preterm delivery frequently needed due toPreterm delivery frequently needed due to
excessive blood lossexcessive blood loss
or fetal compromiseor fetal compromise
16. AccretaAccreta
īŽ Most frequently seen now when a woman with aMost frequently seen now when a woman with a
previous c/section has placenta overlying theprevious c/section has placenta overlying the
uterine scaruterine scar
īŽ Placenta is adhered to uterine wallPlacenta is adhered to uterine wall
īŽ Manual removal isManual removal is
difficult and needdifficult and need
prompt hysterectomyprompt hysterectomy
17. InversionInversion
īŽ Usually occurs when the placenta is fundallyUsually occurs when the placenta is fundally
implantedimplanted
īŽ Occurs due to mismanagement of 3Occurs due to mismanagement of 3rdrd
stage ofstage of
labour,excessive cord traction, combining fundallabour,excessive cord traction, combining fundal
pressure and cord traction, applying fundalpressure and cord traction, applying fundal
pressure on atonic uterus, pathologically adheredpressure on atonic uterus, pathologically adhered
placenta, fetal macrosomia, short cord,placenta, fetal macrosomia, short cord,
precipitate labour.precipitate labour.
īŽ Patient presents with shock, hemorrhage andPatient presents with shock, hemorrhage and
abdominal pain.abdominal pain.
19. InversionInversion
īŽ Donât attempt to deliver placenta until thereDonât attempt to deliver placenta until there
have been signs of separationhave been signs of separation
īŽ Raise the foot endRaise the foot end
īŽ Prompt replacement is generally easier.Prompt replacement is generally easier.
īŽ Halothane or nitroglycerine are effective agentsHalothane or nitroglycerine are effective agents
to relieve pain.to relieve pain.
īŽ Uterotonics (oxytocins) then needed toUterotonics (oxytocins) then needed to
contract the uteruscontract the uterus
īŽ Instillation of 4-5 liters warm saline intoInstillation of 4-5 liters warm saline into
introits and then sealing with hand or softintroits and then sealing with hand or soft
ventouse capventouse cap..
20. Prompt replacement by pushing the fundusPrompt replacement by pushing the fundus
with palm of hand along vagina andwith palm of hand along vagina and
lifting the uterus towards umblicuslifting the uterus towards umblicus
21. Rupture of uterusRupture of uterus
īŽ Frequently the result of uterine scar disruptionFrequently the result of uterine scar disruption
īŽ Commonly occurs in patients who had previousCommonly occurs in patients who had previous
c/section,the multiparous woman receivingc/section,the multiparous woman receiving
oxytocins, mother who is subjected tooxytocins, mother who is subjected to difficultdifficult
forcep/vacuum operationforcep/vacuum operation, or internal uterine, or internal uterine
manipulation.manipulation.
īŽ Incidence has increased with the increase ofIncidence has increased with the increase of
c/sectionsc/sections
īŽ Perforation of non pregnant uterusPerforation of non pregnant uterus
can lead to rupture of uteruscan lead to rupture of uterus
in subsequent pregnanciesin subsequent pregnancies
(Howe-1993, Usta etal-2007)(Howe-1993, Usta etal-2007)
22. Rupture of uterus R/TRupture of uterus R/T
VACUUM/FORCEP DELIVERY IN PASTVACUUM/FORCEP DELIVERY IN PAST
23. Rupture of uterus R/TRupture of uterus R/T
previous caesarean sectionprevious caesarean section
25. Ruptured UterusRuptured Uterus
īŽ Uterine wall thins too much around cervix as fetusUterine wall thins too much around cervix as fetus
growsgrows
īŽ Uterine wall rupturesUterine wall ruptures
īŽ Fetus released into abd/cavityFetus released into abd/cavity
īŽ Mortality to mother usuallyMortality to mother usually
5% to 20%5% to 20%
īŽ Infant mortality over 50%Infant mortality over 50%
īŽ Fetal deaths are reportedFetal deaths are reported
(Flannely etal-1993, Phelan-1990).(Flannely etal-1993, Phelan-1990).
29. Assessment FindingsAssessment Findings
īŽ Previous uterine rupturePrevious uterine rupture
īŽ Abdominal traumaAbdominal trauma
īŽ Large fetusLarge fetus
īŽ Born more than 2 childrenBorn more than 2 children
īŽ Prolonged or difficult laborProlonged or difficult labor
īŽ Tearing or shearing sensation in abdomenTearing or shearing sensation in abdomen
īŽ Constant severe abdominal painConstant severe abdominal pain
īŽ NauseaNausea
īŽ Signs of shockSigns of shock
īŽ Vaginal bleeding (minor, or heavy)Vaginal bleeding (minor, or heavy)
īŽ Cessation of noticeable uterine contractionsCessation of noticeable uterine contractions
īŽ Palpation of infant in abdominal cavityPalpation of infant in abdominal cavity
30. Rupture of uterus-managementRupture of uterus-management
īŽ Immediate c/section to deliver live babyImmediate c/section to deliver live baby
īŽ Surgical repair usually satisfactorySurgical repair usually satisfactory
īŽ Hysterectomy option depends on theHysterectomy option depends on the
extend of traumaextend of trauma
īŽ Preservation of uterus has reported inPreservation of uterus has reported in
successful future pregnanciessuccessful future pregnancies (OâConnor(OâConnor
&Gaughan-1993)&Gaughan-1993)
31. īŽ Sexual AssaultSexual Assault
īŽ EpidemiologyEpidemiology
īŽ ~1 in 5 women will be raped in their lifetime~1 in 5 women will be raped in their lifetime
īŽ Estimated that as few as 1 in 3 cases are reportedEstimated that as few as 1 in 3 cases are reported
īŽ Recent study showed of 372 victims, only 7% hadRecent study showed of 372 victims, only 7% had
genital injuries. Majority had facial/extremity injuriesgenital injuries. Majority had facial/extremity injuries
īŽ Rape is a crime of powerRape is a crime of power
īŽ ManagementManagement
īŽ Provide for patientâs physical and psychological wellProvide for patientâs physical and psychological well
being firstbeing first
īŽ Non-judgmentalNon-judgmental
īŽ Encourage preservation of evidenceEncourage preservation of evidence
īŽ Provide supportive care as necessaryProvide supportive care as necessary
32.
33. Emergency Care in haemorrhageEmergency Care in haemorrhage
īŽ Monitor vitalsMonitor vitals
īŽ Maintain patent AirwayMaintain patent Airway
īŽ Ensure adequate circulationEnsure adequate circulation
īŽ Treat for shockTreat for shock
īŽ Replace and save blood soaked padsReplace and save blood soaked pads
īŽ Save all tissueSave all tissue
īŽ Provide emotional supportProvide emotional support
īŽ Control bleedingControl bleeding
īŽ Never place anything into vaginaNever place anything into vagina
īŽ Sanitary napkin over vaginaSanitary napkin over vagina
īŽ Immediate transport in left lateral recumbentImmediate transport in left lateral recumbent
34. Hypertensive disordersHypertensive disorders
īŽ Preeclampsia/EclampsiPreeclampsia/Eclampsi
īŽ HTN, edema, proteinuriaHTN, edema, proteinuria
īŽ Cause unknownCause unknown
īŽ Eclampsia is above plus seizuresEclampsia is above plus seizures
īŽ Occur from 20Occur from 20thth
week to 7 daysweek to 7 days
post partumpost partum
īŽ Have been reported up to 26 daysHave been reported up to 26 days
īŽ Most frequent in last trimesterMost frequent in last trimester
īŽ Women in 20âs first time pregnancyWomen in 20âs first time pregnancy
īŽ At risk mothers:At risk mothers:
īŽ DiabetesDiabetes
īŽ Heart diseaseHeart disease
īŽ Renal problemsRenal problems
īŽ HypertensionHypertension
īŽ All gravid ptâs with HTN should be evaluatedAll gravid ptâs with HTN should be evaluated
35. Signs & Symptoms-PreeclampsiaSigns & Symptoms-Preeclampsia
īŽ HypertensionHypertension
īŽ EdemaEdema
īŽ Excessive weight gainExcessive weight gain
īŽ Extreme swelling of face, hands, and feetExtreme swelling of face, hands, and feet
īŽ HeadacheHeadache
īŽ Sensitivity to lightSensitivity to light
īŽ Visual difficultiesVisual difficulties
īŽ Pain in upper abdomenPain in upper abdomen
īŽ Apprehension and shakinessApprehension and shakiness
36. EclampsiaEclampsia
īŽ During seizure placenta can separate from uterineDuring seizure placenta can separate from uterine
wallwall
īŽ Death can also result fromDeath can also result from
īŽ Cerebral hemorrhageCerebral hemorrhage
īŽ Respiratory arrestRespiratory arrest
īŽ Renal failureRenal failure
īŽ Circulatory collapseCirculatory collapse
37.
38. īŽ Preeclampsia/EclampsiaPreeclampsia/Eclampsia
īŽ ManagementManagement
īŽ Supportive for preeclampsiaSupportive for preeclampsia
īŽ If EclampticIf Eclamptic
īŽ Versed/diazepam 2.5-5 mg IV/IMVersed/diazepam 2.5-5 mg IV/IM
īŽ Magnesium 2 gm IV over 5-10 minMagnesium 2 gm IV over 5-10 min
īŽ Rapid transfer for deliveryRapid transfer for delivery
īŽ Suction (if necessary)Suction (if necessary)
īŽ If seizure begins, positive pressure ventilationIf seizure begins, positive pressure ventilation
īŽ Transport in a calm and quiet manner as possibleTransport in a calm and quiet manner as possible
īŽ Complications of Preeclampsia/EclampsiaComplications of Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
īŽ Spontaneous hepatic/splenic hemorrhageSpontaneous hepatic/splenic hemorrhage
īŽ End-organ failureEnd-organ failure
īŽ AbruptioAbruptio
īŽ Fetal compromiseFetal compromise
39.
40.
41. Acute abdomen in PregnancyAcute abdomen in Pregnancy
Acute abdominal pain can be due to:-Acute abdominal pain can be due to:-
īŽ Ectopic Pregnancy (EP)Ectopic Pregnancy (EP)
īŽ Ovarian cystOvarian cyst
īŽ AppendicitisAppendicitis
īŽ UTIUTI
īŽ Abruptio placentaeAbruptio placentae
īŽ Degenerating fibroidDegenerating fibroid
īŽ CholecystitisCholecystitis
īŽ Renal colicRenal colic
īŽ pancreatitispancreatitis
42. Ectopic Pregnancy (EP)Ectopic Pregnancy (EP)
īŽ Implantation of zygote outside the uterusImplantation of zygote outside the uterus
īŽ 95% occur in the fallopian tube95% occur in the fallopian tube
īŽ Tubal rupture may occur due to:Tubal rupture may occur due to:
īŽ Coital traumaCoital trauma
īŽ Manipulation during examManipulation during exam
īŽ Gestational age (9-16 wks)Gestational age (9-16 wks)
īŽ SpontaneousSpontaneous
īŽ Represents ~2% of pregnanciesRepresents ~2% of pregnancies
īŽ Leading cause of maternal death in the first trimesterLeading cause of maternal death in the first trimester
īŽ Any female of childbearing age with acuteAny female of childbearing age with acute
abdominal pain is said to have an ectopic pregnancyabdominal pain is said to have an ectopic pregnancy
until proven otherwiseuntil proven otherwise
45. Assessment HistoryAssessment HistoryīŽ Previous ectopic pregnanciesPrevious ectopic pregnancies
īŽ History of PIDHistory of PID
īŽ Missed menstrual cyclesMissed menstrual cycles
īŽ Sudden, sharp, or knife-like abdominal pain localized onSudden, sharp, or knife-like abdominal pain localized on
one sideone side
īŽ Vaginal spottingVaginal spotting
īŽ Pain radiating to one or both shouldersPain radiating to one or both shoulders
īŽ Tender, bloated abdomenTender, bloated abdomen
īŽ Palpable mass in abdomenPalpable mass in abdomen
īŽ Weakness or dizziness when sitting or standingWeakness or dizziness when sitting or standing
īŽ Decreased BP. (late sign)Decreased BP. (late sign)
īŽ Increased heart rateIncreased heart rate
īŽ ShockShock
īŽ Bluish discoloration around naval (late sign)Bluish discoloration around naval (late sign)
īŽ Urge to defecateUrge to defecate
46. īŽ Ectopic Pregnancy (EP)Ectopic Pregnancy (EP)
īŽ ManagementManagement
īŽ Pertinent historyPertinent history
īŽ Missed mensesMissed menses
īŽ Sexually activeSexually active
īŽ Previous EP, STD, surgery, etc.Previous EP, STD, surgery, etc.
īŽ Lower quadrant pain/tendernessLower quadrant pain/tenderness
īŽ Avoid aggressive palpation/repeated examAvoid aggressive palpation/repeated exam
īŽ Vital signsVital signs
īŽ Orthostatic as appropriateOrthostatic as appropriate
īŽ High flow OHigh flow O22
īŽ Treat for shockTreat for shock
īŽ PositionPosition
īŽ IV accessIV access
īŽ Surgical intervention usually requiredSurgical intervention usually required
47. Ovarian cystOvarian cyst
īŽ Constitutes an emergency if it undergoes torsionConstitutes an emergency if it undergoes torsion
īŽ Pain at onset-unilateral, intermittent & colicky.Pain at onset-unilateral, intermittent & colicky.
Then constant & severeThen constant & severe
īŽ Back pain when cystBack pain when cyst
compresses behindcompresses behind
the uterusthe uterus
īŽ May be febrileMay be febrile
īŽ Cyst may ruptureCyst may rupture
and lead to peritonitisand lead to peritonitis
īŽ Needs prompt surgicalNeeds prompt surgical
interventionintervention
48. AppendicitisAppendicitis
īŽ Leads to spontaneous abortion and prematureLeads to spontaneous abortion and premature
labourlabour
īŽ presents w/ pain-periumblical (rt side) andpresents w/ pain-periumblical (rt side) and
tendernesstenderness
īŽ May rupture-peritonitisMay rupture-peritonitis
īŽ Needs prompt surgeryNeeds prompt surgery
49. UTIUTI
īŽ abrupt onset withabrupt onset with
-chills, rigors and high fever,-chills, rigors and high fever,
-low back ache, flank pain-low back ache, flank pain
-dysuria, sometimes haematuria-dysuria, sometimes haematuria
īŽ Detected from urine testDetected from urine test
īŽ Needs full hydrationNeeds full hydration
īŽ Needs antibiotic therapyNeeds antibiotic therapy
īŽ Care in feverCare in fever
50. Prolapsed CordProlapsed Cord
Umbilical cord presents firstUmbilical cord presents first
īŽ Etiology-Etiology- long cordlong cord
īŽ Cord wrapped around neckCord wrapped around neck
(may be multiple times)(may be multiple times)
īŽ malpresentationsmalpresentations
īŽ Be aware ofBe aware of twins!!!!twins!!!!
īŽ Early ROMEarly ROM
īŽ ManagementManagement
īŽ Unwrap cordUnwrap cord
īŽ If unable, clamp and cut cordIf unable, clamp and cut cord
īŽ If oxytocin is going ,stop it.If oxytocin is going ,stop it.
51. Cord around neck causes fetalCord around neck causes fetal
distress anddistress and hypoxiahypoxia
if not removedif not removed
52. Prolapsed Cord- managementProlapsed Cord- management
Raise the cord by following measures:Raise the cord by following measures:
īŽ Cord is pinched off between the head and vaginal wallCord is pinched off between the head and vaginal wall
īŽ If cord lies outside, replace it gently to prevent spasm, wrap cordIf cord lies outside, replace it gently to prevent spasm, wrap cord
in moist sterile towel soaked with saline, then a warm dry towelin moist sterile towel soaked with saline, then a warm dry towel
to prevent heat loss and drying.to prevent heat loss and drying.
īŽ Insert sterile fingers into vagina to gently lift head or buttocks toInsert sterile fingers into vagina to gently lift head or buttocks to
decrease pressure on cord and keep it elevated till deliverydecrease pressure on cord and keep it elevated till delivery
īŽ GiveGive exaggerated Sims position (3), or knee chest position(1&2)exaggerated Sims position (3), or knee chest position(1&2)
to raise buttocksto raise buttocks
53. Prolapsed Cord- managementProlapsed Cord- management
īŽ Evidence shows that full bladder also helpsEvidence shows that full bladder also helps (Houghton-(Houghton-
2006, Katz etal-1988).2006, Katz etal-1988).
īŽ In these studies, self retained catheter is used to instill appIn these studies, self retained catheter is used to instill app
500-700ml of sterile saline into the bladder. The full500-700ml of sterile saline into the bladder. The full
bladder can relieve compression of the cord by elevatingbladder can relieve compression of the cord by elevating
the presenting part about 2cm above the ischial spinethe presenting part about 2cm above the ischial spine
until delivery by c/ section. The bladder would beuntil delivery by c/ section. The bladder would be
drained in OT immediately before delivery.drained in OT immediately before delivery.
īŽ In community case should be transported to the hospitalIn community case should be transported to the hospital
in knee chest position/ exaggerated Sims position andin knee chest position/ exaggerated Sims position and
keep on checking for pulsation in the cordkeep on checking for pulsation in the cord
54. Shoulder DystociaShoulder Dystocia
īŽ Failure of shoulders to traverse the pelvisFailure of shoulders to traverse the pelvis
spontaneously after birth of headspontaneously after birth of head
īŽ Predisposed in post dated and fetal macrosomiaPredisposed in post dated and fetal macrosomia
īŽ Risk factors in labourRisk factors in labour
ī Oxytocin augmentationOxytocin augmentation
ī prolonged labourprolonged labour
ī operative deliveryoperative delivery
âĸ Blood loss >100mlBlood loss >100ml
âĸ Maternal death fromMaternal death from
ut rupture/haemorrageut rupture/haemorrage
âĸ Neonatal asphyxiaNeonatal asphyxia
55. Sh. Dystocia /managementSh. Dystocia /management
īŽ HELPERRHELPERR mnemonic to disimpact the shouldersmnemonic to disimpact the shoulders
ī§ HHelp-change mothers positionelp-change mothers position
ī§ EEpisiotomy need assessedpisiotomy need assessed
ī§ LLegs in McRoberts positionegs in McRoberts position
ī§ PPressure suprapubicallyressure suprapubically
ī§ EEnter introitus for internalnter introitus for internal
rotationrotation
ī§ RRemove posterior armemove posterior arm
ī§ RRoll the woman over and try againoll the woman over and try again
57. Vasa PraeviaVasa Praevia
īŽ Fetal vessel lies over the os infront of presenting partFetal vessel lies over the os infront of presenting part
īŽ Occurs in valementous/ succenturiate placentaOccurs in valementous/ succenturiate placenta
īŽ May rupture when memb ruptureMay rupture when memb rupture
and causes fresh vaginal bleedingand causes fresh vaginal bleeding
īŽ Causes fetal exsanguinationCauses fetal exsanguination
unless fetus is born withinunless fetus is born within
a minutea minute
īŽ Needs immediate c/sectionNeeds immediate c/section
if in Ist stage and immediateif in Ist stage and immediate
vaginal delivery if in IInd stagevaginal delivery if in IInd stage
59. Amniotic Fluid Embolus-AFEAmniotic Fluid Embolus-AFE
īŽ Occurs when amniotic fluid enters the maternalOccurs when amniotic fluid enters the maternal
circulation as a result of:-circulation as a result of:-
īŽ Termination of pregnancyTermination of pregnancy
īŽ Abruptio placenta with open retroplacental vesselAbruptio placenta with open retroplacental vessel
īŽ Precipitate labour with lacerated open cervical vesselsPrecipitate labour with lacerated open cervical vessels
īŽ Amniocentesis with a traumatic tapAmniocentesis with a traumatic tap
īŽ Intrauterine manipulationIntrauterine manipulation
īŽ Mortality rates as high as 60-80%Mortality rates as high as 60-80%
īŽ Higher if meconium stainedHigher if meconium stained
īŽ Clinical PresentationClinical Presentation
īŽ Sudden onsetSudden onset
īŽ Cardiovascular collapseCardiovascular collapse
īŽ SeizuresSeizures
īŽ DICDIC
īŽ Death usually sudden (<1hr.)Death usually sudden (<1hr.)
62. Amniotic Fluid Embolus-AFEAmniotic Fluid Embolus-AFE
īŽ ManagementManagement
īŽ SupportiveSupportive
īŽ Emergency resuscitationEmergency resuscitation
īŽ OO22 by tight fitting maskby tight fitting mask
īŽ Positive pressure breathing by trachealPositive pressure breathing by tracheal
intubationintubation
īŽ Aminophyllin-200mg i/v slowlyAminophyllin-200mg i/v slowly
īŽ Treatment of shockTreatment of shock
īŽ Continuous assessment of urinary outputContinuous assessment of urinary output
īŽ Better outcome seen in early transferBetter outcome seen in early transfer
(Tuffnell-2002)(Tuffnell-2002)
63. Psychosis/ DepressionPsychosis/ Depression
īŽ Can occur at anytime during pregnancyCan occur at anytime during pregnancy
īŽ May be severe enough to present a significantMay be severe enough to present a significant
suicidal risksuicidal risk
īŽ Newborn care gets disturbedNewborn care gets disturbed
īŽ Patients at risk:-Patients at risk:-
ī previous severe neurosis or psychosis,previous severe neurosis or psychosis,
ī past pregnancy associated with depression,past pregnancy associated with depression,
ī exaggeration of lack of normal emotional responsesexaggeration of lack of normal emotional responses
to pregnancy,to pregnancy,
ī severely disturbed marital & family relationship,severely disturbed marital & family relationship,
ī physical handicap (imposes limitations),physical handicap (imposes limitations),
ī stillborn, neonatal death, malformed babystillborn, neonatal death, malformed baby
65. ManifestationsManifestations
īŽ EarlyEarly:-fatigue, exhaustion, irritability, frequent tearfulness,:-fatigue, exhaustion, irritability, frequent tearfulness,
insomnia, verbalization of feelings of worthless especiallyinsomnia, verbalization of feelings of worthless especially
concerning motherhood potentialconcerning motherhood potential
īŽ LateLate (recognized due to severity): suspiciousness,(recognized due to severity): suspiciousness,
confusion, delusions, disturbed thought process, refusal ofconfusion, delusions, disturbed thought process, refusal of
food, severe insomnia, hyperactivity,, suicidalfood, severe insomnia, hyperactivity,, suicidal
preoccupationpreoccupation
īŽ Management:Management:
īŧ Psychiatric consultationPsychiatric consultation
īŧ prompt therapy of any organic disorderprompt therapy of any organic disorder
īŧ Sedatives to induce sleep and control hyperactivitySedatives to induce sleep and control hyperactivity
īŧ Adequate patient supervisionAdequate patient supervision
īŧ Adequate diet and fluidsAdequate diet and fluids
66. Preterm Labour-PTLPreterm Labour-PTL
īŽ Incidence very high due to associated risk factorsIncidence very high due to associated risk factors
īŽ Premature baby needs emergency care who is usuallyPremature baby needs emergency care who is usually
low birth weightlow birth weight
īŽ Final outcome of preterm labourFinal outcome of preterm labour
Delivery of a :-Delivery of a :-pretermpreterm
-premature-premature
--small babysmall baby
WHOWHO yet needed Mothersyet needed Mothers
womb to grow fullywomb to grow fully
67. Associated Factors of PTLAssociated Factors of PTL
hypertensionhypertension
anemiaanemia
84. Needs of premature babyNeeds of premature baby
-- oxygenoxygen
- Inj Vit K , antibiotics,- Inj Vit K , antibiotics,
steroidssteroids
-tube feeding/ i/v fluid-tube feeding/ i/v fluid
--position for easy--position for easy
breathing-15 degreebreathing-15 degree
(head turned to one side)(head turned to one side)
-suctioning using soft-suctioning using soft
suckersucker
-incubator or phototherapy-incubator or phototherapy
-warm environment-warm environment
-support to parents-support to parents
85. Keep the preterm baby well wrappedKeep the preterm baby well wrapped
and examine himand examine him
86. Things to RememberThings to Remember
īŽ Stay calmStay calm
īŽ Explain that you are trained to helpExplain that you are trained to help
īŽ Ensure mothers comfort,Ensure mothers comfort,
modesty & peace of mindmodesty & peace of mind
īŽ Be able to recognizeBe able to recognize
your limitationsyour limitations
87. Impact of obstetrical emergenciesImpact of obstetrical emergencies
ī§ Woman may die or develop disabilitiesWoman may die or develop disabilities
ī§ Children get orphaned due to maternal deathsChildren get orphaned due to maternal deaths
ī§ Motherless children die 10 times moreMotherless children die 10 times more
ī§ The care of children and other family members isThe care of children and other family members is
threatenedthreatened
ī§ Children are less likely to receive HC and educationChildren are less likely to receive HC and education
ī§ Girls in particular suffer. They drop out from schoolGirls in particular suffer. They drop out from school
to look after young siblingsto look after young siblings
88. What can be done to reduce Emergencies andWhat can be done to reduce Emergencies and
prevent maternal & fetal deathsprevent maternal & fetal deaths
ī Empower woman ( to increase awareness andEmpower woman ( to increase awareness and
confidence in seeking AN services without delay)confidence in seeking AN services without delay)
ī Enhance AN, health and nutrition interventionsEnhance AN, health and nutrition interventions
ī Ensure access to H/C facility (blood banks)Ensure access to H/C facility (blood banks)
ī Ensure skilled attendant during deliveryEnsure skilled attendant during delivery
ī Provide quality care of associated problemsProvide quality care of associated problems
ī Ensure rest/good sleep, personal/envir hygieneEnsure rest/good sleep, personal/envir hygiene
ī Avoidance of noxious substancesAvoidance of noxious substances
ī Avoidance of stress and physical exertionAvoidance of stress and physical exertion
89. Communities can do followingCommunities can do following
īŽ Ensure availability of obstetrical services to allEnsure availability of obstetrical services to all
womenwomen
īŽ Identify the nearest H facility with obs/ B/BIdentify the nearest H facility with obs/ B/B
servicesservices
īŽ Coordinate with hospitals and B/B so to makeCoordinate with hospitals and B/B so to make
blood available in emergencyblood available in emergency
īŽ Organize an emergency obs loan fund so that cashOrganize an emergency obs loan fund so that cash
is available in emergencyis available in emergency
īŽ organize an emergency transport systemorganize an emergency transport system
īŽ Identify all skilled birth attendantsIdentify all skilled birth attendants
īŽ Ensure that all H/W are skilled in identifying signsEnsure that all H/W are skilled in identifying signs
of emergency like heavy bleeding, convulsions,of emergency like heavy bleeding, convulsions,
delayed delivery, retained placenta etcdelayed delivery, retained placenta etc