This document summarizes a study on the future sustainability of Sejong City, South Korea, focusing on the implementation of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). The study analyzes Sejong City's master plan and its TOD implementation, particularly the planned Bus Rapid Transit system. TOD is expected to help Sejong City avoid potential urban problems seen in Putrajaya, Malaysia by optimizing the urban transportation system. Mixed land use, improved walking environments, and policies that increase public transit ridership are analyzed as ways TOD could promote environmental, economic and social sustainability in Sejong City. The conclusion is that TOD would be a better development option for cities in developing regions and is necessary for new planned cities to relieve traffic and

1. A Study on the future Sustainability
of Sejong city, South Korea
Focusing on implementation of Transit-Oriented
Development
Jeongmuk Kang

2. INTRODUCTION

3. 1. Background
Global Warming and Climate Change
• by 0.74 °C over the past hundred years.
• Natural disasters (Floods, Tsunami, Hurricane etc.)
Growing Population and Urbanization
• More than 7 billion people on Earth.
• Urban population 50.9 % (today) 56.6 % (2025) 68.7 % (2050)
• By 2030, cities will be responsible for 73 % of the world’s energy use
• To avert the worst impacts from Climate Change, CO2 emission must be cut
by 50% (IPCC).
The role of transportation
• Transport: 19% energy use and 23% energy-related CO2 emission
• CO2 emissions from transportation sector would be able to be cut by up to
65% by 2050 (Greene et al., 2011).

4. 1.1 Spread of transport networks
The Industrial Revolution
(1850s ~)
• The introduction of steam
engines
• Higher economic productivity
& transportation capability
• The change of the structure of
city
• Colonization
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PopulationinLondon
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1950
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UrbanPopulationx100000
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Europe
Asia
Africa
World
Urban
World
Total
1.2 Rapid urbanization in Asia
Post World War II era
(1950s ~)
• The independence of colonized
countries in Asia and Africa & transfer
of manufacturing industries to Asia
• Economic growth, population growth,
and rapid urbanization
• By 2050, they accommodate 75% of
the urban population in Earth

6. 1.3 Urban congestions and New
Urbanism
New Urbanism
(the late 20th ~)
• Attention to Urban transport
• The expansion of railway
networks in Western countries
• Automobile-oriented
development in developing world.
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15
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25
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Railline(Totalroute-km)x10000
Year
United States
Euro area
Russian
China
India
South Africa
Korea, Rep.
Turkey
Malaysia

7. 1.4 Decentralization & balanced
national development
• In developing country, increase of 1,000 urban population →
1,500-2,000 additional trips each day (TRL, 1992)
• Severe congestion and deterioration, in particular the capital cities
of developing countries.
→ Decentralization by creating new cities in developing countries

8. 1.4 Decentralization & balanced
national development
Sejong city, South Korea (2030)Putrajaya city, Malaysia (2012)
Location of PUTRAJAYA city
Source: Moser (2010)
Location of SEJONG city
Source: MACCA (2007)

9. 1.5 Urban Transform with Transit-
Oriented Development
• Mass transport system in low cost with Bus Rapid Transit in Latin America
Curitiba (Brazil), Bogota (Colombia)
• TOD was conceptualized in North America in the early 90’s
Transit-Oriented Development is typically defined as more compact
development within easy walking distance of transit stations that contains a
mix of uses such as housing, jobs, shops, restaurants and entertainment. TOD
is really about creating walkable, sustainable communities for people of all
ages and incomes and providing more transportation and housing choices
(Center for Transit-Oriented Development, 2007, p2).

10. 2 Aim of the study
to assess the future urban sustainability of Sejong city by
analyzing first the Master Plan of the construction of the city,
and second its implementation with a focus on the expected role
of Transit-Oriented Development in particular looking at BRT.
• What sorts of sustainable aspects will Sejong have?
• What are shortcomings of planned city?
• What would the influence of TOD on Sejong’s urban sustainability be?

11. 3 Methodology
• Databases by international organizations
• Inventory Analysis of Sejong city
– PEBOSCA framework based on the Master Plan of the construction of
Sejong
• Shortcomings of planned city
– Field trip to the project area of Sejong city
– Review of the articles regarding the current situation of Putrajaya
• Expected role of TOD in Sejong
– Review of the Master Plan of BRT System in Sejong
– Review of proceeding researches on transport and urban related
issues

12. RESULT

13. 1 Inventory Analysis
SEJONG city in brief

14. Major features of the city
Zonal Planning
• Six functional cores
• Connected by BRT
• Central portion is reserved
Multi core structure of Sejong and public transport axis (plan)
Source: MACCA (2011)
Decentralization concept of Sejong
Source: MACCA

15. Major features of the city
Mixed communities
• Easy to access to essential &
daily services
• Traditional market place in
plaza → Frequent contact
within community members
The city without 5
things
• No utility poles, garbage,
private walls, advertising
signboards and curb parking
• Common Utility Ducts (CUD)

16. 2.1 The shortcomings of Sejong
Small-size generation from
renewable sources
• Central bike path → Increased
number of wild animals killed on the
road
• Small sized dams → Harmful effect
on aquatic ecosystems
Restoration of the river
basin
• Attempts to plan the nature →
Unsustainable way of restoration
• Low effectiveness of eco-park and
bike path

17. 2.2 The Shortcomings of Putrajaya
Lack of ‘Green’
• Lots of glass materials on
buildings in average 30°C
• Low density
• Lack of green shade – too hot for
walking and cycling
Lack of mobility
• Delay of planned urban rail
system & Inefficient bus network
→ Invasion of automobile and
illegal curb parking
Formalized structure of Putrajaya
Source: King (2007)

18. 3.1 TOD in Sejong
Inner Circular BRT axes
• Highly prioritized for BRT
• BRT links all the functional zones
• Easy access to BRT station
(with in 20 min by walking, cycling,
and community buses)
• 70% of the whole transport
Outer ring for automobiles
• Optimized for automobile users
Route of inner circular public transport axis (plan)
Source: MACCA (2011)

19. 3.1 TOD in Sejong
Transit Transfer Center
• Three types of transfer centers
– Parking-Oriented (5)
– Public Transport (Each BRT station)
– Terminal type (the South and the North)
Green networks
• Auxiliary function of Public transport
Locations of parking-oriented transit center
Source: Bae et al. (2008)
Bicycle roads installing diagram
Source: MACCA (2007)

20. 3.2 System analysis on the
influence of TOD

21. Automobile traffic control
Broader roads & free curb parking spaces even lower
the functionality of roads
• Free parking → Additional travel → more use of fuel and CO2 emission.
• Calculation by Shoup (1997)
By automobiles cruising for a free parking space in Westood, central portion
of the Westside of Los Angels, over a year
47,000 gallons of gasoline & 728 tons of CO2 = two round trip to the moon
• Free curb parking → subsidizing only for automobile users in cash → returns
congested roads & polluted urban atmosphere

22. Automobile traffic control
• Thus, curb parking should be limited and charged in a certain level
→ lead people switch their transportation mode to public transportation or
green modes
0
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$0 $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6
Commutermodeshare
Price of Parking at work ($/day)
Drive sole
Carpool
Transit
Estimated commuter mode share in accordance with price of parking at work
Source: Estimated from Willson (1992)

23. Optimization of public transport
The more buses, the less CO2 emission?
• The importance of the ridership (No. of passengers in a vehicle)
• Public transit fails at energy efficiency without ridership.
• From the calculation of the US case
If the road factor (Avg. no. of passengers) of Transit bus changes from 9.2 to
10.2 → Energy consumption per passenger decrease from 2,781 to 2,524

24. Optimization of public transport
The more passenger in a vehicle, the higher energy
efficiency
• Not only the public transport
system but also the policies
leading people to use public
transport should be
accompanied.
• in Portland, US 2,547 → 2,087
through TOD program over 5
years

25. Mixed land-use
High fluctuation of ridership of public transportation
• Single Central Business District (CBD) surrounded by residential area
→ Commuter trains are full during rush hour, but empty during daytime.
Hard to expect more than average one-fifth full of transit vehicle (Nusca,
2010).
• Mixed land use pattern → almost the same relationship as high-density
development with increased transit ridership (Sung and Oh 2011).

26. Improvement of walking environment
Revitalization of economy of local businesses
→ Increased and prolonged foot traffic on the street
Increase of property and income taxes
→ Increase of actual value of real estates
→ Increase of taxable income for local government
Transport not only is a key factor in modern economies, but also plays an
important role for the individual happiness. Optimization of transport
system is crucial to meet increasing demands and sustainable development
(Duarte et al, 2010, p.30).

27. DISCUSSION
&
CONCLUSION

28. Discussion
Positive influences on the sustainability of city

29. Discussion
• Sejong’s future aspects for urban sustainability
→ Urban problems on transportation and mobility in Putrajaya
→ Sejong’s actions in accordance with TOD on circular-shape of urban
structure would prevent the potential urban problems
Weaknesses of this study
• Controversial over the feasibility of analysis on the Master Plan of the city
• Possible Inefficiency caused from the split of government units
• Environmental issues

30. Conclusion
Better option for developing world
• The implementation of TOD and transport policies is expected to
systemically relieve urban traffic problems and positively influence to the
environment, economy, and the social sustainability of the city in the future.
TOD would be deemed to be a better option for existing cities
and is quite necessary for newly developing planned cities in
Asia and Africa.

31. Thank you