Enbe town proposal - SELPUTARIA

Contents:
NO TITLE PAGE
1 Introduction 3
2 The City/Town - Investigation on Better Townships,
Guidelines and Issues
4
3 Investigation & Data Collection: Ancient Cities/Towns 13
4 Investigation & Data Collection: Present Cities/Towns 19
5 Investigation & Data Collection: The Future of Towns and
Better Towns
24
6 The New “X” Town – SELPUTARIA 29
7 Conclusion 39
8 References list 40
9 Appendix 41
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1.Introduction
First, I have to learn from history by investigating ancient cities. Next, I have to study about modern
towns and understand the traits of an ideal township. Furthermore, I have to think of solutions to
solve problems of towns nowadays. Subsequently, I need come out with a proposal for a new town
in Malaysia. The citizens must be Malaysian and I have to settle 80,000 – 200,000 people in a limited
amount of land. The knowledge gained through researching will assist me in planning the town.
Throughout this process, I have to make an A4 report and a three-minute video about my town.
Eventually, one of the proposed towns in my group will be selected. My group and I will need to
create a model of the chosen town using recycled materials and give a verbal presentation.
Moreover, we have to prepare A2 presentation boards that contain contents about the town.
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2.The City/Town
2.1 The Definition Of City And Town
A city A town
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A city is actually large town. It only differs with towns in terms of its size. There is no specific
agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town as a town of a country might have a greater
population than a city of another country.
A town is a large and permanent human settlement. It is a built-up area with a name and
boundaries. It is larger than a village yet smaller than a city. Towns have particular administrative,
legal, or historical status based on local law. They have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land
usage, housing and transportation. Concentration of the development of a town facilitates
interaction between people and businesses, benefiting both parties.
Cities and towns have associated suburbs, resulting in numerous business commuters travelling to
urban centres on a regular basis for employment. Towns also must have sufficient supplies of raw
materials to support trade and large populations.
2.2 Brief History
Millions of years ago during the Palaeolithic
Era, humans lived like nomads. Whenever a
place ran out of resources, they move to other
places. During the Neolithic Era, humans start
to live in groups and settle permanently beside
a water source. They plant crops and rear
animals. The Neolithic Revolution brought
agriculture, which made denser human
populations possible. Farming activities
encouraged hunters to abandon nomadic
lifestyles and live near to settle near others.
During the Bronze and Iron Ages, they
invented tools out of metal, which enabled them to build many houses and rafts. Trading activities
became popular. More and more people settled in places with a water source and fertile land. They
used tools to build irrigation systems and ports. As more people settled in the same place, a
governing body is required to ensure that things run smoothly. A complex society is formed.
As villages
grow larger,
they become
towns. As
towns grow
larger, they
become cities.
Ancient cities
such as
Babylon and
Mohenjo-
Daro sprung
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out in ancient kingdoms. These cities have education systems, entertainment, sports, city walls,
specific places for religious obligations, military systems, a massive library for knowledge and burial
places for their leaders.
Since the Industrial Revolution and the rapid boost of human population, the modern phenomenon
of extensive suburban growth, satellite urban development and migration of city dwellers to the
edge of the cities due to growth in population builds many townships. Some towns were built due to
agricultural purposes, mining activities and as a point of interchange between trading routes.
2.3 What Makes A City / Town
Cities and towns typically provide a variety of services to their inhabitants, including:
Sanitation Roads
Transportation Water supply
Electrical supply Food distribution
Cities and towns do not produce their own raw materials and rely on specialized craftsmen to build
the city and keep it functioning. Towns on the other hand might produce their own raw materials as
they are smaller scaled.
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If a village gets developed and more densely populated, it turns into a town. Apart from that, towns
or cities can be either developed from the combination of multiple villages or directly from a master
plan. Usually, towns formed from the combination process are less systematic compared to towns
formed from master plans as the villages that form the town are not segregated from one another.
Also, cities and towns serve as centres of communication. New technology and ideas usually
originate from these places and spread to other places in the nation. Cities and towns have religious
elements such as cathedrals, mosques and temples that represent the local belief systems.
Moreover, cities and towns have monuments, plazas or any other landmarks that gives the place a
special identity.
Cities and towns tend to have a denser population than the surrounding environment, with a
population that does not grow its own food. They usually pay taxes, often to support the activities of
the cities and the creation of public buildings. The creation of art, literature and science is often
centred within cities. This is due to the fact that cities have a concentration of a variety of talents
and different mixtures of people. Cities provide a conducive environment for the evolution of human
culture.
2.4 What Makes A Good Town/ Township
A healthy city criteria set by World health Organization (WHO)
• Clean and safe environment
• Meet basic needs of inhabitant
• Involve community in local government
• Easy access to health service
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Cities and towns are the centres of economic growth, technological advances, source of income of
the nation and production. However, the rapid growth of cities and towns brought problems due to
their huge populations such as overcrowding, poverty, crime, pollution and traffic congestion. A
good town must eliminate all these problems and be sustainable for its inhabitants.
A good township fulfils all requirements of its citizens and provides a safe and conducive
environment for their activities. A good township provides structures, systems, spaces and networks
for its inhabitants to do their tasks efficiently with the least amount of cost. Good towns have good
safety, good management and good maintenance. Thus, people of different age groups and
backgrounds can live happily in this township.
The following criteria provides a guide for a good township:
1. Has a variety of functional attributes that contribute to a resident's day-to-day living
(residential, commercial, or mixed-uses).
2. Accommodates multi-modal transportation (pedestrians, bicyclists, drivers).
3. Has design and architectural features that are visually interesting.
4. Encourages human contact and social activities.
5. Promotes community involvement and maintains a secure environment.
6. Promotes sustainability and responds to climatic demands.
7. Has a memorable character.
8. Neighbourhood fits well to its natural setting and the surrounding environment.
9. Good walkability.
10. Good access to all places.
11. Accommodates cyclists and pedestrians well. (Trails, designated bike lanes, share-the-road
signage, etc.).
12. Foster social interaction and promote human contact. Creates sense of community and
neighbourliness.
13. Zero crime.
14. Buildings proportionate to one another.
15. Good interactivity between citizens and public spaces and infrastructure.
16. Art and inspiration can be found anywhere. Gives people a sense of adventure.
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17. Has abundant services that cater the needs of residents.
A good town has these vital support systems:
A good town must have a
good structure. These
structures include:
Grid - A formation where the streets
intersect each other in specific
angles. Grid plans facilitate
development because
developers can subdivide and
auction off large parcels of
land. The geometry yields
regular lots that maximize use and minimize boundary disputes.
Concentric Ring (Multiple rings
expanding from a point) - Urban
residents naturally sort themselves into
appropriate rings depending on class
and cultural assimilation. The innermost
ring represents the Central Business
District surrounded by another ring that
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Transportation –
Easy access to every
corner of the city by
walking, cycling or
public transport
Recreational
Areas –
Provides a space
of activity and
relaxation
Agriculture –
High unit
production per
unit area to
overcome high
demand
Security, Welfare and
Emergency Relief –
Special units catered
for emergency
situations (accidents,
robbery)
Solid Waste
Management –
Minimizing
pollution caused
by waste
Natural
Environment –
Gives residents a
close-to-nature
experience

contains industry and poorer-quality housing while the outermost ring represents the
suburbs.
Sectorial (Wedged-shaped sectors) -
Certain areas of a town are more
attractive for various activities, such
as industrial or recreational. As these
activities flourish and expand
outward, they form wedges,
becoming city sectors.
Multiple nuclei - This formation is designed for
increased car ownership because places in the
urban areas are easily reached by car. Used in
Paris and Tokyo.
Examples of town grids:
Square/Rectangular Grid
Commonly used in developed countries such as the United
States. Easy for commuters to navigate around the city.
Efficient and minimizes boundary disputes between land
owners but the long straight roads make vehicles move too
fast.
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Radial Grid
Used in Moscow. Extends from the city centre to the suburbs
at all angles. The center of the town becomes the focal
destination for most of the residents. All sorts of odd-shaped
property which are unsuitable for construction will be
formed.
Organic Grid
Used in London and Boston. Has high aesthetic value but
not as efficient as the square grid.
Irregular Grid
More common in third-world countries or towns built on
terrain with many contours. Might be the result of lack
of planning. Very inefficient.
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2.5 What Is The Future Of Towns
Cities and towns are highly vulnerable to the impacts of
climate change and will need to find innovative ways to
adapt. Now is the time to start rethinking urban design
and management.
With a changing climate, extreme events such as heat
waves and hurricanes are predicted to occur more
frequently in the future. Hence, large cuts in
greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas must be done
to minimize the effects of global warming.
Cities and towns nowadays are making substantial efforts to cut emissions, improve energy
efficiency and step up the use of renewable energy.
Upcoming Changes in Future Towns
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With their high population density, towns are extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate
change, especially the ones at coastal areas.
The ‘Urban Heat Island’ effect should be minimized in
future towns by maintaining a balance between density of
structures and vegetation coverage. Soil sealing should be
maximized as it determines the potential for water
infiltration after heavy rainfall.
Increase in population density aggravate social inequalities
as the poor might live in less-favourable areas. Climate
change that gets worse in the future exacerbate problems such as low air quality and poor water
supply.
Towns in the future should also be able to minimize the cost and time required for transportation of
people within the town. Decreasing the time and cost spent on traffic will increase the happiness of
citizens. Hence, future towns must minimize the effects of rush hour.
Investing now in adaptation will help to avoid huge costs in the future. Better urban planning
improves the quality of life and create new employment opportunities by enhancing market for new
technology and green architecture.
Innovative Solutions
Adaptation of towns in the future requires fundamental rethinking of urban design and
management, and it should be used in all policies including land use, housing and health. Among the
solutions are:
• Planning new urban development outside coastal and river flood plains
• Using adaptive designs such as floating houses
• Using highly efficient ventilation and cooling systems in public spaces and buildings (External
solar shading)
• Using engineering approaches such as flood barriers
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• Greening towns with parks, green walls and urban agriculture (Provides cooling, ventilation
and water infiltration)
• Developing vehicles powered by alternative resources (solar, electricity etc.)
• Planning efficient transportation in towns
• Reusing and recycling of waste
3.Investigation & Data Collection:
Ancient Cities / Towns
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3.1 Ancient Cities/Towns
THERA, GREECE
Thera is a Greek island and includes the compilation of multiple towns namely Fira, Oia and Akrotiri.
It is usually referred as Santorini in modern times. Thera is located 200 km southeast of Greece’s
mainland. The towns of Thera were built on is the largest island of a small, circular archipelago which
bears the same name and is the remnant of a volcanic caldera.
Thera is the site of one of the largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history. The Thera eruption
3600 years ago led indirectly to the collapse of the Minoan civilization through a tsunami. One
popular theory suggests that the Thera eruption is the source of the legend of Atlantis.
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TYRE, LEBANON
Tyre, also known as Sour, is a city in the South Governorate of Lebanon. Tyre juts out from the coast
of the Mediterranean and is located about 80 km south of Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. The name
of this ancient city means ‘rock’ after the rocky foundation on which it was built on.
Tyre is an ancient Phoenician city. The city has a number of ancient sites, including its Roman
Hippodrome which was added to UNESCO’s list of World Heritage Sites.
3.2 Their History
THERA
Thera was founded by colonists from Sparta, who recognised the strategic value of its location on a
rocky ridge and in the south of the Aegean Sea, which is a busy trading route for ships.
Archaeological evidence dates the city back to 9th
century BC. Herodotus, a Greek historian, wrote of
a seven-year drought around the year 630 BC which forced inhabitants of Thera to send colonists to
Cyrenaica, in today’s Libya.
This settlement was so successful that the city enjoyed a good reputation as the mother city of
Cyrene. A collection of 760 coins were found dating from the 6th
century BC, which gives evidence of
a modest amount of trade links to other ancient cities such as Athens, Corinth, and Ionia.
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The role of the city changed in the second half of the 3rd
century BC when the Ptolemaic wartime
fleet for the entire Aegean Sea was stationed in the city’s harbour. The city was completely rebuilt
for the officers. The former irregular layout was replaced with an organised street grid. Buildings
were erected based on the grids.
In Roman times starting from the 1st
century BC, the island and city were part of the Roman province
of Asia. Although no high officials resided on the island, Thera was relatively prosperous due to
elaborate construction projects, trading activities and the fact that citizens of Thera managed to
attain high positions in politics.
During the dissolution of the Roman Empire in the 3rd
century, Thera starts to lose its importance. In
the year 726 AD, it was covered by a layer of pumice after an eruption of the volcano of Santorini.
Shortly after that, the city was abandoned.
TYRE
Tyre was founded around 2750 BC and was originally built as a walled city upon the mainland.
It was stated that the commerce of the ancient Mediterranean world gathered into the warehouses
of Tyre. Tyrian merchants were among the first who ventured to navigate the Mediterranean
waters.
The city of Tyre was known for the production of a rare and extraordinarily expensive sort of purple
dye, produced from the murex shellfish. The Tyrian purple colour was usually reserved for the use of
the royalty and nobility. The city is often attacked and conquered by foreign powers including
Alexander the Great’s forces and the Egyptian
empire due to its wealth.
In the year 1124AD, it was captured by the
Crusaders, becoming one of the most important
cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was part of
the royal domain, although there were also
autonomous trading colonies there for Italian
merchant cities. In 1291, Tyre was retaken by the
Mameluks which then was followed by Ottoman
rule before the modern state of Lebanon was
declared in 1920.
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3.3 What Makes Them Significant And What Are The Details?
THERA
Only the southern tip of Thera has been
uncovered, yet it has revealed complexes of
multi-level buildings, streets, squares with
remains of walls standing as high as eight metres.
The site was not a palace complex, but its
excellent masonry and fine wall-paintings show
that this was certainly no conglomeration of
merchant’s warehousing either. A workshop
suggests organised textile weaving for export.
Many of the houses excavated from Thera are
major structures. Particularly noteworthy are:
• The Agora: The main square of the city follows the contours of the mountain ridge and is
about 110 m long and between 17 and 30 m wide. On the western side towards the
slope are public buildings. The view eastwards toward the ocean is completely free since
the private dwellings on this side were built below the level of the agora.
• The Theatre: Constructed in the 2nd
century AD in the slope below the main street, it has
a capacity of 1500 audiences. Performances were held there which attracted people
from all the islands of that region.
• A sacred area dedicated to Hermes and Heracles
• The Temple of Apollo: In addition to the temple, a joint rock sanctuary for the Egyptian
gods was added in the 3rd
century BC
• A gymnasium: Contains a public bath space
• At the highest point of the city, at the end of a cul-de-sac, there was an impressive
building, presumably the headquarters of the fleet commander.
Thera is significant because it became a major trading
port despite the fact that it is located on a small barren
island without any natural resources. Thera became
significant all thanks to its strategic location in the
middle of a busy trading route, where people from all
around the Mediterranean World do their trading
activities. As a result, Thera was a melting pot of
cultures. Thera does not need any natural resources to
prosper, all it needs is a strategic location and an
advanced port, which reminds me of the success story of
the city-state of Singapore.
Despite the fact that Thera is small, it earned a good reputation as an advance port city in the
Mediterranean World. Traders from all over the region flock to Thera to trade goods and earn a
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fortune. This could be proven by many artifacts found on the island, including a collection of 760
coins dating from the 6th
century BC. Besides, Thera earned its significance by producing citizens who
are capable and grabbed high position in the Roman administration.
TYRE
Herodotus visited Tyre and described the famous
temple of Melkart. The priests of the city told him that
the temple was built 2300 years previously when Tyre
was founded, that is 2750 BC. The Greeks believed that
various aspects of their civilisation originate from Tyre.
Tyre is significant due to its wealth earned through
maritime trade and its purple dye industries. These
economic activities brought great wealth to the city.
Tyrian purple products were well-known as a luxury
product used by royalty and nobility.
Despite being a small island city, Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, lay siege to the city for 13
years in the early 6th
century BC. Later, Alexander the Great stormed Tyre without success for seven
months. Only by joining the island city to the mainland by a causeway he enabled to bring up his
siege engines to scale Tyre’s formidable walls. This shows Tyre as a significant city as it is capable of
defending itself from strong, formidable forces. Not many ancient cities of that period can defend its
walls from Alexander the Great’s mighty military troops for many months.
3.4 Conclusion About The Cities
Despite the fact that the island cities I studied do not have much natural resources, they still prosper
and became wealthy. All thanks to the diligence of their citizens in making their island cities
significant, their strategic locations in busy trading routes and well organized street grids that
enhance efficiency. Thera was destroyed by a volcanic eruption. It could had prospered for a longer
period of time if the citizens had knowledge about disaster relief and
implemented an evacuation plan.
Both the cities I studied, especially Tyre, were frequently invaded by
other military forces. That is the reason why Tyre built formidable
city walls to defend their city from harm. As these ancient island
cities were built in busy trading routes, trading became the main
source of income of these cities, which aided in making these cities
prosper. Places of worship were built in both Thera and Tyre as a
place for citizens to meet and perform religious rituals. Sacred
temples with magnificent architecture brought these cities a sense of
regional identity. Apart from that, it is shown from these cities that it
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is vital to have a capable and competent government that executes well-thought-out plans within a
city.
3.5 Information And Elements I Can Use To My New Town
As trading is one major activity that boosts the
economy of a place and makes the place prosper, I
will build Selputaria in the Straits of Malacca, the
busiest maritime trading route in Malaysia. Building
my town at a strategic location is essential. Also, it
will have a port as a site of exchange of goods.
Hence, Selputaria will have bustling trading
economical activities as a source of income for my
town and provide many job opportunities for my citizens.
Besides that, streets in Selputaria will be well planned
with specific street grids to enhance efficiency and
promote greater social interaction between different
places of the town. Disaster relief plans should be
implemented in my town in case of an emergency.
Mosques, churches and temples will be built to serve
as places of worship for citizens of different religions.
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Aspects of security and military are vital to protect the citizens of the town. Thus, I will plan out
security booths around Selputaria to protect my town from pirates, illegal smuggling or any other
forms of terrorism that will jeopardize the security of my town.
Present Cities / Towns
4.1 Modern Cities/Towns
MALE, MALDIVES
Male is located at the southern edge of the
North Male Atoll in Maldives.
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Administratively, it is a city-class constituency and is governed by the Male City Council.
Traditionally it was the King’s Island, from where the ancient Maldive Royal dynasties ruled and
where the palace was located. Formerly, it was a walled city surrounded by fortifications and gates.
In recent years, the island has been considerably expanded through land filling operations. Over the
years, with the fight for democracy, Male has been the epicentre of political protests and other
events.
A commercial harbour is located on Male Island and serves as the heart of all commercial activities in
the country. The central island is heavily urbanized. The built-up area took up its entire landmass.
Many Maldivians and foreign workers in Maldives find themselves in occasional short term residence
on the island as it is the only entry point to the nation and the centre of all administration and
bureaucracy.
TROGIR, CROATIA
Trogir is a historic town and harbour on the
Adriatic coast in Croatia. It is located on a small
island between the Croatian mainland and the
island of Ciovo. Since 1997, the historic centre of
Trogir has been included in the UNESCO list of
World Heritage Sites.
Trogir is one of the oldest cities along the
Croatian coast. It is a remarkable example of
urban continuity and is famed for its beautiful
picturesque churches.
4.2 Their History
MALE
The first settlers in the Male were Dravidian people who
arrived from southern India. It is said that Giraavaru
fishermen used to go regularly to a large sandbank at the
southern end of the atoll to clean tuna fish after a good
catch.
Traditionally, the first inhabitants of Male didn’t have
kings. They lived a simple society. However, one day a
prince from the Indian Subcontinent arrived in Male. He settled on a large sandbank. Trees were
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planted on the sandbank and it is said that the first tree grown was a papaya tree. A palace was then
built on Male.
Male was a royal island city. Three ancient Maldivian Royal dynasties
ruled the island city. Formerly, it was a walled city surrounded by
fortifications and gates. The modern day city of Male was founded as a
trading post by the Portuguese in the 16th
century.
The Royal Palace was destroyed along with the picturesque forts and
bastions when the city was remodelled under President Ibrahim Nasir’s
rule in the aftermath of the abolition of monarchy. In recent years, the
island city has been considerably expanded through land filling
operations. Over the years, with the fight for democracy, Male has been
the epicentre of political protests and other events.
TROGIR
In the 3rd
century BC, Tragurion was founded by Greek
colonists, and it developed into a major port until the
Roman period. The sudden prosperity of Salona, a
nearby port city, deprived Trogir of its importance. In
1123, Trogir was conquered and almost completely
demolished by the Saracens, a Muslim group.
However, Trogir recovered in a short period to
experience powerful economic prosperity in the 12th
and 13th
centuries.
After the War of Chioggia between Genoa and
Venice, on 14 March 1381, Chioggia concluded an
alliance with Zadar and Trogir against Venice. On
the fall of Venice in 1797, Trogir became a part of
the Habsburg Empire which ruled over the city until
1918. After World War I, Trogir became part of the
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and
subsequently, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During
this period, Italian citizens of Trogir, who were the
ruling class and almost half of the population, were
forced to leave for Italy. During World War II, Trogir was occupied by Italy. It became part of Croatia
in 1991.
4.3 What Makes Them Significant And What Are The Details?
MALE
Male is complete with its own artificial beach, swimming
track, historic sites and a spectacular skyline of candy-
coloured skyscrapers, manages to be both an island and
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a city. Previously a sparsely populated island, Male has evolved into a world-class city with modern
facilities such as schools, hospitals and restaurants.
Tourism is the largest industry in the Maldives, followed by fishing, all thanks to its pristine beaches,
clear waters and majestic sceneries, resulting in the abundance of nearby resorts in Male. Male has
many tourist attractions, including the Friday Mosque of Male, which is significant as it was
constructed using coral stone. The central harbour and port of the Maldives is located in Male, the
centre for all commercial activities.
Another interesting aspect of Male are the colourful houses.
These brightly coloured houses bear names that pay
tribute to island culture, like ‘Sea-Breeze’ and ‘Sunshine
Lodge’, there are also slightly eccentric ones, like ‘Forget-
Me-Not’ and ‘Always Happy’.
The surf point of Male, Raalhugandu and
the artificial beach comes to life in the late afternoon and
evenings. Hundreds of Male dwellers come out to relax and
enjoy the fresh sea air. The surf-huts overlooking
Raalhugandu provide a vantage point for watching the
waves and surfers.
TROGIR
Trogir has 2300 years of continuous urban tradition. Its
culture was created under the influence of the ancient
Greeks, Romans, and Venetians. Therefore, the
architecture of the island city is influenced by different
European cultures. Trogir has a high concentration of palaces,
churches and towers, as well as a fortress on a small island. In
1997, the city was inscribed in the UNESCO World
Heritage List. The orthogonal street plan of this island
settlement dates back to the Hellenistic period and it was
embellished by successive rulers with many fine public and
domestic buildings and fortifications. Its magnificent
Romanesque churches are complemented by the
outstanding Renaissance and Baroque buildings from the
Venetian period.
Trogir is the best preserved Romanesque-Gothic
complex not only in the Adriatic, but in all of Central
Europe. Trogir’s medieval core, surrounded by
walls, comprises a preserved castle and tower and a
series of palaces from the Romanesque, Gothic,
Renaissance and Baroque periods. Trogir’s grandest
building is the Church of St. Lawrence, whose main
west portal is a masterpiece, and the most
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significant in Croatia. The Venetian Cathedral of St. Lovro and the Church of St.John the Baptist are
also located in this town.
Furthermore, the town of Trogir boasts stunning beaches, spectacular islands with lavender-covered
hills and old fishing ports just a stone’s throw away from the town centre. A blend of Medieval,
Renaissance, Romanesque and different types of European architecture makes this town unique.
Tiny medieval streets wind across this enchanting town, revealing hidden restaurants and eye-
catching galleries, forming a picturesque streetscape. A wide seaside promenade snakes around
Trogir, which is the waterfront for a port full of sailboats.
4.4 Conclusion About The Towns
The towns of Male and Trogir shows that tourism can
bring huge income to towns or cities. Despite the fact
that both Male and Trogir do not have much natural
resources asides from fresh sea produce, both these
towns prosper by attracting visitors to their towns.
Sea-related industries that are done in Male and Trogir
such as fishing and trading can provide income and job
opportunities for citizens.
Both Male and Trogir have strong religious influence.
This can be shown by the construction of the Friday
Mosque in Male and the abundance of churches in
Trogir. Hence, it is clearly shown that a significant town
must have religious structures that represent the belief
system of the locals.
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Moreover, it is shown in both these towns that
buildings and architecture should display local elements
that represent the identity of the town. For instance,
Male showed tropical and Dravidian culture through the
vibrant colours of its houses while Trogir exhibits its
strong influence from Gothic, Romanesque, Medieval,
Renaissance and other European cultures through its
magnificent buildings. Splendid beaches, ports and
unique buildings became the main tourist attractions of
these two towns.
4.5 Information And Elements I Can Use For My New Town
Tourism is an important element as it will bring my
town income even if my town does not have any
natural resources. Therefore, I, as mayor of
Selputaria, will plan a theme park in my town as a
major tourist attraction and entertainment area.
Hence, Selputaria will be bustling with activity. As
my town is located on the sea, activities such as
trading and fishing can provide job opportunities
to my citizens. A port for trading where
merchandise can be imported and exported will be
built at the coastline of my town. The port will also serve as a place where fishermen sell their raw
fish produce.
The planning of the town must contain local elements
that suits local citizens because that my town is situated
in Malaysia. Therefore, I will plan ‘mamak’ stalls inside
the residential zone. Places of worship of different
religions will be built to suit the needs of citizens from
different religions as Malaysia has a heterogeneous
society with a complex demography.
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Beaches and ports can serve as a tourist attraction and
recreational area. Having an attractive waterfront is vital
for a good town on an island. Therefore, I plan to build an
artificial beach near the theme park and city garden,
where both residents and tourists can enjoy the fresh air,
relax or do water-related activities.
The Future of Towns and Better Towns
5.1 Case Studies
LUSAIL, QATAR
Lusail City is one of the most ambitious and
ground breaking concepts of Qatari Diar Real
Estate Investment Company, which aspires to
become the most internationally renowned
company in real estate investment.
Lusail City is a futuristic project which will
create a modern and ambitious society. The
Lusail Development is one of the most
significant mixed-use developments planned for
Qatar and a natural extension to Doha City
along the urban growth corridor expanding
northwards.
District Zoning In Lusail
Zoning defines land use in the town or city, where specific areas in the city will have specific
functions. It is also an indication of a well-planned urban area. Thus, Lusail is separated into several
districts:
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Qetaifan Islands - A series of serene and luxurious group of four resort and residential islands,
specially contoured for natural beach and waterfront property. The islands will feature marinas for
super boats and yachts. The bridges that connect between islands will be designed with traditional
souks to give visitors a strong sense of the local culture.
Located just off the coast and a short drive from Lusail city’s bright lights, the Qetaifan Islands are
exclusive for the wealthy and glamorous. The islands promise a life of relaxation, with spa
treatments and therapies to rejuvenate the body. Residents can stroll in the grand manicured lawns
and enjoy the sports facilities.
Marina District – mixed use district, provide
waterfront units, high-rise towers for offices, mixed
use, commercial and hotel space with large open
spaces leading to a waterfront boardwalk. A Light
Rail Transit Network will provide connectivity to the
rest of the city. The stations are underground and
directly linked to parking facilities.
North and Waterfront Residential Villas – Focused
on a family friendly environment filled with open
space and natural beauty, this district is also in a
close proximity to the low density Golf District, giving it an extra sense of greenery and serenity.
Qatar Entertainment City – A fun family
entertainment destination that boasts an
astonishing theme park. The whole district will be
linked by a main water canal and served by water
taxis.
Erkyahh District – An integration of mixed use built
form that is interlinked with an open space network
and a unique commercial land use. The vision for
this district is to maintain a healthy environment
within the site by minimising internal traffic and circulation.
The Golf District – Offers luxury residential villas and medium rise apartments in unadorned
vernacular architecture with large shaded patios, open gardens and landscaping. Other highlights
include a world-class golf and tennis academy and an international school.
Fox Hills – medium-density inner-city residential area. Surrounded by a beautifully landscaped
network of natural, green parks that promote walkable streets and pedestrian priority.
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Medical and Education District – A medium density residential development embedded in parks and
connected by roads full of greenery. This district consists of schools, mosques, local retail
establishments and world-class hospitals.
Boulevard Commercial and Lusail Town – Modeled
after iconic shopping streets, the Boulevard’s character
will shine with high-end luxury boutiques for fashon-
savvy clientele. Four Lusail Towers built here are
dedicated for mixed-use, the form of the towers and
heir ancillary buildings will engulf the central piazza of
the city, offering a gathering scene for families and
individuals overlooking the Arabian Gulf.
Energy City – Fulfills the commercial, technical and
human resource needs of oil and gas in the region. Energy industry staff will also enjoy the latest
technologies through buildings that reflect sustainable development.
MASDAR CITY, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Masdar City is a development project in
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Designed by the British architectural firm
Foster and Partners, the city relies on solar
energy and other renewable energy
sources. It is built beside Abu Dhabi
International Airport.
The city is designed to be a hub for clean
tech companies. Masdar City will be the
latest of a small number of highly planned,
specialised, research and technology-
intensive municipalities that incorporate a
living environment.
Architecture
Masdar City is a sustainable mixed-use
development designed to be very friendly to
pedestrians and cyclists.
It has terracotta walls decorated with
arabesque patterns. From a distance, Masdar
City looks like a cube. The temperature on
Masdar’s streets generally reach 15 to 20
degrees Celcius cooler than the surrounding
desert. The temperature difference is due to
Masdar’s unique construction. A 45-meter high
wind tower modelled on traditional Arab
designs sucks air from above and pushes a
cooling breeze through Masdar’s streets. The site is raised above the surrounding land in order to
29

create a slight cooling effect. Buildings are clustered close together in order to create streets and
walkways shielded from the sun.
This city coped with hot desert temperatures through shorter, narrower streets usually no longer
than 70 metres. The buildings at the end of the streets create just enough wind turbulence to push
air upwards, creating a flushing effect that cools the streets.
Transportation System
The initial design banned automobiles, as travel will be
accomplished via public mass transit and personal
rapid transit (PRT) systems, with existing road and
railways connecting to other locations outside the city.
The absence of motor vehicles coupled with Masdar’s
perimeter wall, designed to keep out the hot desert
winds, allows for narrow and shaded streets that help
funnel cooler breezes across the city.
Under a revised design, public transport within the city will rely on methods other than the PRTs.
Masdar will instead use a mix of electric vehicles and other clean-energy vehicles for mass transit
inside the city.
Renewable Resources
Masdar is powered by a 22-hectare field of 87,777 solar panels with additional panels on roofs.
There are no light switches or water taps in the city. Movement sensors control lighting and water in
order to cut electricity and water consumption. Blowing sand has been a problem for solar panels.
So, solar panels with pores smaller than sand particles have been developed to stop them sticking on
the panels. Scientists are also working on coatings that repel sand and bacteria.
80 percent of the water used will be recycled and waste
water will be reused. Grey water will be used for crop
irrigation and other purposes.
The exterior wood used throughout the city is palmwood, a
sustainable hardwood-substitute developed using coconut
palms that no longer bear fruit.
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5.2 Conclusion About The Cities And What Can I Implement In My Town
The planned future cities of Lusail and Masdar shows
that it is important for cities to be sustainable and
environment-friendly. Hence, I will implement green
tech and public transport throughout Selputaria to
minimize greenhouse gas emission. For instance, solar
panels will be put on all roofs available in the town.
Public transport in Selputaria will have a good access
to all corners of the town. Urban agriculture and
vertical farming will be practiced in Selputaria.
Moreover, the town will be entirely powered by renewable energy. Hence, my town will have wind
harvesting systems and biomass collection from organic trash.
The future city of Lusail was planned based on
district zoning to make areas of the city possess
specific functions. Therefore, I will plan my town
based on zones. For instance, a zone for
recreation, an industrial zone and a zone for
residential purposes to make it easier for both
citizens and visitors to navigate themselves in the
town. The city planners of Lusail and Masdar
showed efforts in maximising green spaces in these cities. The abundance of green space benefits
the residents. Hence, Selputaria will have an abundance of green spaces, which includes the spaces
beside walkways and a huge city garden.
Places of entertainment and activity makes a city or town lively.
Thus, Selputaria will have a theme park and a stadium. The
plans of Lusail and Masdar exhibits elements of education and
hospitality. Hence, Selputaria will have a hospital in the
residential zone, two schools, a university and a research centre
for technology development beside the vertical farms. Selection
of materials is vital. I will select bamboo as one of the major
materials for the structures in Selputaria. This is because that
bamboos grow rapidly and are abundant all across the Asia-
Pacific region. Also, bamboos are lauded for their ability of
sequestering carbon. It is also strong and suitable for tropical
climates.
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6.The New “X” Town - SELPUTARIA
6.1 Introduction To Selputaria
Selputaria is a town built on the southwestern side of an island called Pulau Tengah. The island is just
45 km from the nation’s capital, Kuala Lumpur and is very near to Port Klang and Pulau Ketam. Due
to its strategic location near the largest port in Malaysia, Selputaria will have bustling economic
activity, providing its citizen and the country a certain amount of income. The aim of the town is to
function as a commercial, education and tourism hub. It also serves as a brand new living space for
the citizens of the crowded town of Klang. Selputaria promises healthy sustainable living, a clean
environment, efficient transportation and economic growth to its citizens.
32
TH
E
SIT
E

Selputaria is circular. The base of the northwestern part of the town is built by using the land
reclamation method to fill up from the southwestern end of Pulau Tengah to its circular shape. The
northeastern part of Pulau Tengah is left untouched and becomes a forest reserve. Its diameter is 5
km and its covered area is 19.635 km square. The estimated population of Selputaria is around
150,000 to 180,000 people.
The word ‘Selputaria’ is a combination of three
Malay words, SEL, PUTAR and RIA, which means
cell, rotation and happiness. I used the Malay
language to name the town because the town is
located in Malaysia and it gives the town a sense of
originality and authenticity. The design of Selputaria
is inspired from plant cells and the Lazy Susan (a
rotating platform on top of Chinese dining tables).
6.2 How Did I Come Up With The Solution To Create This New Town
The population of Malaysia is booming. As Malaysia is a small country, there is not much land
available for new development and create more living space unless we chop down our precious
rainforests. Hence, the logical solution is to build a town out at sea, on an island with aid from land
reclamation.
6.3 Important Characteristics And Elements
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ZONING
The zoning of Selputaria is based on the
organelles of a plant cell. In cell biology, an
organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell
that has a specific function.
The zones in Selputaria are named after plant
cell organelles, which includes the Residential
Cytoplasm, Chloroplast, Lysozyme, Mitochondria
I, Mitochondria II, Residential Cytoplasm, Plasma
Membrane, Nucleus and Extracellular Enzymes.
NUCLEUS
In plant cells, the nucleus serves as the brain of the cell and does the decisions of all activity in the
cell, pretty similar to an administrative centre. The 2-km-wide Nucleus of Selputaria is divided into
the Central Government Nucleolus and the Nuclear Matrix. The Nuclear Matrix surrounds the
Central Government Nucleolus, which is the core of the town. Administrative buildings are built in
the Central Government Nucleolus. It also houses ‘The Purple’, a huge curvy cone-like building that
serves as the residence of the mayor and the most distinctive government building in Selputaria. A
radio and television broadcasting centre is
located inside ‘The Purple’.
The Nuclear Matrix contains structures and
buildings related to education and
commercial purposes. Most residents of
Selputaria work and study here. They go in
and out of the Nucleus on a daily basis.
Education is important in forming a civilized
and knowledgeable society. Hence, 4 primary schools with different language systems, Selputaria
High School, Selputaria College and Selputaria University will be built here. As Selputaria is an
34

education hub, Selputaria University will attract many foreign students to further their studies here.
The university also nurtures many employable graduates that can serve and build a better society.
Most residents get their jobs at the business and
commercial area in the Nucleus. In this particular area,
skyscrapers are abundant. Many international
organizations and companies have their offices built in this
area.
A Performing Arts Centre will be built in the Nucleus. Many
performances such as musicals, orchestras and drama will
be held here. It serves as a place where artists and musicians can gather and express their thoughts.
Beside the Performing Arts Centre is an art gallery, where artists can display their masterpieces.
Also, museums such as the History Museum, Industry Museum and Bank Museum will be built near
the Performing Arts Centre.
Moreover, the Nucleus has a convention centre, where major events and exhibitions are held. A
Grand Hall will be built and function as a place where occasions such as weddings will be held. The
Nucleus also has a prison, a judiciary court, a juvenile court and an urban plaza.
CHLOROPLAST
The chloroplast is where sunlight is converted to
oxygen in a plant cell. In Selputaria, the Chloroplast
zone is where the largest green space of the town is.
It has a huge green area that comprises many parks in
it, pretty similar to Taman Perdana in Kuala Lumpur.
35

People relax and have a day out with their loved ones here. It comprises of a botanical garden, a bird
park, a butterfly park, a sculpture garden and a zoo. These places are located separately in the midst
of a large city garden. Facilities such as gazebos and bridges are provided to increase the walkability
in the Chloroplast. Features such as lakes, fountains and waterfalls will be added too. This zone
requires a great amount of landscaping that will give landscape architects a tremendous task. The
Memorial Garden where the deceased are buried or cremated is situated at the further end of the
Chloroplast.
The Chloroplast has a clubhouse that houses
a jacuzzi, a spa and a gymnasium. During
weekends, people can come to the clubhouse
to enjoy themselves. People can play golf at
the golf course too. The Chloroplast also has
a long artificial beach, which is a place where
water-related and beach activities are held.
Just beside the city garden at the western
side of the Chloroplast, a theme park will be
built. It is the most iconic tourist attraction of
Selputaria and guarantees the town income and job opportunities, just like what Universal Studios
did to Singapore. The theme park is a place where tourists and residents get thrilled and have fun. A
port is located at the seaward side of the theme park, which makes it easier for tourists to flock in.
Just beside the theme park is the sports hub of the town. Two stadiums, an aquatic centre that
houses two Olympic-sized swimming pools, a huge sports centre that comprises badminton courts,
basketball courts, futsal courts and a sports academy will be built here.
LYSOZYME
A lysozyme is an organelle in a cell that breaks down
stuffs into unwanted materials that will be excreted. I
related this activity to waste management in Selputaria.
The Lysozyme of Selputaria is a landfill, where
unrecyclable waste are dumped. However, whenever a
section of landfill is full, soil will be built on top of the
landfill. Trees and bushes will be planted on top and a
park is created on top of the landfill. These parks built on
landfills serve as an
extension of the
Chloroplast zone.
As the Lysozyme is located between the Chloroplast and Pulau
36

Tengah’s forest reserve, it is estimated that within 30 years, the green space of the Chloroplast and
the forest reserve will be connected.
Usually, people barely see landfills as they are located far away from urban areas. But in Selputaria,
people get to see the landfill in the Lysozyme if they are heading towards the forest reserve for a
hiking or nature exploration trip. This gives the citizens an insight on how human activity devastates
nature and sparks an awareness in their souls.
As a sustainable approach, energy is collected from the waste in the landfills and converted for the
use of the people in Selputaria.
MITOCHONDRIA I
Mitochondria are organelles that create energy but
produce carbon dioxide. As the name suggests,
Mitochondria I in Selputaria produces clean energy for
the whole town and is the industrial area of the town. It
is the site of a humongous solar panel field that powers
the town. Besides, it has a large industrial area full of
manufacturing companies and factories. These factories provide income to citizens through
exporting manufactured goods to other places via the port.
The port functions as a site where the factories receive their raw materials. A portion of the raw
materials are actually recycled materials such as water bottles and aluminum cans brought in from
the Recycling Centre at Mitochondria II. A dense green wall is located between this zone and the
Nucleus. This prevents smog from entering the Nucleus and harm the health of the citizens.
MITOCHONDRIA II
37

Mitochondria II is a zone where the food processing, seawater treatment, water management,
recycling and energy production processes are done. All recyclable trash are brought in from all parts
of the town to the Recycling Centre to be sorted out. The sorted trash are processed and used as
raw materials for the factories in Mitochondria I. On the other hand, human waste are carried by the
sewerage system into a sewer treatment plant.
Vertical farms as tall as 80 meters are built in this zone. These farms provide agricultural produce for
the whole town. Farming animals are raised in these vertical farms too. Wind and wave harvesting
are implemented in this zone to produce electrical energy. This zone is also where the water
reservoir is located.
RESIDENTIAL CYTOPLASM
The Residential Cytoplasm is where most of the residences are. Citizens of Selputaria eat, live and
sleep here. Most residents live in condominiums that are built beside the long straight streets that
run from the Plasma Membrane zone to the Nucleus. Among the jungle of condominiums, there will
be pockets of spaces where other structures are built for the convenience of the residents. For
instance, places of worship, shops, restaurants, mamak stalls, police stations, fire stations, hospitals
and playgrounds.
Many facilities such as cycling trails, pedestrian bridges, subway stations and vertical bike parking
stations will be built in this zone. From an aerial view, this place will don colours of green and blue as
blue solar panels cover all roof tops and greenery is abundant on walls and streets.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
The plasma membrane of a cell is the site of exchange
of material, so is the Plasma Membrane zone of
38

Selputaria. It consists of a port and a long shopping mall that runs along the circumference of the
town and is the place of exchange of goods. The shopping mall is located just beside the port. Every
day, residents come to the shopping mall and get their necessities.
Alongside with that, the Plasma Membrane is also a trading area. Raw materials are sent in from
ships and manufactured products are shipped out to other places to be sold. Besides, the Plasma
Membrane serves as a port where commuters can sit on a ferry and head to other places, including
Pulau Ketam and Port Klang. It is also a place where tourists come in by ferry to Selputaria, especially
to the theme park at the Chloroplast.
EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES
The Extracellular Enzymes are security booths equipped
with military enforcement and a lighthouse. They
enhance the security of Selputaria by preventing illegal
immigration, piracy and illegal smuggling. Security
personnel on these patrol booths work in shifts. This
makes the town secured 24/7. Security boats patrol
around the town and the Extracellular Enzymes function
as a place where the boats are refueled. Live security conditions are reported to the Central
Government Nucleolus to let the administrators of the town get a clear picture of what’s going on
just outside the town’s circumference.
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORTATION OF PEOPLE
Walkability is great in Selputaria. People walk, cycle or
take the subway to their destinations. The streets have
trees planted at the road dividers. Gardens and greenery
cools down the streets, making the streets more
comfortable for pedestrians. Pedestrian trails, cycling
trails and vehicle trails on the roads are clearly divided,
making it easier for all commuters. Bridges decorated
with green plants will be built between buildings to
increase walkability. The bridges also play a role in
evacuating people in case of a fire.
39

Bike sharing systems will be
implemented throughout the town.
People can just take a random bike at
the bike sharing stations and cycle to
their destination for free. If the bike
is private, the cyclist can park his or
her bike in a Vertical Bike Parking
(VBP) system. You can find bike
sharing stations and VBPs throughout
the whole town.
There are many Subway Lines in Selputaria, the lines run just right below the roads so that they do
not affect the foundations of the buildings in the town. This makes the buildings safe. Apart from
that, there will be solar-powered ferries that transport people in and out of the island town. This
service is provided at the Plasma Membrane zone.
The Nucleus of Selputaria is actually a rotating platform.
This system is inspired by the ‘Lazy Susan’ on top of dining
tables. It rotates twice a day. Each revolution takes up to 6
hours. Many residents work or study at the Nucleus. They
need to get in and out of the Nucleus on a daily basis,
which will result in a ‘rush hour’ effect. The rotating
Nucleus decreases the effects of ‘rush hour’ as residents at
the Residential Cytoplasm hop onto it at different times of
the day, depending on when their destination is aligned
with their residence. Thus, the transportation systems will
not be overcrowded.
Timetable:
TYPE OF COMMUTERS AVERAGE OPTIMUM
HOP-ON TIME
AVERAGE OPTIMUM
HOP-OFF TIME
EXTRA INFORMATION
40
Walking and cycling trails
Subway lines
OVERALL TRANSPORTATION PLAN

Primary school
students
7 am 1 pm 1 revolution
Secondary school
students
8 am 2 pm 1 revolution
University/college
students
12 pm 7 pm 1 1/6 revolutions
Employees at the
Commercial Area
9 am 5 pm Employees hop on from their
residences but hop-off at the
Chloroplast due to their longer
working hours. They can relax
at the city garden before
heading home via subway.
The destination moves towards the residents rather than requiring residents to move towards them.
People just need to know the correct schedule of alignment between two platforms. They can
always refer it online. Selputaria has great network coverage.
If commuters are late and missed the alignment
or want to hop-on the Nucleus earlier, they can
always take the Central Ring Subway Line that
runs around the Nucleus.
Whenever their sector in the rotating Nucleus is
aligned with the Food Hub located at
Mitochondria I (outside the rotating Nucleus),
they can hop-off temporarily for a lunch or tea
break. At night, the waste produced in the
Nucleus is removed and maintenance work are
done. The core battery of the Nucleus is also
recharged.
TRANSPORTATION OF SUPPLIES
Residents get their supplies and necessities by sitting on a
subway to the shopping mall and buy the things they want. The
port, shopping mall (both are in the Plasma Membrane) and
the Residential Cytoplasm are next to one another. Hence, the
goods from ships can be transferred to the residents without
any long journeys. This ensures the quality and freshness of the
goods received by residents.
6.4 Other Sustainable Approaches
Electrical energy is generated from the huge solar field at Mitochondria I, Biomass collected from
waste in vertical farms at Mitochondria II and wave and wind harvesting at Mitochondria II.
41

Water is collected in a reservoir at Mitochondria II. Rainwater is collected and treated. A seawater
treatment system at Mitochondria II processes sea water into drinkable water for residents of
Selputaria. The water is stored at the reservoir. Waste water from sewers are separated into water
and fertilizer after a long processes. Water is recycled into the reservoir while fertilizer produced
from waste water is sent to the vertical farms to fertilize the agriculture. The food produced from
the vertical farms are either transported back to the Residential Cytoplasm and sold to the residents
or sent to the chefs at the Food Hub. As no chemical fertilizers or pesticide are used, the food are
organic and healthy. This makes the citizens of Selputaria healthy and productive. Also, urban
agriculture is practiced throughout the whole town to fully utilize pocket spaces.
Almost all buildings in Selputaria are green buildings.
Green walls and solar panel roofs are a must for all
buildings in Selputaria to maximize green coverage. The
solar panel roofs are slanted to let the rain flow to one
side into the rainwater collection system. The collected
water is then used in the building. Grey water reusing
systems are applied in all buildings too. Fins on buildings
can provide extra space for greenery. Materials such as
glass and bamboo are frequently used for building
construction as bamboo is fast-growing and suitable for
tropical climates while high glass coverage increases light
penetration into buildings.
Excess rainwater is drained through permeable concrete
into sewers to prevent flooding. Stepping on the tiles of
pavements create kinetic energy. The energy is then
stored in batteries and emitted as electrical energy to power street lights at night.
42

6.5 Conclusion About Selputaria
Selputaria is a well-thought out town that has the latest green features and sustainable features. The
people of Klang that decided to move to Selputaria will be delighted to live there. Moreover,
Selputaria is going to be a hot commodity among investors and property buyers as it has a strategic
location, provides job opportunities, has well-planned transportation systems, possess state-of-the-
art sustainable design and promises healthy living. It will also receive global attention as it has a
revolutionary transportation system - the rotating Nucleus. The design and implementation of
Selputaria will make Malaysia famous in the architectural and construction industry.
As the mayor and the layout proposer of Selputaria, I hope that the citizens of this new town will
enjoy a high quality of life and live to their fullest.
7.Conclusion
We, as human beings of planet Earth, are living in a critical time, where global supply of natural
resources is declining dramatically, while demand for these resources is escalating. Therefore, we
need to create change towards a sustainable future – for the survival of the planet.
Sustainable development is an economic development that is conducted without depletion of
natural resources. Sustainability is important to ensure that the social, environmental and economic
systems that make up our community are providing a healthy and meaningful life for residents and
visitors. Sustainability is the key to humanity’s future.
43

While planning a town, it is important to look into multiple aspects in detail. From town layout to
sewers, transportation to water conservation systems, not a single detail should be missed. This is to
ensure that the residents of the town will have a high quality of life and suffer less problems. Also, I
learnt that learning from history and references is vital. It is important to take a deeper look and
study past and present towns before building one. It is also important to study future city plans to
inspire us and get valuable ideas regarding urban planning. From the cities I researched, I gained a
better insight on how towns are planned. Lastly, I learnt that town planning is not an easy task as
town planners encounter many constraints and must look into multiple aspects. Rome wasn’t built in
a day.
44

8.Reference Links
The Structure of Cities. Retrieved 1 July 2014 from
https://www.boundless.com/sociology/understanding-population-and-urbanization/urbanization-
and-the-development-of-cities/the-structure-of-cities/
European Environment Agency. How Will European Cities Adapt to New Climate Conditions.
Retrieved 2 July 2014 from
http://www.eea.europa.eu/articles/cities-of-the-future-2013-how-will-european-cities-adapt-to-
new-climate-conditions
Historic City of Trogir. Retrieved 2 July 2014 from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/810
Maldives History. Retrieved 2 July 2014 from
http://www.mal-dives.com/maldives/info/maldives_history.html
Lusail City. Retrieved 2 July 2014 from
http://www.lusail.com/English/Pages/English_Home.aspx
Acceptance of Green Buildings. Retrieved 3 July 2014 from
http://www.leed.net/leed-construction-articles/green-building-acceptance.asp
Molecular Expressions. Plant Cell Structure. Retrieved 3 July 2014 from
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plantcell.html
Urban Planning. Retrieved 30 June 2014 from
45

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning
Santorini (Thera). Retrieved 30 June 2014 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thera
Tyre, Lebanon. Retrieved 30 June 2014 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon
Island Cities Around The World. Retrieved 29 June 2014 from
http://www.touropia.com/island-cities-around-the-world/
Uses For Bamboo In Sustainable Building. Retrieved 1 July 2014 from
http://www.greenbuild.org/new-construction/uses-for-bamboo-in-sustainable-building/
9. Appendix
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Enbe town proposal - SELPUTARIA

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