This document discusses different types of logical reasoning that can be used to develop theories: deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and retroduction (abductive) reasoning. It provides examples of deductive and inductive arguments and their components. Several nursing theories developed using different logical reasoning approaches are also listed, including theories by Nightingale, Roy, Johnson, Neuman, and others. The document encourages the reader to choose a nursing theory and explain the logical form used by its theorist.

1. JANINE O.VILLAMER, RN
GS-MAN
LOGICAL
REASONING

2. Logical Reasoning
LOGIC
It is a branch of philosophy that concerns
analysis of inferences and arguments.
It is the use and study of valid reasoning.
A proper or reasonable way of thinking
about understanding something.
An inference involves
forming a conclusion that is
based on some evidence.
An argument consists of a
conclusion and its supportive
evidenced.

3. Logical Reasoning
A theory may be developed through:
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Retroduction Reasoning

4. Logical Reasoning
A theory may be developed through:
DEDUCTION
It happens when a researcher works from
the more general information to the more
specific.
“top-down” approach
A process of gaining knowledge
Considered to reserve truth.

5. Logical Reasoning
Deductive Argument
Premise 1: All men are mortal.
Premise 2: Socrates is a man.
Premise 1: Every day, I leave for work in
my car at eight o’clock.
Premise 2: Every day, the drive to work
takes 45 minutes. I arrive to
work on time.
.
VALID and SOUND
Conclusion: Socrates is Mortal.
Conclusion: Therefore, If I leave for work at
eight o’clock today, I will be on time.
No new information provides. It only
rearranges information what is already
known into a new statement or
conclusion.
An important point to consider is that for
a deductive argument to be sound, its
premises should be true and the whole
argument should be valid.

6. Logical Reasoning Deductive Argument
Premise 1: The tennis ball is larger than the basketball.
Premise 2: The basketball is larger than the golf ball.
Premise 1: All men are mortal.
Premise 2: Birds are men
VALID and UNSOUND
Premise 1: All cat have six legs.
Premise 2: A tiger is a cat.
For it to be unsound, at least one of its
premises should be false.
Conclusion: Therefore the tennis ball is larger than the golf ball.
Conclusion: Therefore, birds are mortal.
Conclusion: Therefore, a tiger has six legs.

7. Logical Reasoning
Premise 1: All victims of abuse have low self-esteem.
Premise 2: Clowen has low self-esteem.
INVALID and UNSOUND
Premise 1: Some teachers are musicians.
Premise 2: All instructors are teachers.
An invalid deductive argument can never
be sound.
Conclusion: Therefore Clowen is a victim of abuse.
Conclusion: Therefore, all instructors are musicians.

8. Logical Reasoning
MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE
The Conservation Theory
MARTHA E. ROGERS
Unitary Human Beings

9. Logical Reasoning
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
Adaptation Model
DOROTHEA OREM
Self Care Deficit Theory of
Nursing

10. Logical Reasoning
BETTY NEUMAN
Systems Model
DOROTHY JOHNSON
Behavioral System Model

11. A theory may be developed through:
INDUCTION
A form of logical reasoning
in which a generalized is
induced from a number of
specific, observed instances.
It is also called hypothesis construction
because any conclusions made are based
on current knowledge and predictions.
“bottom-up” approach
Logical Reasoning

12. Logical Reasoning
Inductive Form
Premise 1: Victims of abuse who have been observed have low
self esteem.
Premise 1: Jennifer leaves for school at 7:00am and is on time.
Premise 1: All observed women in one area wear heels.
Conclusion: All victims of abused have low self esteem.
Conclusion: Jennifer will always be on time if she will leaves at
7:00am.
Conclusion: All women must wear heels.
Allows conclusion
to be false.
The conclusion states a
generalization that extends beyond
the observations.
Is viewed in terms of degrees of
strength and the probability that the
premises lead to a given conclusion.

13. Logical Reasoning
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Environmental Theory
AFAF IBRAHIM MELEIS
Transition Theory

14. Logical Reasoning
NOLA J. PENDER
Health Promotion Theory

15. Logical Reasoning
A theory may be developed through:
RETRODUCTION Abductive Reasoning
Is a mode of inference in which events
are explained by postulating (and identifying) mec
hanisms which are capable of producing them.
It is the reasoning process that starts from a set of
facts and derives their most likely explanations.

16. Logical Reasoning
HELEN C. ERICKSON
Modeling and Role-Modeling
MARYANN P. SWAIN
EVELYN T. TOMLIN

17. Logical Reasoning
GLADYS L. HUSTED
Symphonological Bioethical Theory
JAMES H. HUSTED

18. QUIZ!
Choose one (1) Nursing Theory
and explain the logical form that
the Theorist used.