3. Zoonoses From the Greek: Zoon: Animal Noson: Disease Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959
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9. Zoonoses: Viral Examples Yellow fever Influenza West Nile virus* Herpesvirus B Rift Valley fever Hendra* Rabies* Hantaviruses Nipah* Equine encephalitides (WEE, EEE, VEE) Monkeypox* Ebola Japanese encephalitis Colorado tick fever
74. Thallium Thallium is an odourless; tasteless compound that can be absorbed through unbroken skin and can cause death secondarily. There is no known effectiveness antidote for thallium. In sublethal doses, thallium can cause complete loss of hair, paresthesias, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, pulmonary oedema and bronchopneumonia. Rodenticides
75. Sodium monofluoroacetate Sodium monofluoroacetate is a white, odourless, tasteless, water-soluble salt that looks like flour or baking soda. Unlike thallium, sodium monofluoroacetate cannot be absorbed through unbroken skin. However, it is toxic when ingested, inhaled in dust or absorbed through open wounds. Toxic effects in humans, extrapolated from observed effects in rhesus monkeys, might be nausea and apprehension followed by cardiac arrhythmias, seizures and coma. Death may result from ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation or respiratory failure secondary to pulmonary oedema or bronchopneumonia. · Strychnine Strychnine is a central nervous system stimulant that causes painful recurrent motor seizures. It is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointesstinal tract and nasal mucosa but not from the skin. Symptoms include nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis, blurred vision and severe symmetric extensor muscle spasms during which patients are conscious. Rodenticides
76. Zinc phosphide Zinc phosphide is another highly toxic rodenticide in which its colour, "rotten fish" odour and taste make it unattractive to other animals but attractive to other animals but attractive to rats. Usually mixed with a tartar emetic, it nevertheless is highly toxic because it releases phosphine gas on contact with water or weak acids. Poisoned patients manifest hypotension, dyspnea, pulmonary oedema, circulatory collapse, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions and coma, renal damage, leukopenia and death in four days to two weeks. Rodenticides
77. Yellow phosphorus Yellow phosphorus is highly poisonous compares with the relatively non- toxic red phosphorus. When used as a rodenticide, yellow phosphorus is usually mixed with molasses or peanut butter and spread on bread as bait for rodents or roaches. For obvious reasons, it is occasionally ingested by children. Yellow phosphorus is most toxic to the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Ingestion is usually followed by vomiting which is said to be luminescent and have a garlicky odour. Delirium, coma and death from cardiovascular collapse may ensue. · Arsenic Arsenic is a white, crystalline powder that causes dysphagia, muscle cramps, convulsions, vomiting and bloody diarrhoea. Death can occur due to circulatory failure. Rodenticides
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79. Anticoagulant Anticoagulant rodenticides belong to a group that exerts a blood-thinning effect. It has been used for many decades and are readily available as over- the counter preparations. Technically, these may be divided into two types: hydroxiycoumarin compounds are made up of warfarin, difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum while the indandiones cover a wide range of chemicals including diphacinone, pindone and chlorphacinone. Aside from warfarin, the others are said to be longer-acting. They produce a more potent and prolonged anticoagulant effect and they are often referred to as superwarfarins Rodenticides
80. Haemorrhage is the most frequent encountered complication from anticoagulant poisoning. The effect seen in cases of acute ingestion, however, depends very much on whether warfarin or superwarfarin rodenticides have been ingested. A one-time ingestion of warfarin usually does not lead to any bleeding problems. Otherwise, ingestion of warfarin rodenticides has to be done repeatedly over a periods of days before bleeding can occur. Rodenticides
81. Warfarin poisoning can cause spontaneous bleeding, usually from the nose, gums as well as the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Haemorrhage into the skin and brain can also occur, throuh this is less common. Ingestion of superwarfarin, on the other hand, can produce a prolonged coagulopathy in humans even with a single ingestion. This is thought to be associated with the firmer binding capability of superwarfarins to the lipophilic sites of the liver Rodenticides
