presentation about resistor

1. RESISTOR
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2. TABLE OF CONTENTS:
II . TYPES OF RESISTOR
III. RESISTOR COLOR CODING
I . RESISTOR

3. RESISTOR
An Electronic components that are
designed to have a specific amount of
resistance.
 Are the most common in electronic circuits
 Controls the current flow and voltage
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4. HIGH FREQUENCY EFFECTS ON RESISTOR
• The effective resistance value of a resistor may be changed when it is
subjected to alternating voltage. Not only that the value of resistance
varies with variation of frequency of supply voltage. This change of
resistance with frequency is called BOELLA EFFECT.
• High frequency effect on resistor depends upon its constructional
feature. The impedance of wire-wound resistor increases with
frequency. On the other hand composition resistor reduces its
impedance with increasing frequency.
• The high frequency response of a resistor may also depend up to
some extend on diameter of the resistor. It is seen that smaller
diameter resistor has better frequency response.
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5. VOLTAGE COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE
• Voltage Coefficient of Resistance (VCR) is a measure of the stability
of the resistor with respect to changes in voltage.
• Voltage coefficient, measured in ppm/V, is negative for most
materials. Voltage coefficient is generally measured between 10%
and full rated voltage.
• Voltage coefficient (VC) is usually experienced with film resistors as
the electrostatic field generated by the voltage tends to align
polarized molecules in the resistance film, much in the same way as
a capacitor dielectric.
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6. NOISE OF A RESISTOR
• Noise in a resistor is caused by it’s applied voltage, it’s physical
dimensions, and materials by which it is made of. The noise includes
Johnson noise, noise due to flow of current, noise due to cracked
bodies, and noise due to loosen end caps and leads of the resistor.
For variable resistors the noise can also be caused by the jumping
of a moving contact over turns and by an imperfect electrical path
between the contact and resistance element.
• Johnson noise is thermal noise. This noise depends upon
temperature but does not depend upon frequencies. As this noise is
same for all frequencies it is referred as “white noise”.
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7. POWER RATING OF RESISTOR
• The power rating of resistor is defined as the maximum power that a
resistor can dissipate in form of heat to maintain the temperature
within maximum allowable limit. How much power a resistor will
dissipate depends upon material, dimensions, voltage rating,
maximum temperature limit of the resistor and ambient
temperature.
• A resistor must be operated within a temperature limit so that there
should not be any permanent damage due high temperature.
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8. VOLTAGE RATING OF RESISTOR
• This rating is defined as the maximum voltage that can be applied
across a resistor due to which power dissipation will be within its
allowable limit. Actually voltage rating of resistor is related to the
power rating.
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9. EVALUATION
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10. QUESTION:
1. DEFINED AS THE MAXIMUM VOLTAGE THAT CAN BE APPLIED ACROSS A
RESISTOR DUE TO WHICH POWER DISSIPATION WILL BE WITHIN ITS
ALLOWABLE LIMIT.
A. NOISE
B. VOLTAGE RATING
C. HIGH FREQUENCY

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12. QUESTION:
2. IT IS CAUSED BY IT’S APPLIED VOLTAGE, IT’S PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS,
AND MATERIALS BY WHICH IT IS MADE OF.
A. VOLTAGE COEFFICIENT
B. NOISE
C. POWER RATING

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14. QUESTION:
3. IT IS A MEASURE OF THE STABILITY OF THE RESISTOR WITH RESPECT TO
CHANGES IN VOLTAGE.
A. VOLTAGE COEFFICIENT
B. POWER RATING
C. VOLTAGE RATING

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16. TYPES OF RESISTORS
• Resistors can be classified on various types based on various
factors. Some of the classification of resistors are:
Based on Conductive properties of Resistor:
1. Linear Resistor:
A linear resistor is the type of resistor whose resistance
remains constant with increase in the potential difference or
voltage applied to it.
2. Non linear resistor:
Non Linear Resistor are those types of resistors in which
the current passed through it is not exactly directly
proportional to the Potential Difference applied to it. These
types of resistors have non linear V-I characteristics and
does not strictly follows ohm’s law. NEXT

17. BASED ON RESISTOR’S VALUE:
1. Fixed Value Resistor:
Fixed value resistor are those types of resistors whose value is
fixed already while manufacturing and cannot be changed during
it’s usage.
2. Variable Resistor or Potentiometer :
Variables resistors or Potentiometers are those types of resistors
whose value can be changed during it’s usage. These types of
resistor usually contains a shaft which can be rotated or moved by
hand or a screw driver to change it’s value in between a fixed range
for example 0 Kilo Ohms to 20 Kilo Ohms.
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18. 3. Package resistor:
These types of resistor which contains a package that
contains two or more resistors inside it. It may have many terminals
among the available terminals or can also be used as an resistor
array for various purposes.
Based On Composition:
1. Carbon Deposition:
The resistor which is made by depositing a thin layer of
carbon around a ceramic rod is called Carbon Deposition resistor.
They are made by heating a ceramic rod inside a flask of methane
and depositing the carbon around it by using Glass Cracking
process. The value of resistor is determined by the amount of
carbon deposited around the ceramic rod.
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19. 2. Carbon Composition:
These types of resistors are made by a composition of Carbon
Particles which are hold together by a binding resign. The proportion
of carbon particles and resign used determines the value of the
resistor. At both ends of the composition a Metal Cap with a small
rod of tin is attached to solder it or use it in circuits , then the whole
package is enclosed in a plastic case to prevent moisture and
reaction with air.
These types of resistors normally produces noise in circuit due to
electron passing through one carbon particle to another , thus these
types or resistors are not used in critical circuits although they are
cheap.
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20. 3. High Voltage Ink Film:
These types of resistors are made by coating a
special resistive ink in a helical band above a ceramic base. These
resistors can withstand very high voltage of up to one thousands of
kilo voltages and usually have high resistance too ranging from on
kilo ohms to one hundred thousand mega ohms.
4. Metal Film:
Metal film resistors are made by depositing vaporized metal
in vacuum on a ceramic core rod. these types of resistors are very
reliable , have high tolerance and also have high
temperature coefficient. These types of resistors are
costlier compared to other but are used in critical systems.
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21. 5. Metal Glaze:
Metal Glaze resistors are made up of glass and metal which is
mixed and applied as a thick films to a ceramic substrate and then
fired to form a film.
6. Wire Wound:
Wire wound resistor are made by winding a metal wire
around a ceramic core. The metal wire is an alloy of various
metals based on the characteristics and resistance of the resistor
required. These types of resistor have high stability and can
also withstand high powers but are usually bulkier compared to
other types of resistors.
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22. 7. Ceramic Metal:
These types of resistor are made by firing certain metals
blended with ceramics on a ceramic substrate.
The proportion of the mixture in the blended ceramic and
metal determines the value of the resistor. These type
of resistors are very stable and also have accurate resistance.
These types of resistors are mostly used as Surface Mount type
resistor for using in SMD PCB.
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23. EVALUATION
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24. QUESTION:
1. THE TYPE OF RESISTOR WHOSE RESISTANCE REMAINS CONSTANT WITH
INCREASE IN THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE OR VOLTAGE APPLIED TO IT.
A. LINEAR RESISTOR
B. NON LINEAR RESISTOR
C. CARBON COMPOSITION

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26. QUESTION:
2. THE TYPE OF COMPOSITION RESISTOR THAT ARE MADE BY
DEPOSITING VAPORIZED METAL IN VACUUM ON A CERAMIC CORE
ROD.
A. CERAMIC METAL
B. METAL FILM
C. METAL GLAZE

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28. QUESTION:
3. THESE TYPES OF RESISTOR USUALLY CONTAINS A SHAFT WHICH CAN
BE ROTATED OR MOVED BY HAND OR A SCREW DRIVER TO CHANGE
IT’S VALUE IN BETWEEN A FIXED RANGE FOR EXAMPLE 0 KILO OHMS TO
20 KILO OHMS.
A. FIXED RESISTOR
B. VARIABLE RESISTOR/POTENTIOMETER
C. PACKAGE RESISTOR

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30. RESISTOR COLOR CODING
• Manufacturers typically use a color band system in order to identify
the nominal resistance and tolerance of a resistor.
Resistor color coding chart
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31. 4-Band Resistors
1. Resistors with 5% and 10% Tolerance will have 4-bands
2. Convert nominal value to ohms ()
3. 1st digit (from left to right) of nominal value = 1st color band
4. 2nd digit of nominal value = 2nd band
5. Number of zeros remaining = 3rd (multiplier) band
6. Tolerance = 4th band
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32. 5-Band Resistors
1. Resistors with 1% and 2% Tolerance will have 5-bands
2. Convert nominal value to ohms ()
3. 1st digit (from left to right) of nominal value = 1st color band
4. 2nd digit of nominal value = 2nd band
5. 3rd digit of nominal value = 3rd band
6. Number of zeros remaining = 4th (multiplier) band
7. Tolerance = 5th band
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33. EXAMPLES OF 4-BAND & 5-BAND RESISTOR
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34. EVALUATION
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35. QUESTION:
1. WHAT IS VALUE OF THIS RESISTOR?
A. 360 K Ω±10%
B. 2.4 M Ω±10%
C. 2.6 M Ω±10%

36. GENIUS
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37. QUESTION:
2. A SYSTEM USED BY MANUFACTURERS IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY THE
NOMINAL RESISTANCE AND TOLERANCE OF A RESISTOR.
A. RESISTOR COLOR CODE
B. RESISTOR TOLERANCE
C. 4- BAND RESISTOR

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39. QUESTION:
3. A TYPE OF BAND RESISTOR WITH 1% AND 2% TOLERANCE
A. 4-BAND RESISTOR
B. 5-BAND RESISTOR
C. COLOR SYSTEM BAND

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