Israel faces an annual water shortage of over 45% due to limited natural water refill. To address this, Israel has developed a clear legal framework for water management, promoted water conservation, established a water economy, and invested in water technologies. Key elements of Israel's approach include water recycling, desalination, drip irrigation, and technologies for treatment, sensors, and control systems that have been widely exported. Israel coordinates its water strategy across government agencies and works with international partners to develop smarter water infrastructure.