West African Kingdoms. Virginia SOL USI.4c. This power point teaches students the importance of the African kingdoms during European exploration. Ghana, Mali, and Songhai each dominated West Africa in sequence from 300 to 1600 A.D. African people and African goods played an important role in European interest in world resources.
West African Kingdoms. Virginia SOL USI.4c. This power point teaches students the importance of the African kingdoms during European exploration. Ghana, Mali, and Songhai each dominated West Africa in sequence from 300 to 1600 A.D. African people and African goods played an important role in European interest in world resources.
The Aztec /ˈæztɛk/[1] people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to 16th centuries. The Nahuatl words aztecatl [as'tekat͡ɬ] (singular)[2] and aztecah [as'tekaʔ] (plural)[2] mean "people from Aztlan",[3] a mythological place for the Nahuatl-speaking culture of the time, and later adopted as the word to define the Mexica people. Often the term "Aztec" refers exclusively to the Mexica people of Tenochtitlan (now the location of Mexico City), situated on an island in Lake Texcoco, who referred to themselves as Mexica Tenochca [me'ʃika te'not͡ʃka] or Cōlhuah Mexica [koːlwaʔ me'ʃika].
Sometimes the term also includes the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan's two principal allied city-states, the Acolhuas of Texcoco and the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, who together with the Mexica formed the Aztec Triple Alliance which controlled what is often known as "the Aztec Empire". In other contexts, Aztec may refer to all the various city states and their peoples, who shared large parts of their ethnic history and cultural traits with the Mexica, Acolhua and Tepanecs, and who often also used the Nahuatl language as a lingua franca. In this meaning it is possible to talk about an Aztec civilization including all the particular cultural patterns common for most of the peoples inhabiting Central Mexico in the late postclassic period.
From the 13th century, the Valley of Mexico was the heart of Aztec civilization: here the capital of the Aztec Triple Alliance, the city of Tenochtitlan, was built upon raised islets in Lake Texcoco. The Triple Alliance formed a tributary empire expanding its political hegemony far beyond the Valley of Mexico, conquering other city states throughout Mesoamerica. At its pinnacle, Aztec culture had rich and complex mythological and religious traditions, as well as reaching remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments. In 1521 Hernán Cortés, along with a large number of Nahuatl speaking indigenous allies, conquered Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztec Triple Alliance under the leadership of Hueyi Tlatoani Moctezuma II. Subsequently the Spanish founded the new settlement of Mexico City on the site of the ruined Aztec capital, from where they proceeded with the process of colonizing Central America.
Aztec culture and history is primarily known through archaeological evidence found in excavations such as that of the renowned Templo Mayor in Mexico City; from indigenous bark paper codices; from eyewitness accounts by Spanish conquistadors such as Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo; and especially from 16th and 17th century descriptions of Aztec culture and history written by Spanish clergymen and literate Aztecs in the Spanish or Nahuatl language, such as the famous Florentine Codex compiled by the Franciscan monk Bernardino de Sahagún with the help of indigenous Aztec informants.
Similar to Maya, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations (20)
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
3. MesoamericaMesoamerica
Some of the greatest civilizations in theSome of the greatest civilizations in the
Americas developed inAmericas developed in MesoamericaMesoamerica
TheThe MayaMaya andand AztecAztec lived in thelived in the
Mesoamerican regionMesoamerican region
4. How did peoplefirst get to theHow did peoplefirst get to the
Americas?Americas?
Theory #1 =Theory #1 = Bering land bridgeBering land bridge
Humans migrated into North AmericaHumans migrated into North America
from Asia by crossing over a land bridgefrom Asia by crossing over a land bridge
between Alaska and Siberia…between Alaska and Siberia…
5.
6. How did peoplefirst get to theHow did peoplefirst get to the
Americas?Americas?
Theory #2 =Theory #2 = Coastal migrationCoastal migration
Humans migrated to the Americas byHumans migrated to the Americas by
crossing the seas, most likely the Pacificcrossing the seas, most likely the Pacific
Ocean, and settling along the western coastsOcean, and settling along the western coasts
of the Americas…of the Americas…
7. Wheredid theancientWheredid theancient MayaMaya live?live?
TheThe MayaMaya settled on the Yucatansettled on the Yucatan
PeninsulaPeninsula in central America.in central America.
8. MayaPolitical StructureMayaPolitical Structure
The Maya were NOT AN EMPIRE andThe Maya were NOT AN EMPIRE and
NOT UNITED politically…NOT UNITED politically…
Maya civilization was made up ofMaya civilization was made up of city-city-
statesstates
Each city-state had its own rulerEach city-state had its own ruler
9.
10. MayaArchitectureMayaArchitecture
built towering temples and palacesbuilt towering temples and palaces
Atop the temples, priests performed religiousAtop the temples, priests performed religious
ceremonies and sacrifices while people watchedceremonies and sacrifices while people watched
from the plazas belowfrom the plazas below
Ceremonial platforms, temples, pyramids,Ceremonial platforms, temples, pyramids,
observatories, ball courts all built by the Mayaobservatories, ball courts all built by the Maya
11. MayaReligionMayaReligion
The Maya were polytheisticThe Maya were polytheistic
The Maya practiced human sacrificeThe Maya practiced human sacrifice
15. Advancesin learningAdvancesin learning
The Maya created a set of numeralsThe Maya created a set of numerals
Also developed a 365-day calendarAlso developed a 365-day calendar
16. What happened to theMaya?What happened to theMaya?
The Maya abandoned many of their citiesThe Maya abandoned many of their cities
around 900 A.D.around 900 A.D.
Archaeologists DO NOT KNOW WHYArchaeologists DO NOT KNOW WHY
Maya civilization declinedMaya civilization declined
Theory: Around 900A.D. there was aTheory: Around 900A.D. there was a
severe drought. Many died due tosevere drought. Many died due to
starvation others migrated away.starvation others migrated away.
17. MayatodayMayatoday
……more than 2 million Maya people live inmore than 2 million Maya people live in
Guatemala and southern Mexico today.Guatemala and southern Mexico today.
18. Maya Video ClipMaya Video Clip
http://www.watchknow.org/Video.aspx?VideoID=http://www.watchknow.org/Video.aspx?VideoID=
This National Geographic video shows the MayanThis National Geographic video shows the Mayan
Pyramids. It is part of the series Lost Temples and itPyramids. It is part of the series Lost Temples and it
tries to give an answerto the question "Why did thetries to give an answerto the question "Why did the
Maya abandon theirmagnificent city of Chichen Itza?"Maya abandon theirmagnificent city of Chichen Itza?"
There is reference to Maya culture.There is reference to Maya culture.
20. Wheredid theAztecslive?Wheredid theAztecslive?
The Aztecs lived inThe Aztecs lived in what is known aswhat is known as thethe
Valley of MexicoValley of Mexico in central Mexicoin central Mexico..
22. Legend of TenochtitlanLegend of Tenochtitlan
The gods told the Aztecs to search for anThe gods told the Aztecs to search for an
eagle holding a snake in its beak perchedeagle holding a snake in its beak perched
atop a cactus. This is where they were toatop a cactus. This is where they were to
build their capital city. The Aztecs sawbuild their capital city. The Aztecs saw
this sign on a swampy island in lakethis sign on a swampy island in lake
Texcoco.Texcoco.
24. How did theAztecsbuild acity in theHow did theAztecsbuild acity in the
center of alake?center of alake?
Tenochtitlan was built on an islandTenochtitlan was built on an island
It was connected to the mainland byIt was connected to the mainland by
causewayscauseways leading north, south, andleading north, south, and
west of the city.west of the city.
The city was interlaced with a series ofThe city was interlaced with a series of
canals, so that all sections of the city couldcanals, so that all sections of the city could
be visited either on foot or by canoe.be visited either on foot or by canoe.
26. GovernmentGovernment
The Aztecs created an empire throughThe Aztecs created an empire through
conquestconquest
Conquered people and local rulers had toConquered people and local rulers had to
paypay tributetribute to the Aztecsto the Aztecs
The Aztecs had an emperorThe Aztecs had an emperor
The Aztec Emperor’s main job was to leadThe Aztec Emperor’s main job was to lead
in warin war
27. Religion & MythologyReligion & Mythology
Aztecs were polytheisticAztecs were polytheistic
Huitzilopochtli wasHuitzilopochtli was
the main Aztec god.the main Aztec god.
(weets se lo poch tlee)(weets se lo poch tlee)
The Aztecs built massive temples andThe Aztecs built massive temples and
pyramids dedicated to their godspyramids dedicated to their gods
28. Religion & MythologyReligion & Mythology
Pyramid of the SunPyramid of the Sun Pyramid of the MoonPyramid of the Moon
29. Human SacrificeHuman Sacrifice
Human sacrifice was a common practice of the Aztecs.Human sacrifice was a common practice of the Aztecs.
For the reconsecration of Great Pyramid of TenochtitlanFor the reconsecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan
in 1487, the Aztecs reported that they sacrificed 84,400in 1487, the Aztecs reported that they sacrificed 84,400
prisoners over the course of four days.prisoners over the course of four days.
To give the sun strength to riseTo give the sun strength to rise
each day, human sacrifices wereeach day, human sacrifices were
offered.offered.
30. What happened to theAztecs?What happened to theAztecs?
Spanish conquistadors led bySpanish conquistadors led by Hernan CortesHernan Cortes
conquered Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztecsconquered Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztecs
in 1521.in 1521.
31. Aztec Video ClipsAztec Video Clips
““ Engineering An Empire”Engineering An Empire”
http://www.watchknow.org/Video.aspx?http://www.watchknow.org/Video.aspx?
VideoID=6255VideoID=6255
““ What theAncientsDid For Us”What theAncientsDid For Us”
http://www.watchknow.org/Video.aspx?http://www.watchknow.org/Video.aspx?
VideoID=10964VideoID=10964
33. Wheredid theIncalive?Wheredid theIncalive?
The Inca controlled an empire in theThe Inca controlled an empire in the AndesAndes
MountainMountain region of South America.region of South America.
34. GovernmentGovernment
TheThe Sapa IncaSapa Inca (emperor) had absolute power.(emperor) had absolute power.
The emperor claimed to be theThe emperor claimed to be the son of the sunson of the sun..
The emperor was also the empire’s religiousThe emperor was also the empire’s religious
leader.leader.
The empire was divided into four regions withThe empire was divided into four regions with
the capital atthe capital at CuzcoCuzco..
35. Uniting theEmpireUniting theEmpire
The Inca built a massive road networkThe Inca built a massive road network
through mountains and across rivers andthrough mountains and across rivers and
gorges.gorges.
36. StoneworkStonework
The Inca constructed stone temples withoutThe Inca constructed stone temples without
using mortars yet the stones fit together so wellusing mortars yet the stones fit together so well
that a knife would not fit between the stones.that a knife would not fit between the stones.
37. ReligionReligion
The Inca were polytheistic.The Inca were polytheistic.
The primary god wasThe primary god was IntiInti, the sun god., the sun god.
38. ReligionReligion
Inca believed inInca believed in reincarnationreincarnation..
The Inca practicedThe Inca practiced cranial deformationcranial deformation ..
-They achieved this by wrapping tight cloth-They achieved this by wrapping tight cloth
straps around the heads of newborns to alter thestraps around the heads of newborns to alter the
shape of their soft skulls into a cone-like shape.shape of their soft skulls into a cone-like shape.
39. Medical AdvancesMedical Advances
The Inca performed successful skullThe Inca performed successful skull
surgery.surgery.
The Inca also used medicines to makeThe Inca also used medicines to make
patients unconscious during surgerypatients unconscious during surgery
40. OrganizationOrganization
Each family in a community was assignedEach family in a community was assigned
a specific job.a specific job.
Government officials arranged marriages.Government officials arranged marriages.
The government organized mandatoryThe government organized mandatory
public service building projects.public service building projects.
41. What happened to theInca?What happened to theInca?
Civil war in the empire broke out...Civil war in the empire broke out...
ANDAND
Smallpox spread, killing much of theSmallpox spread, killing much of the
Inca…Inca…
42. Fall of theIncaFall of theInca
BUT ultimately, it was Spanish conquistadors ledBUT ultimately, it was Spanish conquistadors led
byby Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro that brought about thethat brought about the
fall of the Inca Empire.fall of the Inca Empire.