Invisibility of bushmeat trade chains and participatory monitoring in the amazonian trifrontier region of Colombia, Peru and Brazil Nathalie van Vliet, Daniel Cruz-Antia, María Paula Quiceno, Lindon Jonhson Neves, Blanca Yague, Sara Hernández & Robert Nasi

1. INVISIBILITY OF BUSHMEAT TRADE CHAINS AND PARTICIPATORY MONITORING IN THE AMAZONIAN TRIFRONTIER REGION OF COLOMBIA, PERU & BRAZIL
Nathalievan Vliet, Daniel Cruz-Antia, María Paula Quiceno, Lindon JonhsonNeves, Blanca Yague, Sara Hernández &Robert Nasi
AlternativeSustainableConservation& UtilizationMethodsRound Table
XI CIMFAUNA
Port Spain–Trinidad & Tobago 2014

2. BushmeatisstillfundamentalforthesubsistenceofruralandurbancommunitiesintheAmazon,evenincontextsofrapidsocioeconomictransformationspushrurallivelihoodsawayfromthedependencyonforestproducts.
Ruralhunting:150000tons/year(Nasi,Taber&vanVliet, 2011)
Lackofinformationforurbanbushmeatmarketsilegallity
Insignificant:Becauseofavailabilityandpricesofdomesticsourcesofprotein(Rushtonetal,2005)
Bushmeat and the rural to urban transition

3. Bushmeat and the rural to urban transition
Traditional social- ecological systems in Amazonia
Modern social- ecological systems in Amazonia
Urbanization
Increasing migration
Access to markets and new consumption aspirations
Dependency to monetary economy
Social politics that creates new sources of monetary income
New social bonds from the rural to the urban
Cultural Transformations
Nutritional transitions

4. 0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
Leticia
Tabatinga
% of childrenthatconsumedtypesof protein24-hour prior totheinterview
Low level waters
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
Leticia
Tabatinga
% of children that consumed types of protein 24-hour prior to the interview
High level waters
Bushmeat and the rural to urban transition
(Van Vlietet al 2014)

5. Bushmeat and the rural to urban transition
•Lackofvariety,poorerdiets,nutritionaldeficiencies& diseases(anaemiaandchronichealthproblems)(Santosetal2013;Mori,2014;Adamsetal2014,vanVlietetal2014)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
indigenas de lascomunidades a lo largodel río Amazonas
indígenas de PuertoNariño
indígenas de la zonaperi-urbana de "loskilometros"
indigenas urbanos deLeticia
% of interviewed people that consumed types of protein 24-hours prior to the interview
carne de monte
pescado
pato
cerdo
carne procesada
res
huevo
pollo
Rivercommunities
(rural)
Puerto Nariño community(rural)
Peri urbanfamilies in Leticia
Urban families in Leticia
Bushmeat
Fish
Duck
Pork
Processed meat
Beef
Egg
Chicken
(Van Vlietet al 2014)

6. Bushmeatas a cultural preference
Canned tuna10%
Fresh fish12%
Bushmeat12%
Local Chicken 19%
Beef21%
Bushmeat4%
Sausage6%
Beef7%
Fresh
skin fish7%
Fresh fish16%
Industrialized egg19%
Industrialized chicken21%
Preferred proteins in Leticia
Most consumed proteins in Leticia
•12% of children have eaten bushmeat the day before to the interview
•33% of the interviewed had consummed bushmeat the month prior to the interview
•Paca, tapir, pecari, deer, agouti
(Van Vlietet al 2014; Quicenoet al 2014)

7. Research questions
Studycaseinafrontierregion
Structureandfunctionofthebushmeatmarketchain
WhyisdataonurbanbushmeattradesoscarceintheAmazon?
•Isthetradeinsignificantbecauseofavailabilityofindustrialproteins?
•Isitinvisibleanddifficulttoassessbecauseitoccursinhiddenmarkets?
•Isitbecausepublicinstitutionsandresearchhaveprovidedlittleeffortsinquantifyingitsimportance?

8. Study area

9. Methods
Diversityofapproachestodescribeandquantifythebushmeatmarketchain:
Participatoryobservation
Informal and semi-estructuredinterviews
Participatorymonitoring

10. Participatory monitoring
Benefits(Luzaretal2011)
Usefulatlargespatialandtimescales
Reinforcelegitimacycommunitygovernance
Takeadvantageoftraditionalecologicalknowledge
Cheaper
Localresearcherscanliaisewithcommunitiestoshareresultsandtakedecisions
Needtoimplementaverificationandvalidationstrategy

11. What did we find?
Results

12. 113
23
8
2
2
11
10
26
HUNTERS
MARKET SELLERS
RESTAURANTS (FORMAL)
RESTAURANTS (INFORMAL)
Number of users
Men
Women
Stakeholders in the bushmeat market chain
195users(115hunters,34marketsellers,18formalrestaurantsand28informalrestaurants)

13. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Santa Rosa (Pe)
Caballococha & Atacuari River (Pe)
Islandia (Pe)
Puerto Nariño & Loretoyacu river (Col)
Leticia (Col)
Atalaia do Norte (Bra)
Benjamin Constant (Bra)
Tabatinga (Bra)
Numberof users
Restaurants (Informal)
Restaurants (Formal)
Market sellers
Hunters
Stakeholders in the bushmeat market chain

14. Surveillance(30% of users reported to be penalized)

15. Hunters
Diversified hunters Specialized hunters
% of bushmeat traded 35% 90%
Trade network
Short: friends,
neighbours
Long: intermediaries,
traders
Type of meat Fresh Fresh, smoked, salted
Use of landscape
Use mosaic of
landscape
74% primary forests
Mean number of
hunting trips/month
4 6
 29% rely exclusively on hunting
 Rural: boat, hunting trails by feet
 Peri-urban: roadways (motorbike, bycicle, public transportation)

16. Bushmeat sellers
 Intermediaries
• At ports or communities
• Cellphone, buy at low cost  USD$ 1.09/kg and sell
USD$ 3,29 / kg
•
 Market sellers
• Have fixed stalls that involve monthly rental fees
• Alternate with fish, chicken and clothing
BRAZIL COLOMBIA PERU
Fresh 4,7 7,0 4,3
Salted/smoked 5,1 4,1
Fresh 5,1
Salted/smoked 5,1 3,3
Fresh 5,1 6,2 4,3
Salted/smoked 5,1 4,7
Fresh 4,8 6,2 3,6
Salted/smoked 5,1 3,6
Cuniculus paca
Tapirus terrestris
Pecari tajacu
Mazama americana
Most Average price of bushmeat kg ($USD)
commercialized
Commercialization
form

17. Bushmeat sellers
Foodstalls&restaurants:
•Inneighbourhoods,marketplacesortouristicplaces
•DishUSD$3.50&USD$10
•Cuniculuspaca,MazamaamericanaandPecaritajacu

18. Catchment area and trade routes
Flowsarelimitedbycontroloperationsandcostsoftransportationandsupplies,andvaryaccordingtotheavailabilityoffishandthedemandfromcocaworkers

19. Species composition and quantities of bushmeat
Marketplaces(8)
•Mammals 74%, birds 16%, reptiles 10%.
•6,7 tons in 20 days
•3 tons Low level
•3,7 tons high level
0
5
10
15
20
25
Mazama gouazoubira
Chelonoidis denticulata
Podocnemis unifilis
Tayassu pecari
Crax globulosa
Dasypus sp.
Mazama americana
Pecari tajacu
Tapirus terrestris
Cuniculus paca
Numberof reports
Low level waters
High level waters

20. Species composition and quantities of bushmeat
Hunters(8)
•Mammals 60%, birds 26%, reptiles 14%.
•13 tons in 60 days
•5,24 tons high level
•7,75 tons Low level
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Pecari tajacu
Aburria sp.
Dasypus sp
Mazama americana
Tayassu pecari
Dasyprocta fuliginosa
Crypturellus sp.
Lagothrix lagothricha
Tapirus terrestris
Crax sp
Podocnemis unifilis
Cuniculus paca
Number of individuals
High-level waters
Low-level waters

21. Discussion & Conclusions
Bushmeattradecontributestopeople´slivelihoods,localeconomyandwell-being:completemarketchains(US$686,000year=2286monthlymin.wage=190people)
Clandestinityprovidestheerronousideathatthevolumestradedareinsignificant6,7tons(8traders/20days)
•Tabatinga(Brazil)52,272hab,56,21tons/year
•Franceville,CentralAfrica,40,000hab,45tons/year
•Abaetetuba,(Brazil)130,000inhabitants,56tons/year(Baíaetal2010)
ThenbushmeattradeinAmazoniantownsisnotinsignificant,isinsteadinsufficientlystudied

22. Opportunitytolegaliseandregulatethemarketofresilientspecies,whilemonitoringtheeffectofthetradeonmorevulnerableones(andregulatinginaccordance).
•Paca(LC):widelydistributed,largepopulation,unlikelytobedeclining.
•Collaredpeccary:widelydistributed,habitatlossandover-hunting(LC),requiresmonitoring
•Tapir:VU,habitatloss,illegalhuntingandcompetitionwithlivestock
•Redbrocketdeer:DataDeficient
Discussion & Conclusions
Innovative monitoring tools based on local participation
(Townsend, 1995, 2000, 2004; Bodmer et al 2004; Noss & Cuellar, 2000; Fragoso et al 2002; Hill et al 2003; Ferraz et al 2008)

23. Marketdatacanprovidevaluableinformationforpolicymakersandmanagerstoformulatestrategiesforthesustainableuseofwildlife
Culturalpreferencesforbushmeatconsumptionarewellestablishedintheregion
Participatoryapproachesareworthtrying:
•Itispossibletoworktogetherwiththestakeholdersofthetradechaintostudytheactivityandputinplacemonitoringmechanisms.
•TrustCooperation
Discussion & Conclusions

25. Nathalievan Vliet
vanvlietnathalie@yahoo.com
nvliet@cgiarad.org