Par$cipatory
research
for
development
to
upgrade
smallholder
pig
value
chains
in
Uganda
Emily
Ouma,
Kris.na
Roesel,
Michel
Dione,
Natalie
Carter,
Danilo
Pezo,
Francis
Ejobi
and
Delia
Grace
Pictures
Our
vision:
Materials
&
methods
Kris+na
Roesel
k.roesel@cgiar.org
●
P.O.
Box
24384
Kampala,
Uganda
●
Tel
+256
781705166
hJp://livestockfish.cgiar.org/focus/uganda/
and
hJp://aghealth.wordpress.com
and
hJp://safefoodfairfood.wordpress.com/
●
www.ilri.org
Acknowledgements:
The
CGIAR
Research
Programs
on
Livestock
and
Fish
and
on
Agriculture
for
Nutri+on
and
Health
(A4NH)
and
the
Interna+onal
Livestock
Research
Ins+tute
(ILRI).
Funding:
IFAD-­‐EC,
CGIAR,
BMZ/GIZ
This
document
is
licensed
for
use
under
a
Crea+ve
Commons
AJribu+on–Non
commercial-­‐Share
Alike
3.0
Unported
License
September
2014
September
2014
Inputs
&
services
Pig
farms
Live
pig
collec+on
Slaughter
&
processing
Meat
transport
Retail
Consump+on
Enabling
environment
Value
chain
actors
• Pigs
are
not
a
priority
in
government’s
agricultural
sector
agenda
• Weak
implementa$on
of
policies
related
to
feeds
and
veterinary
drugs
• Many
outdated
rules
and
regula$ons
regarding
pig
farming,
transport,
slaughtering
and
marke$ng
(i.e
Public
Health
Act
last
updated
in
1962)
• High
risk
for
spread
of
transboundary
diseases
due
to
lack
of
surveillance
and
enforcement
(i.e
fraudulent
use
of
movement
permits,
movement
at
night)
• Lack
of
qualified
extension
staff
specialized
in
pigs
• Expensive,
of
poor
quality
and
difficult
to
access
• Risk
of
disease
transmission
from/to
village
boars
due
to
communal
use
• Scarcity
and
price
fluctua$on
of
raw
materials
for
feeds
• Commercial
feeds
and
ingredients
contaminated
or
adulterated
• Weak
implementa$on
of
quality
assurance
systems
• Inappropriate
storage
of
bona
fide
drugs
and
lack
of
educa$on
of
pig
owners
on
why
which
drug
is
administered.
• Poor
bargaining
power,
lack
of
organiza$on
and
lack
of
informa$on
on
pig
weights
result
in
poor
farm
gate
prices
• Poor
access
to
extension
services
and
market
informa$on,
especially
for
women
• Lack
of
capacity
to
formulate
low-­‐cost,
nutri$onally-­‐balanced
feed
ra$ons
• Lack
of
record
keeping
• Farmers
list
African
swine
fever
(ASF),
intes$nal
helminths
and
sarcop$c
mange
as
major
disease
constraints
• Prevalence
survey
in
22
villages
showed
no
presence
of
Brucella
suis,
Fasciola
hepa/ca
and
Balan/dium
coli
but
high
prevalence
of
gastrointes$nal
helminths
(strongyles
14-­‐90%;
Ascaris
spp.
0-­‐19%;
Metastrongylus
spp.
0-­‐18%;
Strongyloides
spp.
0-­‐17%;
Trichuris
spp.
0-­‐13%),
Coccidia
spp.
(14-­‐70%)
and
high
seroprevalence
for
Taenia
solium
(0-­‐46%),
Toxoplasma
gondii
(3-­‐47%),
Trichinella
spp.
(0-­‐26%);
analysis
for
other
swine
pathogens
ongoing
• Poor
husbandry
prac$ces,
poor
housing
and
hygiene
• Poor
applica$on
of
biosecurity
measures
• Farmer-­‐determined
disease
diagnoses
and
treatment
• Inappropriate
drug
administra$on
(type,
dose,
frequency,
route)
• High
transac$on
costs
(transporta$on
during
search
for
pigs)
• Poor
quality
pigs
(i.e.
underweight)
due
to
poor
management
and
disease
• Poor
handling
during
transport
resul$ng
in
poor
animal
welfare
and
reduced
quality
of
meat
• Poor
biosecurity
measures
resul$ng
in
disease
spread
especially
ASF
between
farms
or
villages
• Poor
handling
during
slaughter
results
in
reduced
shelf-­‐life
of
meat
• No
systema$c
meat
inspec$on
due
to
lack
of
evidence
on
pig
diseases
in
Uganda,
no
support
in
enforcement
and
gaps
in
training
curricula
• High
amount
of
slaughter
waste
• Very
few
formal
processors
despite
high
demand
• No
link
between
producers
and
formal
processors
• Verbal
contracts
between
traders
and
processors
at
traders’
financial
risk
• Lack
of
designated
areas
for
centralized
slaughter
and
inspec$on
due
to
lack
of
poli$cal
will
and
mul$-­‐religious
society
wherein
for
some
people
contact
with
pigs/pork
is
prohibited
• No
feasible
prerequisites
for
meat
transporters
• No
intact
cold
chain
• Prolonged
$me
between
slaughter
and
processing
in
urban
areas
• Pork
delivery
delays
• Inability
to
meet
consumer
demands
(quality
and
quan$ty)
due
to
unsteady
supply
• Lack
of
prerequisites
for
pork
storage
and
prac$cing
good
hygiene
(cold
chain,
water)
• Religious
constraints;
Muslim
control
of
retail
space
precludes
pork
sellers
(i.e.
butchers;
pork
joints
and
sausage
hawkers)
• No
cri$cal
mass
demanding
pork
safety
• Lack
of
awareness
on
pork
zoonoses
• High
consump$on
in
urban
areas,
at
pork
joints
oben
associated
with
alcohol
consump$on
(98%
in
Kampala)
• Poor
quality
pigs
remain
in
villages
for
rural
consump$on
• Pork
consumed
well-­‐cooked
but
with
relish
composed
of
raw
vegetables
• Evidence
for
presence
of
pathogens
causing
zoono$c
diseases,
such
as
salmonellosis,
taeniasis/
neurocys$cercosis,
toxoplasmosis,
trichinellosis
Results:
Constraints
&
opportuni$es
• Situa$onal
analyses
• Expert
consulta$on
• Literature
reviews
• Outcome
mapping
Ques$onnaire
survey:
• 36
feed
stockists
• 53
village
vets
• 36
agrovet
stockists
• 90
village
boar
owners
• Par$cipatory
rural
appraisals
and
key
informant
interviews
(n=35)
• Ques$onnaire
survey
with
pig
farmers
on
animal
health
&
husbandry
(n=1,200)
• Pig
sampling
(sera,
blood,
faeces)
of
>1,200
animals
in
22
villages
for
mul$ple
disease
prevalence
es$mates
• Feed
samples
for
nutri$onal
analysis
(n=212)
• Gender-­‐disaggregated
focus
group
discussions
(n=10)
Ques$onnaire
survey:
• 86
live
pig
traders
Ques$onnaire
survey:
• 25
butchers
• Descrip$ve
survey
urban
slaughter
house
• Pork
samples
Ques$onnaire
survey:
• 7
transporters
Ques$onnaire
survey:
• 45
retailers
• 84
pork
samples
GPS
mapping
of
urban
pork
outlets
• Par$cipatory
rural
appraisals
(n=10)
• Focus
group
discussions
with
rural
mothers
of
children
under
5
(n=34)
• Focus
group
discussions
with
urban
mothers
of
children
under
5
(n=5)
• Ques$onnaire
survey
with
pig
farmers
on
food
safety
and
nutri$on
(n=1,200)
• Stakeholder
engagement
and
consulta$on
from
the
start
of
the
project
• Science
communica$on
• Pig
Mul$stakeholder
Plamorm
to
enable
peer
learning
and
networking
among
actors
• Develop
biosecurity
protocol
for
extension
services
• Training
of
health
workers
and
drug
stockists
on
drug
management
and
use
• Develop
and
disseminate
well-­‐
balanced
feed
ra$ons
from
locally
available
ingredients
• Feasibility
tes$ng
of
implementa$on
of
biosecurity
protocols,
scheduled
deworming,
improved
housing
(i.e.
Indigenous
Microorganisms),
manure
management
• Valida$on
of
selected
local
herbal
remedies
for
control
of
internal
parasites
• Valida$on
of
organiza$onal
models
for
value
chain
coordina$on
and
integra$on
to
improve
access
to
inputs,
services
and
output
markets
(i.e.
women
groups)
• Launch
of
8
training
modules
on
iden$fied
constraints
• Organiza$onal
models
for
beoer
and
efficient
linkage
with
buyers
and
service
providers.
• Develop
biosecurity
protocol
for
ASF
control
• Convert
slaughter
waste
into
energy
• Training
of
meat
inspectors
and
butchers
• Develop
biosecurity
protocol
for
control
of
ASF
and
other
diseases
• Develop
biosecurity
protocol
for
control
of
ASF
and
other
diseases
• Incen$ve-­‐based
training
on
good
hygienic
prac$ces
• Consumer
sensi$za$on
on
pork
zoonoses,
overconsump$on
and
good
prac$ce
butcheries
Research
into
use:
Planned
interven$ons
Improve
the
livelihoods
of
smallholder
pig
value
chain
actors
in
Uganda.
Our
mission:
Showcase
how
exis+ng
livestock
value
chains
can
be
upgraded
for
the
benefit
of
all
actors
in
the
system,
especially
the
many
poor.
Our
challenge:
Very
liJle
has
been
documented
about
how
smallholder
pig
value
chains
operate
in
Uganda,
except
that
pork
produc+on
and
consump+on
have
exploded
over
the
past
three
decades,
and
70%
of
the
pigs
are
in
the
hands
of
smallholder
farmers,
many
of
them
women.
Who
are
the
actors
in
the
current
system?
What
are
input
and
output
channels?
Who
benefits
and
who
bears
economic
health
risks?
Which
problems
do
the
various
actors
face,
how
do
they
deal
with
them
and
can
these
problems
provide
opportuni+es?
Dominated
by
men
(72%),
mostly
formal
Dominated
by
women
(60%),
mostly
informal
and
predominantly
smallholders
(80%)
Dominated
by
men
(94%),
ver$cal
integra$on
(mul$ple
roles)
and
mostly
predominantly
informal
(>90%)
Dominated
by
men
(67%),
mostly
informal
Dominated
by
men