1. Region : Themes: 1. Development and interaction of cultures 2. Interactions between humans and the environment 3.
Development and transformation of social structures 4. State-building, expansion, and conflict 5. Creation,
expansion, and interaction of economic systems
Southwest 1. The European desire to have access to the oil in the Ottoman Empire leads to imperialistic British control
Asia through economic dependency and a 50/50 division of profit. 2. Ottomans lack the ability to remove oil from
the ground and thus Europeans take advantage of their technology. 3. The Tanzimat and Young Turks social
reforms attempted to establish social equality, representative government, universal education and suffrage,
and secularization of government. 4. The reforms are the Ottoman response to European imperialism. 5.
European loans and concessions grant them control over and exemption from the Ottoman economic systems.
East and 1. China becomes a sphere of influence for European powers that seek to control the Chinese markets through
Central Asia the profit made form opium. 2. Due to the British influence in China, land distribution was unequal, and became
a factor in rebellion. 3. The Treaty of Nanjing establishes open ports for the Europeans, extraterritorial rights for
the British, and the legalization of opium, which was causing social problems. 4. Rebellions included the Taiping
Rebellion, the self-strengthening movement of the Qing government, and the Boxer Rebellion. 5. In Japan,
state-sponsored industrialization was established and led to Japan’s status as a competitive world power.
South and 1. For the British Empire, India becomes an important asset and a location for the establishment of an industrial
Southeast Asia monopoly, functioning to make the Indians dependent on the British. 2. Due to India’s climate, cash crops such
as opium, tea, cotton, and coffee are produced by the unfairly taxed Indians. 3. As a response to the Sepoy
Mutiny, the British instituted a period known as the Raj, in which Indians were placed under direct rule. 4. The
effect of famine upon natives working for British companies, prompted the Sepoy Mutiny. 5. Taxes placed upon
subject Indians force them to become economically dependent and work the land to produce cash crops.
Sub-Saharan 1. During the Great Trek, the British pushed into the interiors of Africa, the first to do so, subduing populations
Africa as a result. 2. Resources, such as rubber in Central Africa, are encompassed in the motives of European
imperialistic expansion. Railroads encourage imperialism by providing a means of managing trade. 3. Europeans
establish institutions of local rule, and as indirect control, establish schools in order to develop future “leaders.”
4. The divisions of Africa result in conflict due to the European ignorance of racial distinctions. 5. As a method of
direct control, Europeans assimilate Africans economically, a form of dependency with cash-crop economies.
Europe 1. British investment allowed the economic prosperity of the United States and Canada, and imperialistic
(Eastern and expansion in Africa and Asia were profitable nationalistic, mercantilist, and industrial ventures. 2. Contributing
Western) factors to industrialization included crop rotation, scientific farming, food surplus, and artificial fertilizers. 3. One
of the social effects of industrialization is the emergence of socialism, which advocates the leadership of the
virtuous proletariat as opposed to the bourgeoisie. 4. Due to the freedom of the market, entrepreneurs were
able to employ young children to work in factories. 5. The factory system yields the market revolution.
North America 1. In both the United States and Canada, British investment allows the governments to promote and finance
internal improvements. 2. As part of both the American System and the Canadian National Policy, railroad
systems allow for a greater degree of industrialization due to the efficiency of trade. 3. The Dominion of Canada
is established, and there is political stability in America due to the establishment of a three-branch government.
4. Expansion prompts the United States government to establish “Indian Territory” for indigenous peoples to
live on reservations. 5. In U.S. and Canada, taxes are placed on foreign goods to strengthen domestic markets.
Central and 1. Because of the instability of the Mexican government, countries were not willing to provide investment.
South America Imperialistic Western powers provided loans, and concessions in order to make Latin Americans economically
dependent. 2. Peonage is a cycle of poverty for Latin Americans that work the land to pay off debts. 3. Social
reforms like La Reforma attempted unsuccessfully to provide land for the poor, male suffrage, a three-branch
government, male suffrage, and the end of creole rule. 4. The Mexican Revolution, led by Emiliano Zapata and
Pancho Villa, leads to the Institutional Revolutionary Party. 5. U.S. establishes a form of economic imperialism.
Oceania 1. Through Russification, the government attempts to unify Russia by infiltrating other ethnicities that make up
Russia the Russian state. 2. Following the Bolsheviks war against the Mensheviks, Lenin establishes a system in which
peasants are given large tracts of land to work collectively. 3. Lenin institutes an organizing force, a party,
known as a vanguard that safeguards the revolutionary ideologies of the Bolsheviks. 4. While the Bolsheviks
believe the revolution must occur immediately, the Mensheviks want to wait for a broad-basis support, and this
leads to war. 6. The ideology of the Bolsheviks is that no private property exists; factories are publicly owned.