Active transport requires energy to move materials from areas of low concentration to high concentration inside cells. It uses protein pumps to transport particles, like endocytosis which moves items into the cell and exocytosis which moves them out. Cell growth and reproduction are essential life processes where cells grow using genetic information and DNA to make needed proteins, and reproduce through mitosis and cytokinesis to pass genetic material to new daughter cells. Catabolism breaks down complex molecules while anabolism constructs complex living tissue from simpler substances using enzymes.

1. Active Transport
Inside the cell, movement from
areas of low concentration to
high concentration is active
transportation. It is different than
passive because it requires
energy. An example of what
active transportation is like
trying to climb up a hill. To get
to the top of a hill a person
would need a lot of energy to get
from the bottom of it to the top.
(© 23)

2. Active Transport
Proteins act as pumps to help the
transportation. This is like how
proteins give energy to athletes to
work out.
Endocytosis is a big part of active
transportation. This is when
particles from outside of the cell and
its membrane are moved inside
(endo-in).
Exocytosis is when items are moved
to the outside of the cell; the
opposite of endocytosis (exo-exit).
(© 25)

3. Cell Growth & Cell Reproduction
Cell growth and cell reproduction are the most fundamental of all
living functions. These two processes together constitute the
cell life cycle without which life as we know it would not exist.
Cell growth depends on using genetic information and DNA to
make the structural and functional proteins needed cell survival
and thus for life to continue.
Cell growth is one of the two main phases of the cell life cycle.

4. Cell Growth & Reproduction
Cell reproduction is the process that ensures that the genetic
information is passed from one generation of cells to the next. Cells
reproduce by splitting themselves into two separate cells. One
parent cell thus becomes two similar daughter cells. Splitting the
plasma membrane and cytoplasm into two is called cytokinesis,
meaning “cell movement.” This is an apt name because the cells
cytoskeleton moves the plasma membrane and the internal
structures in a way that pinches it in half. Each new cell has to have
the necessary parts for it to function. That means that besides
enough cytoplasm, including mitochondria and organelles, each of
the new cells must have its own complete set of genetic
information (DNA), instead of only half of the parent cell’s DNA
information, as would be the case if a cell split in two without the
process called MITOSIS. Mitosis is the process by which a cell
produces two identical sets of DNA. One complete set each is then
distributed in each of the new cells. It during this phase that a
newly formed cell produces new molecules, from which it
constructs the additional cell membrane, cell fibers, and other
structures necessary for growth.

5. Catabolism
Any destructive process by which complex
substances are converted by living cells into
more simple compounds
The metabolic breakdown of complex
molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a
release of energy.

6. Anabolism
The constructive process by which living cells convert
simple substances into more complex compounds,
especially into living matter
The phase of metabolism in which simple substances are
synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue
Organic substances (proteins) composed of amino acids
that trigger and regulate chemical reactions in the body.
There are over 700 identified human enzymes