ZMR THE HEATING SYSTEM

HEATING SYSTEM
FROM A TO Z
2020

THE HEATING SYSTEM FROM A TO ZZMERLY ACADEMY - 2020
Heating through the stove pipe
Historical
Scene from the 3rd century BC
Fumes through the chimney
500 000 BC : Direct Evacuation Scene from the 3rd century BC
Modern Heating

System Parameters

Energy Saving More Comfort Low Emission
High Quality Ease of UseEase of installation
Modern systems

Boilers
Burners Control Systems
DHW
Renewable energy
Circulators
Radiators
Chimneys
Components

Heating system Concept

HEAT TRANSFER
HEAT
T T
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

CONDUCTION

Convection

RADIATION

Human Behavior

2 - Conduction
3 - Convection
1 - Radiation
Da Vinci simulation

Thermal Balance
Comfort = Balance between the man and environment
Thermal Balance Thermal imbalance Heating Balance

Human Behavior
24%
35%
35%
6%
HEAT EXCHANGE
Evaporation
Convection
Radiation
Ingestion of food
0 - 1% Conduction

Comfort parameters
Air velocity
Ambient air
Temperature
Walls
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Metabolism
Clothes

Metabolism “MET”

Clothes “CLO”

Relative humidity

Air Velocity
 0.2 /aV m s

Confort temperature
Radiant temperature
of Walls Tp
Temperature of the
ambient air Ta
+
=
2
air parois
rs
T T
T

Global Comfort Calculation

Room Temperature
Indoor Temperature To Tday Tnight
Dwellings
Living, Bed room, Kitchen, Dining,
Dressing room
21 °C 17 °C
Bath, Shower 23 °C 17 °C
Entrance, Release, Corridor, Stairway,
laundry, Store
18 °C 15 °C
Schools, Universities
Classroom, Library, Permanence
19 to 21
°C
15 °C
Access, Halls, Releases, Circulations,
Stairway
15 °C 12 °C
Gymnasium, Workshops 18 °C 15 °C
Light workshops 21 °C 17 °C
Shower 23 °C 17 °C
Polyvalent rooms, Restaurants 18 °C 15 °C
Dorms, chambers, Cloakroom 21 °C 17 °C
Administration, Ganitor 21 °C 17 °C
Indoor Temperature To Tday Tnight
Offices
Offices 21 °C 17 °C
Hospital, Private clinic
Patients rooms 20 - 22 °C 17 °C
Operating rooms 26 °C
Rooms of radio 22 °C
Rooms of consultation 22 °C
Rooms of breeding of the
premature ones
25 - 30 °C
Infants 22 °C
Rooms of spectacle
Removed external clothing 18 °C
Preserved external clothing 14 °C

Building Enhancement for more comfort

Transmission through Walls
Conduction Convection Radiation

Thermal Conductivity

Wood
Homogeneous
Isotropic
v
e
Transmission by vibrations of atoms or molecules
Transmission by the free electrons
 Thermal conductivity  of the material (W/m.°C)

“ = constant”
Brick Copper Air
Material
Glass FiberIron
0.21 85386 0.024 0.046
(W/m.°C)
0.52
Glass
0.74



Insulator
Conductor
 Void = o
 Liquids< Solids
 Gas <  Liquids
 in (W/m.°C)
METALS AND ALLOYS (at the ambient temperature)
Copper 99,9% 386 Tin 61
Aluminum 99,9% 228 Nickel 61
Aluminum 99% 203 Mild steel (1% of C) 46
Zinc 111 Lead 35
Alloy (Al 92% - Mg 8%) 104 Titanium 21
Brass (Cu 70% - Zn 30%) 99 Stainless steel (Cr 18% - Nor 8%) 16
Iron 85
NONMETAL SOLIDS (at the ambient temperature)
Electro graphite 116 Wood 0.21
Concrete 1.75 Polyester 0.209
Glass pyrex 1.16 Polyvinyls 0.162
Porcelain 0.928 Asbestos (sheets) 0.162
Glass 0.74 Phenoplasts 0.046
Asbestos cement 0.70 Glass Fiber 0.046
Bricks 0.52 Rock Wool 0.043
LIQUIDS GAS (at 0°C and under the normal pressure)
Sodium at 200°C 81,20 Hydrogen 0.174
Mercury at 20°C 8,47 Air 0.024
Water at 100°C 0.67 Nitrogen 0.024
Water at 20°C 0.59 Oxygen 0.024
Benzene at 30°C 0.162 Acetylene 0.019
Dowtherm A at 20°C 0.139 Carbon dioxide 0.014
Thermal Conductivity

d
R


Thermal Resistance of the Wall (m2°C/W)
A . T
R

 
Heat Flow (W)
A : Wall Area (m2)
R : Thermal Resistance (m2°C/W)
: Heat Flow (W)
: temperature Difference (°C)T
d : Wall Depth (m)
: Thermal Conductivity (W/m°C)

d
 A
T1 T2
Conduction through a homogeneous wall
𝛟 =
𝛌. 𝐴. 𝚫𝑇
𝑑

Conduction through Wall
Low delta T→
Low Heat Flow
High delta T→
High Heat Flow
High Wall depth →
Low Heat Flow

Conduction through multi-layer walls

d1
1 2 3
d2 d3
A
Homogeneous walls
Non-Homogeneous walls
Wall in series Wall in Parallel
1
2
3
1
2
3
di
A3
A2
A1
31 2
1 2 3
+
dd d
R
  
 
iR R  i i
i
A A
R R

 
3 31 1 2 2
1 2 3
+
AA A A
R d d d
 
 

Periferal Resistance of the wall
Internal surface
transfer
Conduction
through the wall
External surface
transfer
= +s si se
R R R
Peripheral Resistance

WALL Flow Rsi Rse Rs
Vertical 0,13 0,04 0,17
Horizontal
0,10 0,04 0,14
0,17 0,04 0,21
Peripheral Resistance
Air Circulation
Rsi = 0.13 m²°C/WRse = 0.04 m²°C/W
Rse = 0 m²°C/W
Rsi = 0.17 m²°C/WRsi = 0.10 m²°C/W

Air Layer
Thickness of the
air layer (mm)
Thermal resistance Rg m²°C/W
4 0.10 0.10 0.10
6 0.12 0.12 0.12
8 0.14 0.14 0.14
10 0.15 0.15 0.15
12 0.16 0.16 0.16
15 0.16 0.17 0.17
20 0.16 0.18 0.18
25 0.16 0.18 0.19
50 0.16 0.18 0.21
100 0.16 0.18 0.22
300 0.16 0.18 0.23

Air Layer

Rsi Rse = Rsi
Indoor
Clading
Ventilated
Air Layer
Outoor
Air Layer

U Value - Thermal Transmittance of the Wall
4
4
5
5
Rsi Rse
Indoor Outoor
 
      1
si 2 se
1
1
= + ... ... n
n
dd
R R R Rg R
U
=
1
U
R
Thermal transmittance
[W/m²°C]
  = si i se
R R R R
Total Resistance of the Wall

U Value
4
4
5
5
Rsi Rse
Indoor Outoor
 
      1
si 2 se
1
1
= + ... ... n
n
dd
R R R Rg R
U
Internal Plaster
Brick terra cotta
Thermal insulation
Brick terra cotta
External Plaster
Rsi Rse
+ + + + + + =
0.015 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.02
= 0.13 0.04 5.26
0.7 0.44 0.36 0.44 0.87
R

Example of calculation of U value
Wall Layers Wall Type External Wall 1 .
No
Layers d
(m)
l
(W/m°C)
R , d/l
(m2°C/W)
- Internal Surface Resistance Rsi 0.13
1 Cement Plastering 0.015 0.7 0.02
2 Concrete Hollow Block 15cm 0,14
3 Thermal Insolation - XPS 0.05 0.03 1.66
4 Concrete Hollow Block 10cm 0.09
5 Cement Plastering 0.02 0. 7 0.03
- External Surface Resistance Rse 0.04
U=
1
U
R
2.00Rtotal
0.5

Thermal bridges

Glazing
+ + Y g
. . .l
=
f f g g g
W
W
U A U A
U
A
Af =
Ag =
+
Lg =
AW =
U Value of the Frames Uf
In practice, the Uf values are very wide. If it misses controlled
data, the following values will be taken:
 Wooden/Uf wood-metal = 1.9 (W/m2°C)
 Synthetic material Uf = 2.5 (W/m2°C)
 Insulated metal frame Uf = 3.3 (W/m2°C)
 Non insulated metal frame Uf = 5.0 (W/m2°C)
U Value of glass Ug
• Simple glazing All thicknesses.
vertical glazing Ug = 5,8 (W/m2°C)
horizontal glazing Ug = 6,9 (W/m2°C)
• Double glazing or triple, makes the calculation of Ug.
Guides ψg
The values ψg depend on the U values of glasses :
• Simple glazing: ψg = 0.00 (W/m°C)
• Doubles or triple Glazing with frame in:
 Wood/wood-metal ψg = 0.05 (W/m°C)
 Synthetic material ψg = 0.05 (W/m°C)
 Insulated metal frame ψg = 0.07 (W/m°C)
 Non insulated metal frame ψg = 0.00 (W/m°C)

Type of Heat Losses
Openings
~13%
Roofs
~30%
Renewed air
~20%
Grounds
~7%
Thermal Bridges
~5%
Walls
~25%
HL = ( HLt + HLr ) x 1.1
HL : Total Heat losses (W)
HLt : Transmission H.L. (W)
HLr : Air Renewal H.L. (W)
HLt = U x A x 𝛥T1
HLr = 0.34 x Q x 𝛥T1

Heat Loss By Transmission
HLt = 𝛴 ( U x A x 𝛥T1)
U Value : Thermal transmittance for each wall (W/m²°C)
A : Net Area of the wall (m²)
𝛥T1 : Temperature difference between the room and
the adjacent area of the wall (𝛥T1 = Ti - Tb)
Transmission Heat Loss is the Sum of all transmission
losses through all the wall, floors, ceilings, and openings
HLt : Transmission Heat Loss (W)

Indoor Temperature Ti
Indoor Temperature Ti Winter Summer
Dwellings
Living, Bed room, Kitchen, Dining,
Dressing room
21 °C 24 °C
Bath, Shower 23 °C
Entrance, Release, Corridor, Stairway,
laundry, Store
18 °C
Schools, Universities 25 °C
Classroom, Library, Permanence
18 to 21
°C
24 °C
Access, Halls, Releases, Circulations,
Stairway
15 °C
Gymnasium, Workshops 18 °C 20 °C
Light workshops 21 °C 22 °C
Shower 23 °C
Polyvalent rooms, Restaurants 18 °C 25 °C
Dorms, chambers, Cloakroom 21 °C 24 °C
Administration, Ganitor 21 °C 25 °C
Indoor Temperature Ti Tday Tnight
Offices
Offices 21 °C 24 °C
Patients rooms 20 - 22 °C 24 °C
Operating rooms 26 °C 22 °C
Rooms of radio 22 °C
Rooms of consultation 22 °C
Rooms of breeding of the
premature ones
25 - 30 °C
Infants 22 °C
Theater
Removed external clothing 18 °C 24 °C
Preserved external clothing 14 °C 24 °C

Outdoor Temperature To
The Outdoor temperature depends on the location and the historical statistics
To = Int[Tz – Alt/200]
To : Outdoor Temperature in the project region(Integer number)
Alt : Altitude of the Site location
Tz : Outdoor Temperature at Sea Level in this region
In Tripoli, Tz = 3 °C In Beirut, Tz = 5 °C
Tz = 3 °C
Tz = 5 °C
Example : at Altitude 550m in tripoli Region
To = Int[3 – 550/200] = Int[3 – 2.75] = Zero

Temperature Difference 𝛥T
𝛥T1 = b x 𝛥T
To : Outdoor Temperature
b : Correction factor depending on the
adjancent area
𝛥T = Ti - To
Ti : Intdoor Temperature of the room
For External Walls, b=1, and 𝛥T1 = 𝛥T
For internal Walls adjacent to heated area
b=0, and 𝛥T1 is concidered as = 0
For internal Walls adjacent to
non-heated area refer to Table for b
0 ≤ b ≤ 1
𝛥T1 = Ti - Tb

Adjacent non-heated areas – Correction Factor « b »
Atic
Garage
Underfloor space Full ground
Type of air tightness of the room not heated Situation
A No carries nor window, jointed well, not of opening of ventilation Non-ventilated
B All well jointed components, small openings of ventilation Slightly ventilated
C Little seals, some open joints or presence of openings of ventilation Ventilated
D Little seals, many opened joints, or large openings of ventilation Strongly ventilated
Type of Room A B C D
Underfloor space 0.35 0.6 0.75 0.9
Technical shaft 0.5 0.7 0.8 1
Stairway 0.3 0.5 0.7
Attic 0.25 0.5 0.75 0.9
Insulated tiled roof 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Non insulated tiled roof 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9
Parking 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9
Under ground
(Horizontal)
0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9
Under ground (Vertical) 0.6 0.75 0.9 1
Cellar 0.25 0.5
Extension buildings 0.25 0.5 0.75 0.9
Full ground (Horiz.) 0.3
Full ground (Vert.) 0.6
Heated neighbor 0.2
Non heated neighbor 0.35
Table for Correction factor “b”

U Value of the Wall
U =
𝟏
𝑹
U Value : Thermal transmittance (W/m²°C)
R = Rsi +
d1
λ1
+ R2 +
d3
λ3
+ . . . +
dn
λ𝑛
+ Rse
Room 1 Room 2
Room 3

Area of the Wall
A : Area of the wall,
Window, Floor, Ceiling (m²)
Use Always Net Area (from
inside of the room
Deduct Area of Openings
from the Area of the Wall

Air Renewal
To heat
Why? Consequences?
Thermal
comfort
Technical
Equipment
Energy
Consumption
To ventilate
Why? Consequences?
Indoor Air
Quality
Technical
Equipment
Energy
Consumption
Low Temperature
High Temperature
IAQ : Indoor Air Quality

Air Renewal – Forced Ventilation
Forced Ventilation
HLr = 0.34 x Q x ΔT1
HLr : Air Renewal Heat Loss (W)
0.34 : Specific Heat of the Air
Q : Flow of Renewed Air (m³/h)
ΔT1 = ΔT : Temperature difference
between Indoor and Outdoor

Air Exchange rate per hour N (h¯¹)
Dwellings
Living, Bed room, Dining. 0.5
Kitchen, Entrance, Hallway, Stairway 1.5
Bathroom, Shower 2
Schools, Universities
Classroom, Permanence 1.5
Halls, Releases, Circulations, Stairway 1.5
Library, Auditorium 4
Teachers Rooms, Administration 1
Polyvalent rooms, Restaurants, Gymnasium 2
patients rooms, operation rooms 0.5
consultation Rooms, Operating rooms 1
Theater 4
Store 2
Offices 0.5
HLr = 0.34 x Q x ΔT1 Q = N x V (m³/h)
V : Volume of the room (m³)
Air Renewal – Natural Ventilation
N : Number of Air exchange per hour (h¯¹)

Heat Loss Calculation
Room: ............................ Ti: ..................... (°C) To: .................. (°C)
Length: ..................... (m) Width: .................... (m) Height: ........... (m)
Surface: ..................... (m²) Volume: ..................... (m³)
Walls Length Width Height Area Net Area U b Factor ΔT1
Results
(U.A.ΔT1)
Ext. Wall (1)
Opening
Ext. Wall (2)
Opening
Int. Wall (1)
Int. Wall (2)
Ceiling
Floor
H.L.t=
Air Renewal N = A.E./h V = m³ NxV = m³/h H.L.r=
(0.34xNxVx ΔT1) Summation
Increases (%)
Total Heat Losses H.L.(W)

• Type of building
• Type of walls & insulation.
• Single or Double glass
• Ceiling and floor
• Place of project
• Which floor
Heat Loss Calculation

Heat Losses from Buildings
Ti=20°C
T0=0°C
Heat
Losses
2m
0m
Flow of
Water

How to maintain the indoor temperature
Ti=20°C
T0=0°C
2000W
2000W2m
0m
2000l/h
2000l/h

Radiator Sizing

Design Temperature
Ts: Design Supply temperature
Tr: Design Return temperature
Ti: Design room Ambient temperature
90°C
70°C
Old standard
80°C
60°C
The Low temperature standard
55ºC
40ºC
Ts
Tr
Ti
New design temperature standards
80°C
65°C
75°C
60°C
75°C
65°C

Radiator Temperature difference ΔT2
ΔT2 : Temperature difference between the radiator and the ambiance
Tm : Mean radiator temperature
ΔT 𝟐 =
𝑇𝒔 − 𝑇𝐫
𝑙𝑛
𝑇𝐬 − 𝑇𝑖
𝑇𝐫 − 𝑇𝑖
ΔT 𝟐 = 𝑇 𝐦 − 𝑇𝐢
T 𝐦 =
𝑇𝐬 + 𝑇𝐫
𝟐
For simplification we take
Ts
Tr
Tm
Ti
ΔT2

Nominal Radiator Output – EN442
Tm = 70ºC
ΔTN = 50ºC
Ti = 20ºC
ΔTN Nominal Temperature Difference based on En442 (ΔTN = 50°C)
PN Nominal Radiator output based on ΔTN (found in catalogs)
Ts = 75°C Tr = 65°C
Ts=75
Tr=65
Tm=70
Ti=20

Ti=20°C
T0=0°C
2000W
2000W
67.5°C
Source of Heat
75°C
60°C
>75°C

Radiators

Cast Iron Radiators
Cast Iron Radiator
Radiator Type
500/95 500/130 623/95 623/130 813/95 813/130
Height H (mm) 560 560 683 683 873 873
Connection distance E (mm) 500 500 623 623 813 813
Depth p (mm) 95 130 95 130 95 130
Element length L (mm) 60 60 60 60 60 60
Connections G ( " ) 1 1 1 1 1 1
Weight / element M (kg/el) 4,35 5,36 5,08 6,46 6,70 8,80
Water Content / element V (L /el) 0,6 0,8 0,8 1,0 1,0 1,3
Nominal Heating Output / element PN (W/el) 73,4 91 88,7 108,8 109,3 136,1
Nominal Heating Output / meter PN (W/m) 1213 1504 1466 1789 1807 2250
Heating Exponent n 1,288 1,296 1,316 1,300 1,340 1,316
The Nominal heating Outputs are based on En442 (75/65/20°C)

Cast Iron Radiators
Aluminum Radiator
Radiator Type
350/100 500/100 500/80 600/80 700/80 800/80
Height H (mm) 427 577 577 677 777 877
Connection distance E (mm) 350 500 500 600 700 800
Depth p (mm) 96 96 80 80 80 80
Element length L (mm) 80 80 80 80 80 80
Connections G ( " ) 1 1 1 1 1 1
Weight / element M (kg/el) 1,09 1,42 1,36 1,55 1,67 1,89
Water Content / element V (L /el) 0,30 0,40 0,36 0,40 0,46 0,54
Nominal Heating Output / element PN (W/el) 100 130 118 134 148 162
Nominal Heating Output / meter PN (W/m) 1250 1625 1475 1675 1850 2025
Heating Exponent n 1,354 1,341 1,342 1,350 1,339 1,354

Steel Panel Radiators
Steel Panel Radiator
Height H
(mm)
Type Depth (mm)
Exposant
n
Nominal Heating Output
PN (W/m)
Water Content
(l/m)
Weight
(kg/m)
300
10 65 1,31 341 2,1 6,9
11 65 1,28 539 2,1 9,4
21 70 1,29 742 4,2 15,2
22 100 1,29 1000 4,2 17,8
33 160 1,31 1440 6,4 26,8
400
10 65 1,29 442 2,7 9,2
11 65 1,28 689 2,7 12,9
21 70 1,30 925 5,2 20,6
22 100 1,30 1260 5,2 24,3
33 160 1,32 1795 7,9 36,4
600
10 65 1,25 633 3,8 13,6
11 65 1,30 960 3,8 19,4
21 70 1,31 1273 7,3 30,8
22 100 1,33 1741 7,3 36,7
33 160 1,33 2449 10,9 55,0
900
10 65 1,26 897 5,4 19,7
11 65 1,30 1311 5,4 27,9
21 70 1,32 1782 10,4 44,9
22 100 1,34 2399 10,4 53,7
33 160 1,33 3343 15,4 81,6

Towel Warmer Radiators
Towel Warmer
Length L
(mm)
Height H
(mm)
Entre axe E
(mm)
Exposant
n
Nominal Heating
Output PN (W)
Water
Content (l)
Weight
(kg)
450
800
400
1.25 343 3.1 11
1200 1.25 523 4.6 17
1500 1.26 670 6.5 23
1800 1.27 839 7.3 27
500
800
450
1.24 385 3.7 12
1200 1.26 588 5.5 18
1500 1.25 752 7.5 25
1800 1.25 926 8.5 29
550
800
500
1.24 428 4 13
1200 1.22 653 5.9 20
1500 1.24 836 8 27
1800 1.24 1013 9.2 31
600
800
550
1.23 471 4.23 14
1200 1.21 718 6.25 22
1500 1.23 920 8.53 29
1800 1.23 1100 9.8 34
750
800
700
1.2 602 5.4 17
1200 1.18 918 8 26
1500 1.2 1175 11 35
1800 1.19 1360 12.5 41
900
800
850
1.18 735 6.2 20
1200 1.14 1122 9.2 31
1500 1.16 1436 13 41
1800 1.15 1620 14.6 49

Radiator position

Radiator Installation

Effective Radiator Output
The Effective Radiator Output is the heat
output of a radiator to the room under
operating conditions.
For each room, we should select one or
more radiator with total Peff equal to the
heat losses of the room.
Peff = HL
If the HL of a room exceed 3000W, we
prefer to have more than one radiator.

Effective Radiator Output
Peff = PN x F
Peff = Effective heat output in W
PN = Nominal heat output in W
F = non-dimensional correction factor
The same Radiator gives different heating capacities in
different conditions.
F = Ft . Fa . Fe . Fc . Fp
Ft = correction factor for the Temperature of the fluid
Fa = correction factor for the effect of the Altitude
Fe = correction factor for the radiator Enclosure
Fc = correction factor for the radiator Connections orientation
Fp = correction factor for the effect of Painting
Ti=20°C
2000W
Tm=70°C
Ti=20°C
1200W
Tm=50°C
The Radiator temperature, the pipe connection, the
radiator enclosure, the painting, and the Site Altitude
are all factors affecting the radiator output.

Radiator Temperature correction factor Ft
Ft =
ΔT 𝟐
ΔT 𝐍
𝒏
ΔT2=Tm-Ti 𝐓 𝐦=
Ts+Tr
2
ΔTN = 50ºC (EN442)
Ft =
ΔT 𝟐
50
𝒏
The Radiator Temperature correction factor Ft determine the heat output of a
radiator when the ambient temperature (Ti) and the mean temperature of the heating
fluid (Tm) differ from the Nominal temperatures of EN442
ΔT 𝟐 : Design Temperature difference
T𝒊 : Design Room Ambient Temperature
T 𝒔 : Design Supply Temperature
T 𝒓 : Design Return Temperature
𝒏 : Radiator Heating Exponent (from radiator catalog)

Altitude correction factor Fa
Fa =
𝐏 𝟎
𝟏.𝟑𝐱𝐏 𝟎−𝟎.𝟑𝐱𝐏
The Altitude correction factor Fa determine the heat output of a radiator when not
installed at sea level.
the density of the air, and thus its capacity for conveying heat, is progressively reduced as the altitude increases.
P 𝟎 : Atmospheric pressure at sea level (101.3 kPa)
P : Atmospheric pressure at site in kPa
CORRECTION FACTOR Fa FOR
RADIATORS
Altitude Atmospheri
c pressure
Fa
Zero to 750 m 101.3 kPa 1.00
750 to 1000 m 92.8 kPa 0.98
1000 to 1250 m 90.0 kPa 0.97
1250 to 1500 m 87.2 kPa 0.96
1500 to 1750 m 84.4 kPa 0.95
Above 1750 m 81.5 kPa 0.94

Radiator Enclosure factor Fe
The Radiator Enclosure factor Fe determine the heat output
of a radiator installed in recesses, under shelfs or in cabinets.
The Radiator enclosure limits, and sometimes considerably
reduces the heat transfer between the radiator and the
surrounding atmosphere.
CORRECTION FACTOR Fe
Enclosure Type Description Fe
a Open 1.00
b Shelf 0.95
c Curved Shelf 0.98
d Open Shelf 0.98
e Recess 0.92
f Cabinet + top Grill 0.85
g Cabinet + openings 0.85
h Perforated Plate 0.95

Effect of wrong installationEnclosurefactorFe
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.98
0.97
1.00
0.99
1 2 3 4 50
Distance to Wall (cm)
100 2 4 6 8
1.00
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.95
0.90
EnclosurefactorFe
Distance to Floor (cm) Distance to Shelf (cm)
0 2 4 6 8 10
1.00
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.95
0.90
EnclosurefactorFe

Radiator Connection factor Fc
The Radiator Connection factor Fc determine the output of a radiator which is not installed according to the test
conditions.
CORRECTION FACTOR Fc
Type Description
H<120 120<H<180 H>180
Fc
a
Side
Connection
1.00 1.00 1.00
b
Opposite
Connection
1.00 1.00 1.00
c
Bottom
Connection
0.98 0.95 0.90
d
Top
Connection
0.95 0.90 0.85
e
Ventil
Connection
1.00 1.00 1.00
f
Bi-tube
Valve
0.98 0.95 0.90
H is the Radiator Height in cm

Radiator Painting factor Fp
The Radiator Painting factor Fp determine the heat output of a radiator when it is
painted (after the nominal output test).
Its value takes account of the fact that paint can significantly reduce the thermal energy emitted by radiation.
Fp = 1 – S . C 𝐍−C
C 𝐍
S : Radiation component (S<1)
C : Radiation coefficient for other coating (W/m²K⁴)
C 𝑵 : Radiation coefficient for the standard paint finish
C 𝑵=5.20 (W/m²K⁴)
Radiation coefficient C (W/m²K⁴)
Painting Type C
Satandard Oil Painting C=C 𝑁
5.20
hot-dip galvanize 1.40
chrome 0.30
Radiation component S Fp
Radiator Type S Galvanized Chrome
Towel Warmer 0.40 0.71 0.62
Cast Iron 0.40 0.71 0.62
Steel Panel 0.35 0.74 0.67
Aluminum 0.30 0.78 0.72
Convector 0.20 0.85 0.81

Radiator Selection Table
Room
Name
HL
(W)
Ti
Rad.
number
Peff
(W)
Ts Tr Tm ΔT 𝟐 n Ft Fa Fe Fc Fp F PN
(W)
Selected Radiator
Room 1 R1
Room 2 R2
Room 2 R3
Room 4 R4
Each Room can have one radiator or more
The biggest recommended radiator output Peff is 3000W
When there is no space for long radiator, use thick or high one

Radiator Selection Example

Room
Name
HL
(W)
Ti Ts/Tr Radiator Type Observation Enclosure Painting Connection
Salon 3600 20 75/60 Steel panel radiator Type 22x600 Cabinet+openings White Ventil
Hall 550 18 75/60 Steel panel radiator Type 21x600 Open White Ventil
Maid 600 20 75/60 Steel panel radiator Type 21x600 Open White Ventil
Kitchen 1100 20 75/60 Steel panel radiator Max Length 600mm Shelf White Ventil
Living 1350 20 75-60 Steel panel radiator Type 22x900 Shelf Brown Ventil
Bathroom 600 20 75/60 Towel Warmer Type 500 Open White Bottom
Bedroom 1 1100 24 75/60 Aluminum Type 600/80 Open Orange Side Connection
Bedroom 2 1100 20 75/60 Aluminum Type 600/80 Open Blue Side Connection
Master Bedroom 1400 20 75/60 Aluminum Type 350/100 Open White Side Connection
Master Bathroom 600 20 75/60 Towel Warmer Type 600 Open Chrome Bottom
Given
Altitude Z = 250m

Room
Name
HL
(W)
Ti Radiator
Peff
(W)
Ts Tr Tm ΔT 𝟐 n Ft Fa Fe Fc Fp F PN
(W)
Selected Radiator
Salon 3600 20 R1 2400 75 60 67.5 47.5 1.33 0.93 1 0.85 1 1 0.79 3038 VK 22x600x1800
20 R2 1200 75 60 67.5 47.5 1.33 0.93 1 0.85 1 1 0.79 1519 VK 22x600x900
Hall 550 18 R3 550 75 60 67.5 49.5 1.31 0.99 1 1 1 1 0.99 557 VK 21x600x500
Maid 600 20 R4 600 75 60 67.5 47.5 1.31 0.94 1 1 1 1 0.94 642 VK 21x600x500
Kitchen 1100 20 R5 1100 75 60 67.5 47.5 1.34 0.93 1 0.95 1 1 0.89 1240 VK 22x900x600
Living 1350 20 R6 1350 75 60 67.5 47.5 1.34 0.93 1 0.95 1 1 0.89 1522 VK 22x900x700
Bathroom 600 24 R7 600 75 60 67.5 43.5 1.25 0.84 1 1 1 1 0.84 714 TW 500x1500
Bedroom 1 1100 20 R8 1100 75 60 67.5 47.5 1.35 0.93 1 1 1 1 0.93 1183 AL 600/80/9
Bedroom 2 1100 20 R9 1100 75 60 67.5 47.5 1.35 0.93 1 1 1 1 0.94 1170 AL 600/80/9
Master
Bedroom
1400 20 R10 1400 75 60 67.5 47.5 1.354 0.93 1 1 1 1 0.94 1489 AL 350/100/15
Master
Bathroom
600 24 R11 600 75 60 67.5 43.5 1.23 0.84 1 1 1 0.62 0.52 1149 TW 600x1800 CR

Radiator Flow rate
C : Specific Heat of the Water = 1.16 Wh/L.ºC
Qr : Radiator Flow rate (L/h)
P 𝒆𝒇𝒇 : effective radiator output (W)
Qr
Ts
Tr
Qr =
P 𝒆𝒇𝒇
C. ΔT 𝟑
ΔT 𝟑 = 𝑇𝐬 − 𝑇𝐫
The Radiator flow rate The flow rate through a radiator (or series of radiators) is dependent on the
effective radiator Output (or combined outputs of the radiator series), the design Supply Water
Temperature (Ts) and the design return Water Temperature (Tr)
ΔT3 : Temperature difference between
the Design Supply and return temperatures.
Acceptable Values of ΔT3
High Flow 10 ºC
Medium Flow 15 ºC
Low Flow 20 ºC
The maximum allowed flow for one radiators is 200 l/h.
Higher flow will create high pressure drop and high noise
on the radiators.

Radiator Flow
* Values in yellow are not
recommended
Radiator Flow (l/h) Radiator Flow (l/h) Radiator Flow (l/h)
Radiator
Capacity
(W)
Temperature difference ΔT3 Radiator
Capacity
(W)
Temperature difference ΔT3 Radiator
Capacity
(W)
Temperature difference ΔT3
10 15 20 10 15 20 10 15 20
300 26 18 13 1900 164 110 82 3500 302 202 151
400 35 23 18 2000 173 115 87 3600 311 207 156
500 44 29 22 2100 182 121 91 3700 319 213 160
600 52 35 26 2200 190 127 95 3800 328 219 164
700 61 41 31 2300 199 133 100 3900 337 225 169
800 69 46 35 2400 207 138 104 4000 345 230 173
900 78 52 39 2500 216 144 108 4100 354 236 177
1000 87 58 44 2600 225 150 113 4200 363 242 182
1100 95 64 48 2700 233 156 117 4300 371 248 186
1200 104 69 52 2800 242 161 121 4400 380 253 190
1300 113 75 57 2900 250 167 125 4500 388 259 194
1400 121 81 61 3000 259 173 130 4600 397 265 199
1500 130 87 65 3100 268 179 134 4700 406 271 203
1600 138 92 69 3200 276 184 138 4800 414 276 207
1700 147 98 74 3300 285 190 143
1800 156 104 78 3400 294 196 147

Radiator Flow Example
Room HL (W) Radiator Peff (W) Ts Tr ΔT3 Q r (L/h)
Salon 3600 R1 2400 75 60 15 138
R2 1200 75 60 15 70
Hall 550 R3 550 75 60 15 32
Maid 600 R4 600 75 60 15 35
Kitchen 1100 R5 1100 75 60 15 64
Living 1350 R6 1350 75 60 15 78
Bathroom 600 R7 600 75 60 15 35
Bedroom 1 1100 R8 1100 75 60 15 64
Bedroom 2 1100 R9 1100 75 60 15 64
Master Bedroom 1400 R10 1400 75 60 15 81
Master Bathroom 600 R11 600 75 60 15 35

Radiator Pressure Drop
The pressure drop in a radiator depends mainly on the water flow.
It occurs at the supply and return valves installed at each end of the radiator. Therefore, a long radiator and a
short radiator (with the same water flow) would have almost the same pressure drop.
P1
P2
ΔPR

Radiator Pre-Setting Valve
The maximum recommended Pressure drop in radiators is
ΔPR = 100 mbar.
Higher Pressure drop will create high noise on the radiators.
The preset radiator valve allow to select the suitable flow
by modifying the pressure drop.

Radiator Flow Example
Room HL (W) Radiator Peff (W) Ts Tr ΔT3 Q (l/h) ΔPR (mmWg)
Salon 3600 R1 2400 75 60 15 138 52
R2 1200 75 60 15 70 14
Hall 550 R3 550 75 60 15 32 3
Maid 600 R4 600 75 60 15 35 4
Kitchen 1100 R5 1100 75 60 15 64 11
Living 1350 R6 1350 75 60 15 78 17
Bathroom 600 R7 600 75 60 15 35 4
Bedroom 1 1100 R8 1100 75 60 15 64 11
Bedroom 2 1100 R9 1100 75 60 15 64 11
Master Bedroom 1400 R10 1400 75 60 15 81 18
Master Bathroom 600 R11 600 75 60 15 35 4

Under Floor Heating

Under Floor Heating – Tacker System

Under Floor Heating – Base Mat System

Heating circuit
Design Temperature
80 /65 °C.
Boiler
65°C
80°C
Return Circuit
Supply Circuit
Radiator
Burner
The heating medium requires transporting from the heat source to the space heating appliances. The distribution
pipework normally consists of two pipes: a Supply and a Return

Two-pipe distribution
80°C
80°C
80°C
65°C 65°C 65°C
Return Circuit
Supply Circuit
80°C
65°C

Two-pipe distribution

Reverse Return, Equal Travel (Tichlmann)
Return Circuit
Supply Circuit Return Circuit
Tichlmann
Reverse return uses the most pipework, as
three pipes are associated with each appliance.
However, it reduces the problems of hydraulic
balancing, as each terminal is the same pipe
distance from the pump.

Reverse Return, Equal Travel (Tichlmann)

Manifold distribution
Return Circuit
Supply Circuit

Manifold distribution

Series distribution (old system)
75 °C 70 °C
65°C
80°C
80°C
65°C
In the Series (or one pipe) circuits, the system
mean water temperature reduces as one moves
away from the heat source. This means that
appliances must increase in size to maintain the
same output.

Series distribution (old system)

Monotube distribution
The monotube Valve make the one pipe system
work better by creating a bypass inside the valve
for each radiator

The Monotube Circuit

Heating Circuit distribution

Collective system, Umbrella

Collective system, Vertical Distribution

Collective system, Horizontal Distribution

Collective system, Zoning

Primaire Secondaire
D Primaire = D Secondaire
Dp Ds
Primaire Secondaire
D Primaire > D Secondaire
Dp Ds
Primaire Secondaire
D Primaire < D Secondaire
Dp Ds
Collective system, Centralized Individuel heating (CIH)

Flow
FLOW Q (L/h): Volume of fluid raised by the pump in a unit of time.
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑉 × 𝐴

Pressure
PRESSURE P (Pa): is defined as force per unit area
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
=
𝐹
𝐴

𝑃 = 𝜌. 𝑔. ℎ
Pressure

Static and Dynamic pressure
For closed systems the pressure developed at zero flow—that is, maximum
pump pressure—should be greater than the static height of the system to ensure
initiation of flow. Selection should be based upon the intersection of pump and
system characteristic at design flow at the point where the pump efficiency curve
is at or near its maximum.

Pressure Drop
Pressure drop ΔP is defined as the difference in total pressure between two points of a fluid carrying
network.
ΔP = ΔPL + Z
P1
P2
A pressure drop occurs when frictional forces, caused by the
resistance to flow, act on a fluid as it flows through the tube.
The main determinants of resistance to fluid flow are
Velocity of the Fluid Viscosity of the Fluid
Roughness of the pipe Diameter of the pipe
Length of the pipe The fittings on the pipe
The Pressure drop is divided in two parts:
The Linear Pressure drops ΔPL
The Fittings Pressure drops Z

Linear Pressure Drop
ΔPL = P1-P2 = RxL
The Linear Pressure Drop ΔPL is the loss of pressure inside the linear pipe run.
It is dependent on the type of pipe, the internal diameter Φi , the Flow of water Q, and the water Velocity v
ΔPL : Linear Pressure Drop between two points of the pipe (mmWg)
R : Linear Pressure Drop per one meter of pipe (mmWg/m)
L : Length of the pipe (m)
Q : Flow of Water (l/h)
v : Water Velocity (m/s)
Φi : Inner pipe diameter

Linear Pressure Drop
Φo 1/2” 3/4” 1” 1 1/4”1 1/2” 2”
R Φi 16.4 21.8 27.4 36.1 42 53.2
10
Q 222 476 878 1838 2757 5194
v 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.50 0.55 0.65
15
Q 276 591 1090 2363 3423 6448
v 0.37 0.44 0.52 0.62 0.69 0.81
20
Q 322 689 1272 2663 3994 7524
v 0.42 0.51 0.60 0.72 0.80 0.94
25
Q 362 777 1433 3000 4500 8477
v 0.48 0.58 0.68 0.82 0.90 1.06
30
Q 399 856 1580 3307 4961 9346
v 0.53 0.64 0.74 0.90 0.99 1.17
35
Q 434 930 1716 3591 5388 10149
v 0.57 0.69 0.81 0.97 1.08 1.27
40
Q 466 999 1843 3857 5786 10901
v 0.61 0.74 0.87 1.05 1.16 1.36
45
Q 496 1064 1962 4108 6163 11609
v 0.65 0.79 0.92 1.11 1.24 1.45
50
Q 525 1125 2076 4346 6520 12282
v 0.69 0.84 0.98 1.18 1.31 1.53
R is the Linear Pressure Drop per one meter of pipe (mmWg/m)
Example : for a flow of Q=1350l/h, we chose the pipe diameter Φo =1”, the
Linear pressure drop is R=25mmWg/m, the Velocity is V=0.68m/s
Pressure Drop Table
R is determined using the Pressure Drop Table
Each type of pipe has different Pressure Drop Table
The maximum acceptable pressure drop for the
heating circuit is 30mmWg per linear meter
The maximum allowed water velocity is:
v < 1m/s for distribution inside the house
v < 1.5m/s for main pipes and inside mechanical room

Linear Pressure drop table
Φo 1/2” 3/4” 1” 1 1/4”1 1/2” 2”
R Φi 16.4 21.8 27.4 36.1 42 53.2
10
Q 222 476 878 1838 2757 5194
v 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.50 0.55 0.65
15
Q 276 591 1090 2363 3423 6448
v 0.37 0.44 0.52 0.62 0.69 0.81
20
Q 322 689 1272 2663 3994 7524
v 0.42 0.51 0.60 0.72 0.80 0.94
25
Q 362 777 1433 3000 4500 8477
v 0.48 0.58 0.68 0.82 0.90 1.06
30
Q 399 856 1580 3307 4961 9346
v 0.53 0.64 0.74 0.90 0.99 1.17
35
Q 434 930 1716 3591 5388 10149
v 0.57 0.69 0.81 0.97 1.08 1.27
40
Q 466 999 1843 3857 5786 10901
v 0.61 0.74 0.87 1.05 1.16 1.36
45
Q 496 1064 1962 4108 6163 11609
v 0.65 0.79 0.92 1.11 1.24 1.45
50
Q 525 1125 2076 4346 6520 12282
v 0.69 0.84 0.98 1.18 1.31 1.53
15 18 22 28 35 42 54
13 16 20 25 32 39 51
129 227 417 764 1492 2553 5288
0.27 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.52 0.59 0.72
163 287 525 962 1881 3217 6663
0.34 0.40 0.47 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.91
192 338 619 1135 2217 3794 7857
0.40 0.47 0.55 0.64 0.77 0.88 1.07
218 384 703 1289 2519 4309 8924
0.46 0.53 0.63 0.73 0.87 1.00 1.22
242 426 781 1430 2796 4783 9906
0.51 0.59 0.69 0.81 0.97 1.11 1.35
265 465 853 1562 3053 5223 10818
0.55 0.64 0.75 0.88 1.05 1.21 1.47
286 502 920 1686 3295 5637 11676
0.60 0.69 0.81 0.95 1.14 1.31 1.59
306 537 984 1803 3525 6030 12489
0.64 0.74 0.87 1.02 1.22 1.40 1.70
325 570 1045 1915 3743 6404 13264
0.68 0.79 0.92 1.08 1.29 1.49 1.80
16 20 25 324 40 50 63
12 16 19 24 33 41 51
104 227 363 697 1644 2944 5288
0.26 0.31 0.36 0.42 0.53 0.61 0.72
131 287 457 878 2071 3709 6663
0.32 0.40 0.45 0.53 0.66 0.77 0.91
155 338 539 1036 2442 4374 7857
0.38 0.47 0.53 0.62 0.79 0.91 1.07
176 384 612 1176 2774 4968 8924
0.43 0.53 0.60 0.71 0.89 1.03 1.22
195 426 679 1305 3080 5515 9906
0.48 0.59 0.67 0.79 0.99 1.14 1.35
213 465 742 1425 3363 6022 10818
0.52 0.64 0.73 0.86 1.07 1.25 1.47
230 502 801 1539 3630 6500 11676
0.56 0.69 0.78 0.92 1.16 1.35 1.59
246 537 856 1645 3883 6953 12489
0.60 0.74 0.84 0.99 1.25 1.44 1.70
261 570 909 1747 4123 7384 13264
0.64 0.79 0.89 1.05 1.32 1.53 1.80
20 25 32 40 50 63 75
13.2 16.6 21.2 26.6 33.4 42 50
135 251 488 904 1676 3122 5011
0.27 0.32 0.38 0.45 0.53 0.63 0.71
170 317 615 1139 2113 3934 6314
0.35 0.41 0.49 0.57 0.67 0.79 0.90
200 373 725 1343 2491 4639 7446
0.41 0.48 0.57 0.67 0.79 0.93 1.05
228 424 824 153 2829 5269 8458
0.46 0.55 0.65 0.76 0.90 1.06 1.20
253 471 914 1693 314 5848 9388
0.51 0.60 0.72 0.85 1.00 1.17 1.33
276 514 999 1849 3429 6387 10252
0.56 0.66 0.79 0.92 1.09 1.28 1.45
298 555 1078 1995 3701 6893 11065
0.60 0.71 0.85 1.00 1.17 1.38 1.57
319 593 1153 2134 3959 7373 11836
0.65 0.76 0.91 1.07 1.26 1.48 1.67
338 630 1224 2267 4205 7831 12570
0.69 0.81 0.96 1.13 1.33 1.57 1.78
Black Steel Copper PEX & Multilayer PPR

Fittings Pressure Drop
Z = ζ.
𝑣2
2
Valves, Pipe fitting like elbows, tees, reductions, are the cause of
pressure losses called Fittings pressure Drop.
Z : Fitting Pressure Drop (mmWg)
𝜁 : Fitting pressure drop coefficient
v : Water Velocity (m/s)
𝜻 is determined using the Fittings Pressure Drop Table
Or, for simplification, it can be considered as 15% to the
Linear pressure drop.
Z = ΔPL x 0.15 ΔP = 1.15 x ΔPL

Example – Pipe Layout
Remark:
When measuring the pipe length between the radiator and
the pipe branch, don’t forget to add the distance in wall to
the radiator (usually 1m)

Example – Riser Diagram
Remark:
When measuring the pipe length between the radiator and the
pipe branch, don’t forget to add the distance in wall to the radiator
(usually 1m)
Also the vertical distance between the house and the boiler room
should be added in case the boiler is not on the same house level
The Flow Q in each pipe section is equal to the cumulative flow of
the Radiators (𝛴 Q r) supplied by this pipe

Example – Pipe Selection and pressure drop
Pipe Section Cumulative
Section Flow Q
(l/h)
Φo (mm)
R
(mmWg/m)
v (m/s) L (m)
ΔPL
(mmWg)
Z (mmWg) ΔP (mmWg) ΔPR (mmWg)
R1-a R1 138 20 20 0.35 4.5 90 14 104 524
R2-a R2 70 20 10 0.27 5.5 55 8 63 135
R3-b R3 32 20 10 0.27 1.5 15 2 17 28
R4-b R4 35 20 10 0.27 4.0 40 6 46 34
R5-d R5 64 20 10 0.27 5.5 55 8 63 113
R6-e R6 78 20 10 0.27 4.5 45 7 52 168
R7-f R7 35 20 10 0.27 3.5 35 5 40 34
R8-g R8 64 20 10 0.27 4.5 45 7 52 113
R9-g R9 64 20 10 0.27 3.2 32 5 37 113
R10-h R10 81 20 10 0.27 6.8 68 10 78 180
R11-h R11 35 20 10 0.27 2.2 22 3 25 34
a-c R1+R2 208 20 25 0.46 6.0 150 23 173
b-c R3+R4 67 20 10 0.27 1.0 10 2 12
c-d ac+bc 275 25 15 0.41 0.5 8 1 9
d-e R5+cd 339 25 20 0.48 3.0 60 9 69
e-f R6+de 417 25 25 0.55 1.0 25 4 29
f-j R7+ef 452 25 30 0.60 0.5 15 2 17
g-i R8+R9 128 20 10 0.27 1.0 10 2 12
h-i R10-+R11 116 20 10 0.27 1.7 17 3 20
i-j gi+hi 244 20 30 0.51 2.5 75 11 86
j-boiler fj+ij 696 32 20 0.57 14.0 280 42 322

Example – Riser Diagram

Index Circuit
The Index circuit is that circuit from the boiler to the radiator, having
the greatest cumulative total pressure drop, counting the supply
and the return circuits: most of the cases it is the longest circuit the
longest circuit in the network.
The Index Pressure Drop ΔPi of the system is
the cumulative of the total pressure ΔP of the
index circuit
ΔPi = 𝛴ΔP
First indicate which is the index circuit, then
add all the pressure drops of this circuit, in the
supply and the return.

Geometric head
In the heating circuits and all closed circuits, the pressure drop is
calculated despite of the height of the system. Only the length of pipes
and the fittings are considered in the calculation.
Two similar systems, one vertical and
one horizontal, if the have the same
pipe length and fittings, and same
radiators, the will have the same Index
Pressure Drop ΔPi

Index Circuit

Index Circuit
IC = 2x(jB+fj+ef+de+cd+ac+R1a) + ΔPR1
ΔPi = 2x(322+17+29+69+9+173+104) + 524
The Index Circuit is the
circuit of the radiator R1
ΔPi = 1970 mmWg

Circulation Pump
A circulation pump is a specific type of pump used to circulate water in the heating circuits.
Because they only circulate water within a closed circuit, they only need to overcome the friction of a piping system
(dislike lifting the water from a low point to a higher point)
Each pump has two main characteristics
The Pump Head H (m)
The Pump Flow Q (m³/h)

Circulation Pump Selection
The Pump Flow Q is the sum of the flow of all radiators
The Pump Head H is equal to the pressure drop of the
Index Circuit.
H = ΔPRi
Q = 𝛴 Qr

Balancing
1500l/h

Balancing
2700l/h

Radiator Flow Pre-Setting

Radiator Valve Pre-Setting

Radiator Pre-Setting
Radiator Circuit Travel ΔPR ΔP ΔPRC ΔP + ΔPRC Flow Q
Pre-
Setting
R1
jB+fj+ef+de+cd+ac+R1
a
524 1446 524 1970 138 9
R2
jB+fj+ef+de+cd+ac+R2
a
135 1364 606 1970 69 7
R3 jB+fj+ef+de+cd+R3d 28 1008 962 1970 32 3
R4 jB+fj+ef+de+cd+R4b 34 950 1020 1970 35 3
R5 jB+fj+ef+de+R5d 113 1000 970 1970 64 5
R6 jB+fj+ef+R6e 168 840 1130 1970 78 6
R7 jB+fj+R7f 34 758 1212 1970 35 3
R8 jB+ij+gi+R8g 113 944 1026 1970 64 5
R9 jB+ij+gi+R9g 113 914 1056 1970 64 5
R10 jB+ij+hi+R10h 180 1012 958 1970 81 6
R11 jB+ij+hi+R11h 34 906 1064 1970 35 3
All the radiator valves (except for the index radiator)
should be preset in order to have the same ΔP + ΔPRC

Boilers

Boiler Efficiency Calculation

LH = Latent Heat = 6%
Tf=200ºC
HL=6%
Boiler Efficiency (Fuel)
HH
O

LH=Latent Heat=11%
Tf=140ºC
HL=11%
BOILER EFFICIENCY (Gas-LPG)
HH
O

Type of Combustion Chambers

Tf=200ºC
Tb=80ºC Tb=50ºC
Tf=140ºC
Low temperature boilers (Fuel)
Tb=50ºC

Compact boilers

Wall Hung Gas Boiler
J
VK AW EK RK

Combi Boilers
Continuous hot
water production
Instantaneous or
semi-instantaneous

Tf=140ºC Tf=140ºC
Tf=65ºC
HH
O
Condensing Boilers (Gas)

Condensing Boilers (Fuel)
Tf=200ºC
Tf=55ºC

Cascade Boilers

Boiler Room

Chimney

Burners

Combustion Analyser
%

Fuel Oil Tank

What is heating Control
The Controller is the BRAIN
of your Heating system
Energy Saving
Thermal Comfort
Longer life for your system
Ease of Use

Type of Heating control
No control
ON/OFF Switch
Manual
Radiator Valve
Mechanical
Thermostatic
Radiator Valve
Mechanical Actuator
Electro
mechanical
Room thermostat
SPDT thermostat
Low pressure switch
Boiler Control STB
Actuator
Timer
Connecting Block
IoT
WIFI Thermostat
WIFI Controller
Online Server
Mobile Application
Weather-
compensated
heating controllers
Electronic Controller
Room Sensor
Room Controller
Immersion Sensor
Outdoor Sensor

THE HEATING SYSTEM FROM A TO ZZMERLY ACADEMY - 2020Control Functions and
Thermostatic Radiator Valve
Swimming pool
Bathroom
Work room or children’s
bedroom
Living or dining rooms
(Basic setting)
Hobby room, bedroom
All rooms at night
(nighttime reduction)
Stairway, vestibule
Basement/cellar rooms
(frost protection setting)
Kitchen, corridor

Thermostatic Radiator Valve Installation
Underfloor
convector
Built-in
cabinet
Incorrect
The thermo-
static head
with built-in
sensor may
not be
mounted
vertically.
Correct
The remote sen-
sor enables an
unhindered
reading of the
air temperature
in the room.
Correct
Circulation of
air around the
thermostatic
head is not
hindered.
Incorrect
The thermosta-
tic head with
built-in sensor
may not be
covered by
curtains.
Supply Return
3/4”
25
100
50 30

Individual Room Thermostat
21
18
23
23
21
21
18
Door opening zone
20cm
Min

Controllers

Outdoor Reset

Heating Curve

Boiler Control

IOT

Domestic Hot Water

Renewable Energy

Solar Energy
1m²
1m 2
=>
2200kwh/year

Thermosiphon

Forced Circulation

Solar Heating Support

Solar Path

Solid Fuel Boiler

Pellets

Heat Pump

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‫مالحظة‬:،‫محفوظة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫لدينا‬ ‫النشر‬ ‫حقوق‬
‫ال‬ ‫تعميم‬ ‫بهدف‬ ‫التوزيع‬ ‫و‬ ‫النسخ‬ ‫بإمكانكم‬‫فائدة‬.

ZMR THE HEATING SYSTEM

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ZMR THE HEATING SYSTEM