journal

1.
Social
Psychology
Journal
Name:
Madeline
Liew
Zhi
Qi
Student
ID:
0322150
Group:
Monday
1pm
Subject:
Social
Psychology
[PSYC0103]
Course:
FoundaKon
in
Natural
and
Built
Environment
Submission
Date:
16
November
2015
1

2. 12
September
2015
Journal
1
:
Social
Psychology
Entry
:
Social
Loafing
Social
loafing
is
one
the
roots
of
social
psychology
and
it
oRen
occurs
in
group
works.
It
is
when
people
are
prone
to
exert
less
effort
on
a
task
if
they
are
in
a
group
versus
when
they
work
alone.
They
perform
poorly
in
a
group
as
their
contribuKons
cannot
be
idenKfied
by
others.
For
instance,
my
group
member
will
slack
and
find
reasons
to
not
contribute
to
make
a
mock
up
model
for
the
project,
as
others
could
not
idenKfy
which
individual
did
most
to
the
model
itself.
Mostly
they
will
state
that
they
are
busy
with
other
issues
such
as
other
ongoing
projects
and
relaKonship
problems.
So
they
just
perform
poorly
with
poor
workmanship
and
craRsmanship,
making
the
end
product
of
our
model
is
terrible.
They
are
also
not
very
co-­‐operaKve
during
the
process
and
just
try
to
pass
the
Kme
without
doing
anything.
I
am
really
angry
with
their
aZtude
as
it
will
affect
our
end
results
but
I
could
not
help
with
it.
All
I
could
do
is
to
make
everything
by
myself
in
order
to
achieve
a
beer
results.
Although
the
outcome
is
not
as
bad
as
I
imagine,
but
it
will
be
beer
if
we
all
work
as
a
team
in
the
project.
I
learned
to
be
more
cauKous
whenever
I
need
to
find
group
members
for
a
project
as
the
they
will
affect
the
process
and
also
the
results.
I
had
experienced
social
loafing
oRen
since
I
started
my
foundaKon
year
as
most
of
the
projects
are
group
work
and
the
marks
are
even
for
each
group
member.
Most
of
them
tend
to
just
slack
and
do
not
aend
meeKng
as
their
contribuKon
towards
the
group
is
not
easy
to
idenKfy.
As
a
result,
only
one
or
two
of
the
group
mate
(normally
the
hardworking
ones,
me)
will
have
to
pick
up
all
the
tasks
and
complete
it.
It
is
a
harsh
Kme
for
me
as
I
will
think
that
I
should
also
just
behave
like
them
and
others
will
do
the
job
but
I
cannot
because
I
knew
aRer
all
this
is
a
group
project,
not
a
individual
one
that
only
affects
myself.
I
reflected
this
phenomenon
to
the
lecturer
and
she
told
us
that
it
is
normal
in
group
project.
Then
she
announced
to
our
batch
that
there
will
be
a
peer
evaluaKon
to
your
group
members,
they
only
started
to
come
to
meeKng
and
contribuKng
a
lile
because
they
do
not
want
to
get
low
grades.
They
knew
that
they
did
lile
to
the
group
so
they
tried
to
contribute
more
to
avoid
being
evaluated
with
a
low
grade.
The
group
size
also
plays
a
role
in
social
loafing.
Individuals
will
be
more
willing
to
contribute
to
a
small
group
as
they
feel
that
their
efforts
are
more
important
and
results
in
contribuKng
more.
In
a
larger
group,
the
less
individual
effort
people
will
contribute
as
the
efforts
are
not
easily
noKced
by
others.
For
example,
in
the
last
semester,
we
have
a
project
in
CreaKve
Thinking
Skills
(CTS,
a
module)
that
requires
10
of
us
to
come
up
with
a
musical
performance
with
a
given
theme,
and
doing
our
own
DIY
instruments.
In
the
beginning,
every
group
members
are
very
enthusiasKc
about
the
project
but
once
we
started
to
discuss
about
the
parKculars,
they
start
to
doze
off.
They
do
not
give
out
ideas
and
performed
badly
in
their
own
individual
instrument,
making
us
hard
to
2

3. proceed
on
the
overall
performance
sequence
as
the
sound
of
each
instrument
can
affect
the
final
outcome.
Three
of
the
group
members
just
do
not
come
to
meeKng
and
took
advantage
of
others
since
they
knew
that
the
individual
efforts
are
not
very
significant
to
the
performance.
When
we
try
to
communicate
with
them
to
work
together
as
a
team,
they
did
not
even
bother
to
reply
our
message
or
talk
to
us
face
to
face.
They
just
come
to
the
rehearsal
and
slack
around
without
paying
aenKon
to
what
we
are
doing.
In
the
end,
we
need
to
do
what
they
didn’t
so
that
we
can
have
a
beer
results
in
the
performance.
Social
loafing
in
this
project
gives
a
serious
impact
on
our
group
performance
and
efficiency
as
only
some
of
us
give
ideas
for
the
performance
itself.
As
a
result,
the
performance
was
not
as
good
as
expected
due
to
their
aZtude
towards
our
project.
To
minimize
the
effects
social
loafing,
we
create
small
groups
and
assign
each
individual
with
tasks
and
responsibiliKes
respecKvely.
With
this,
individuals
are
more
willing
to
contribute
to
the
group.
ARer
the
incident
in
CTS,
we
decided
to
spilt
tasks
evenly
and
clearly
within
the
members
in
our
next
CTS
project
to
avoid
social
loafing
from
happening.
Apparently
this
is
useful
because
every
one
knows
their
own
work
scope
so
they
will
finish
it
in
Kme
to
keep
the
process
smooth.
With
this,
everyone
is
happy
and
will
not
complain
about
others’
performance.
(829
words)
3

4. 16
September
2015
Journal
2
:
The
Self
Entry
:
MoBvaBon
What
moKvates
us?
The
joy
of
compleKng
a
difficult
task,
rewards
from
others
and
recogniKon
from
your
loved
ones.
MoKvaKon
can
help
us
boost
our
self-­‐esteem
and
perform
work
beer.
For
me,
moKvaKon
is
an
important
aspect
in
my
life
because
I
need
it
do
get
my
things
done.
Without
moKvaKon,
I
will
probably
just
lie
on
my
bed
all
day
long
and
do
nothing,
maybe
just
watch
youtube
videos
and
tv
shows.
SomeKmes
geZng
moKvaKon
is
hard
for
me
because
I
am
not
interested
in
that
parKcular
task
such
as
compleKng
my
assignments.
Basically
what
moKvates
me
most
is
the
due
date
of
the
assignment,
realising
that
I
could
not
slack
anymore
and
the
only
choice
is
to
complete
the
assignment.
MoKvaKon
is
divided
in
to
two
categories,
that
is
intrinsic
moKvaKon
and
extrinsic
moKvaKon.
Intrinsic
moKvaKon
is
what
is
arise
within
the
individual,
which
leads
us
to
be
more
engaged
and
get
pleasure
from
the
work.
It
is
your
personal
graKficaKon
from
accomplishing
something.
For
example,
when
I
get
a
good
results
from
exam,
I
feel
excited
and
get
pleasure
from
it.
So
as
a
result,
I
study
hard
to
get
good
results
and
the
pleasure
of
geZng
good
results
act
as
the
intrinsic
moKvaKon
for
myself.
This
only
works
for
me
when
I
am
doing
individual
work
because
it
is
all
completed
by
myself.
In
addiKon,
I
also
like
to
do
craRs
as
it
brings
me
joy
when
others
appreciate
my
work.
The
completed
craR
gave
me
saKsfacKon
and
happiness,
and
drives
me
to
conKnue
to
craR.
Playing
guitar
is
also
another
example
for
intrinsic
moKvaKon
of
mine.
I
pracKce
a
lot
on
my
guitar,
as
the
Kme
spent
is
far
more
that
the
Kme
I
used
to
revise
my
studies.
This
is
because
I
felt
thrilled
and
excited
whenever
I
can
play
a
song
fluently.
When
I
try
new
techniques
such
as
flamingo
and
finger
style,
I
am
very
moKvated
to
learn
because
it
can
make
me
feel
happy,
pure
joy
from
my
inner
heart.
Apart
from
that,
when
I
can
sight
read
a
tablature
without
mistakes,
I
feel
excitement
because
of
my
improvement
in
skills.
This
is
intrinsic
moKvaKon
as
I
get
joy
and
feel
pleasure
from
what
I
did
from
deep
down
my
heart.
On
the
other
hand,
extrinsic
moKvaKon
is
the
moKvaKon
that
comes
from
the
outer
self,
that
is
geZng
rewards
or
avoid
punishment
from
others.
It
also
includes
geZng
trophies,
praise,
money
and
social
recogniKon.
PuZng
it
into
an
example,
when
I
get
good
grades,
I
will
get
a
number
of
money
from
my
parents.
So,
I
study
hard
to
get
good
grades
so
that
I
can
get
the
money
and
buy
the
things
I
wanted
to.
My
parents
even
set
a
list
of
reward
for
me,
for
example
if
I
get
8A’s
for
SPM,
I
can
get
RM1500,
9A’s
I
can
get
RM2000
and
so
on.
I
find
it
very
tempKng
to
get
the
best
that
I
could
so
that
I
can
get
the
money
and
buy
an
electric
guitar
that
I
was
longing
for
a
year.
In
the
end,
I
get
11A’s
for
my
SPM
so
my
parents
rewarded
me
with
RM3000.
This
reward
is
mostly
4

5. my
moKvaKon
to
study
since
I
do
not
have
other
ways
to
get
money
to
buy
myself
something.
Although
the
reward
itself
will
make
studying
seems
like
a
task
for
me,
but
it
also
act
as
a
moKvaKon
for
me
in
most
of
the
Kme.
In
my
foundaKon
year,
I
study
hard
so
that
I
can
get
a
scholarship
for
my
degree
year
and
help
decreasing
the
burden
of
my
father
for
paying
my
educaKon
fees.
Although
the
reward
itself
will
make
studying
seems
like
a
task
for
me,
but
it
also
act
as
a
moKvaKon
for
me
in
most
of
the
Kme.
As
menKoned
earlier,
making
arts
and
craRs
is
also
driven
by
extrinsic
moKvaKon.
Most
of
my
craR
works
are
handmade
books
and
cards,
so
I
gave
my
friends
as
a
birthday
giR.
Their
reacKon
when
received
the
craR
work
is
priceless
and
that
drives
me
to
conKnue
to
work
on
my
craR
work.
Most
of
all,
their
appreciaKon
and
complement
to
my
craR
work
is
irreplaceable.
Playing
guitar
makes
me
to
be
cooler,
in
a
sense.
I
like
to
receive
posiKve
comments
from
my
family
and
friends
about
me
playing
guitar,
so
I
pracKce
harder
and
try
to
impress
them
with
my
guitar
skills.
My
relaKves
will
be
like
:
“Wow,
you
have
improved
so
much
in
just
a
month!
“
and
I
feel
very
proud
about
that.
Another
extrinsic
moKvaKon
of
playing
guitar
is
receiving
complement
from
my
guitar
teacher
as
she
always
praise
me
that
I
am
a
fast
learner.
She
also
told
me
that
I
am
her
best
student
since
she
started
teaching
guitar
six
years
ago
and
I
am
extremely
happy
about
that.
To
wrap
it
out,
things
that
I
do
mostly
have
both
intrinsic
and
extrinsic
moKvaKon,
which
makes
me
more
passionate
about
doing
them
and
would
not
feel
miserable
about
doing
it.
(847
words)
5

6. 26
September
2015
Journal
3:
Social
CogniBon
Entry:
Stereotyping
Everyone
has
a
schema
in
their
mind,
which
leads
to
stereotyping.
Stereotype
is
a
fixed
belief
over
a
parKcular
group
of
people.
Stereotype
can
be
posiKve
and
negaKve,
depending
on
the
situaKon.
Actually
stereotyping
has
advantage
as
the
brain
can
process
the
informaKon
in
a
short
period
of
Kme
and
respond
fast
as
we
had
similar
situaKon
before,
but
this
leads
to
the
disadvantage
of
stereotype,
that
is
making
assumpKons
and
ignore
the
differences
between
individuals.
Most
of
the
stereotypes
are
based
on
gender,
ethnicity,
or
occupaKon,
which
are
common
in
our
society.
For
instance,
society
will
think
that
women
should
just
marry
a
wealthy
guy
and
be
a
housewife
and
being
a
teacher
cannot
earn
much
money.
While
the
schema
of
our
mind
builds
up,
it
is
hard
to
change
or
let
go.
Stereotyping
is
actually
processing
limited
informaKon
that
we
can
get
and
conclude
others.
Some
examples
such
as
‘Tall
guys
must
play
basketball’,
‘Design
students
are
dressed
up
so
fashion’
‘Asians
love
to
eat
rice’
and
‘Nerds
wear
glasses
and
stay
indoors
all
the
Kme.’
This
may
be
misleading,
but
somehow
true
in
some
circumstances.
The
schema
forms
when
we
saw
arKcles
online,
chaZng
with
friends
about
certain
topics
and
any
situaKon
that
involves
the
object.
For
example,
the
news
always
reported
that
the
terrorists
are
from
Arab,
so
I
automaKcally
categorize
them
into
Muslims.
In
fact,
they
are
not
Muslims
but
are
just
terrorists,
without
any
specific
religion.
Besides
that,
I
always
thought
that
tall
people
are
good
in
basketball,
but
some
of
my
tall
friends
does
not
even
play
sports.
When
you
lack
of
informaKon
about
the
person,
you
will
judge
them
based
on
what
you
know,
leading
to
stereotyping.
This
commonly
happen
when
you
first
meet
a
people.
It
can
help
reduce
the
amount
of
processing
that
we
need
to
when
we
meet
a
new
person.
For
example,
when
I
saw
somebody
drinking
Starbucks
and
I
will
automaKcally
categorise
them
into
rich
guys.
As
to
me,
Starbucks
is
something
that
is
expensive
and
not
value
for
money.
Another
common
example
such
as
‘Chinese
are
good
in
maths’
are
consider
posiKve
stereotype,
but
will
bring
negaKve
impacts
to
some
individuals.
This
happens
to
my
cousin
who
is
studying
in
InternaKonal
School
and
was
weak
in
Maths.
This
causes
him
to
have
pressure
in
Maths
because
his
friends
think
that
he’s
chinese,
so
he
should
score
well
in
Maths.
In
order
to
fit
in
the
stereotype,
he
need
to
do
extra
revision
for
Maths.
Apart
from
the
negaKve
stereotype,
my
friends
like
to
joke
that
I
am
a
typical
chinese,
as
I
love
to
eat
rice,
good
in
maths
and
likes
to
listen
to
chinese
songs.
I
feel
nothing
about
it
as
it
does
not
affect
my
life
and
I
admit
that
I
really
love
to
eat
rice.
6

7. When
I
told
my
friends
that
I’m
studying
in
Taylor’s
University,
they
will
be
“Wow
you
must
be
a
rich
kid
and
party
all
day
long!”
and
I’m
always
annoyed
with
this
statement.
This
is
not
true
and
they
just
assume
to
what
they
know
in
their
mind.
They
assume
that
I’m
in
‘Taylor’s
University’
group,
so
I
should
share
the
common
traits
-­‐
‘rich
kids’
and
‘spoiled
brat’.
I
couldn’t
blame
them
as
I
also
have
this
schema
in
mind
when
I’m
not
the
students
of
Taylor’s
University.
ARer
I
become
one
of
Taylor’s
University
student,
I
then
realised
that
the
rich
kids
are
only
a
minority
of
the
university.
Not
every
one
in
Taylor’s
University
are
rich
as
most
of
us
are
just
normal
as
others.
Some
students
even
struggle
to
pay
for
the
tuiKon
fees,
so
we
should
not
just
assume
other
people
based
on
the
stereotype
that
we
have
in
mind.
It
is
just
the
lake
that
makes
Taylor’s
University
looks
more
expensive
than
other
university.
My
friend
from
Beijing,
China
(Yu
Meng)
has
a
stereotype
about
Malaysia,
which
is
an
undeveloped
country
and
people
sKll
live
on
trees.
Furthermore,
they
think
that
Malaysians
are
all
Malay
but
in
fact
Malaysia
is
a
mulKracial
country
that
have
Malay,
Chinese,
Indian
and
others.
She
is
shocked
that
I
know
how
to
speak
and
write
Chinese
fluently
because
of
her
stereotype
over
Malaysian.
On
the
other
hand,
I
have
a
stereotype
over
China
people
that
is
rude,
very
rude.
It
applies
to
most
of
them
as
they
really
do
not
respect
other
people.
They
always
think
that
there
are
the
greatest
people
in
the
world,
so
they
do
not
pay
aenKon
to
others.
When
I
visit
Beijing,
the
waitress
there
also
suits
the
common
stereotype
that
I
had
in
mind,
so
it
further
strengthen
the
image
of
rude
people
of
China.
Only
some
of
them
are
respecqul
to
visitors
and
that
includes
Yu
Meng.
My
parents
always
had
a
gender
stereotype,
that
I
am
a
female,
so
I
should
become
a
teacher,
doctor,
or
maybe
pharmacist.
For
my
brother,
my
parents
hoped
that
they
should
pursue
in
the
engineering
or
accounKng
field
because
they
think
that
this
best
suits
a
men.
When
I
told
them
I
would
like
to
pursue
architect
as
my
future
career,
they
were
shocked
as
they
have
in
mind
that
all
architects
are
dominant
by
male.
Female
is
hard
to
get
in
to
the
field.
I
tried
to
persuade
them
with
fact
that
I
have
interest
in
this
field,
but
they
told
me
that
they
need
some
Kme
to
think
about
it.
Finally,
they
changed
their
stereotype
over
architects
aRer
their
research
to
this
field.
(922
words)
7

8. 4
October
2015
Journal
4
:
Social
PercepBon
Entry
:
ConfirmaBon
Bias
People
always
seek
people
that
have
the
same
thought
or
opinion
with
themselves,
and
agree
with
them
as
they
share
the
same
view.
We
tend
to
selecKvely
search
the
informaKon
that
confirms
our
belief
and
filters
out
the
informaKon
that
does
not
support
our
belief.
It
is
a
selecKve
thinking
that
is
known
as
confirmaKon
bias.
Back
in
my
secondary
school,
I
always
felt
that
my
teacher
dislike
me.
So,
I
found
evidence
such
as
my
marks
are
always
lower
than
my
desk
mate,
although
the
answer
more
or
less
is
the
same
and
he
always
tried
to
embarrass
me
during
his
class
by
asking
me
tough
quesKons.
Days
passed
and
I
sKll
felt
the
same
feeling
that
he
dislike
me.
Maybe
it
is
because
of
my
aZtude
towards
him
and
the
way
I
behave
in
his
class?
I
do
not
feel
anything
wrong
about
myself
aRer
I
realising
that
it
is
my
own
confirmaKon
bias
toward
the
teacher.
We
surround
ourselves
with
informaKon
that
matches
our
beliefs
so
that
we
feel
beer.
My
brother
is
an
Apple
fan
boy,
and
he
bought
all
Apple
products
despite
that
it
is
over
priced
all
the
Kme.
Although
he
knew
that
other
computer
has
a
beer
specificaKons
such
as
processor,
hard
disk
and
others,
he
sKll
buys
the
Apple
product
because
he
insists
that
Apple
has
a
beer
operaKng
system
and
longer
lifespan.
He
always
argued
that
Android
phones
are
just
copycat
that
copies
whatever
Apple
releases,
but
that
is
not
the
truth
anyway.
In
fact,
some
features
that
Apple
that
were
released
recently
was
the
feature
the
Android
had
years
ago.
ARer
all,
he
was
a
vicKm
of
confirmaKon
bias
where
he
just
selecKvely
pick
up
the
informaKon
that
he
needed
to
support
his
belief
towards
Apple
products.
He
could
not
accept
other
informaKon
that
is
not
posiKve
to
Apple
products,
so
he
always
stays
in
his
own
bubble,
imagining
that
Apple
is
the
best
IT
brand
for
all.
Another
common
confirmaKon
bias
that
most
people
have
in
mind,
including
myself
is
that
leR-­‐
handed
people
are
more
creaKve
than
right-­‐handed
people.
Most
of
the
Kme
my
leRy
friends
are
all
talented
in
arts
and
music,
which
give
me
more
evidence
about
this
belief.
Only
a
few
of
them
are
not
that
creaKve,
but
I
just
neglected
their
existence
to
support
my
belief
that
leRy
are
more
creaKve.
On
the
other
hand,
some
of
my
leR-­‐handed
friends
were
surprisingly
good
in
arts
so
actually
this
belief
is
actually
just
a
bias.
Now,
I
do
not
have
this
bias
in
my
mind
as
I
know
it
just
resemble
a
majority
of
leRy,
but
not
all
of
them.
Another
confirmaKon
bias
that
is
really
common
is
judging
people
over
their
astrology
zodiac
signs.
Whenever
I
meet
another
people,
I
will
ask
their
astrology
signs
and
starts
to
interpret
them,
“Virgo?
Then
you
must
be
a
perfecKonist!”
“Pisces
must
be
oversensiKve
and
indecisive.”
“Libra
woman
is
charming
and
elegant”
and
“Taurus
is
loyal
but
stubborn”.
All
of
these
are
the
common
traits
that
I
had
in
mind
while
I
start
to
research
more
about
zodiac
signs.
ARer
some
Kme,
I
found
8

9. out
that
actually
most
of
the
zodiac
signs’
statement
was
general
that
can
be
used
by
every
one.
Some
of
my
friends
are
very
into
zodiac
signs
and
they
will
act
just
like
what
the
sign
says
about
them.
Actually,
we
just
tend
to
selecKvely
find
informaKons
that
suits
our
characterisKc
and
be
happy
with
it.
Eventually
aRer
realising
that
I
am
not
a
typical
Virgo
but
rather
more
to
a
bit
of
here
and
there,
I
am
sKll
happy.
Last
year,
I
interviewed
for
a
waitress
job
in
a
cafe
that
was
run
by
an
older
generaKon
of
Chinese.
She
approved
my
interview
easily
because
I
am
a
Chinese
as
well.
While
I
worked
there,
I
found
out
that
there
was
no
Malays
are
working
in
the
cafe
and
I
am
curious
about
it.
I
asked
the
boss
and
she
told
me
that
Malays
are
lazy,
so
she
do
not
employed
any
Malays
in
the
cafe.
This
is
a
confirmaKon
bias
to
Malays
as
not
all
Malays
are
lazy,
but
she
selecKvely
collects
the
informaKon
that
confirms
that
Malays
are
lazy
to
strengthen
her
own
belief.
I
tried
to
give
her
some
posiKve
example
about
the
hardworking
Malays,
but
she
refuses
to
accept
it.
People
like
to
be
told
what
they
already
know,
because
they
get
uncomfortable
when
we
tell
them
new
things.
It
is
hard
to
change
someone’s
mind
over
their
belief,
as
they
are
not
willing
to
step
out
from
their
comfort
zone.
Most
of
the
confirmaKon
bias
is
formed
by
stubbornness
of
an
individual
who
declines
any
informaKon
that
will
reject
his
belief,
but
it
could
be
changed
by
listening
to
other
opinions
(in
the
case
that
you
are
open
minded
for
new
informaKon).
Seeking
out
contradictory
ideas
and
opinions
with
your
belief
can
also
avoid
confirmaKon
bias.
For
example,
I
once
believed
that
there
are
living
things
in
the
outer
space
(the
aliens)
because
I
saw
many
scienKfic
arKcles
that
confirms
there
are
living
symbols
in
other
planets.
Some
do
not
agree
with
the
scienKfic
arKcles
and
they
gave
me
other
informaKon
that
state
that
there
are
no
aliens
in
the
outer
space.
As
a
results,
siZng
on
a
fence
is
a
best
choice
for
me
as
it
is
not
confirmed
yet
by
the
professionals.
(909
words)
9

10. 15
October
2015
Journal
5:
AJtudes
Entry
:
Operant
CondiBoning
Operant
condiKoning
is
by
using
reinforcement
or
punishment
to
strengthen
or
weaken
a
parKcular
behaviour.
Both
reinforcement
and
punishment
is
divided
into
negaKve
and
posiKve.
NegaKve
means
that
something
is
taken
away
aRer
a
behaviour,
and
posiKve
means
that
something
is
added
aRer
a
behaviour.
Whenever
I
fight
with
my
brother,
my
parents
will
punish
us
for
being
misbehaved.
We
all
ended
up
being
cane
for
30
Kmes,
and
it
really
does
hurt
because
she
caned
on
both
hands
and
legs.
This
posiKve
punishment
made
us
not
dare
to
fight
with
each
other
anymore
due
to
the
cane
that
we
received
as
a
‘giR’.
One
more
hilarious
incident
that
I
had
during
standard
three,
that
is
during
my
brother
and
I
fighKng
over
for
the
console
to
play
Play
StaKon
(PS),
my
father
appeared
from
nowhere
and
just
shut
down
the
main
power
switch.
Then,
he
took
away
our
beloved
PS
and
hid
it
somewhere
in
the
house.
As
a
punishment
for
not
being
considerate
to
siblings,
he
forbidden
us
to
play
PS
for
two
week,
which
is
really
torturing
for
us
at
that
age.
The
negaKve
punishment
really
makes
me
think
twice
as
I
should
treat
my
brother
well
and
not
fight
with
each
other
anymore.
Just
like
typical
asian
family,
my
parents
always
have
high
expectaKons
towards
my
results.
When
I
am
in
standard
two,
we
have
spelling
test
each
week
that
includes
ten
phrases.
If
I
get
one
mistaken,
I
will
be
caned
for
one
Kme.
I
am
so
Kred
of
this
and
I
do
not
dare
to
show
my
parents
the
spelling
test
results
as
I
will
be
caned
by
them.
The
worst
part
is
that
they
do
not
cane
me
aRer
a
single
test,
they
like
to
accumulate
the
number
of
cane
it
and
cane
me
when
the
mistake
exceeds
ten
Kmes.
The
posiKve
punishment
makes
me
to
study
harder
so
that
I
would
not
be
caned
by
my
parents
anymore.
When
I
am
seven,
my
english
is
not
good
enough
to
communicate
with
others.
To
improve
my
english,
my
father
set
up
a
day
for
english
every
week,
that
is
Sunday
(‘English
day’)
which
we
must
speak
english
a
whole
day
and
we
can
get
one
ringgit
at
the
end
of
the
day.
One
ringgit
mean
much
to
me
because
at
that
Kme
we
could
buy
a
bowl
of
noodles
with
one
ringgit.
This
acKvity
lasted
for
at
least
five
years
in
my
memory
and
the
reward
increases
by
one
ringgit
every
two
years.
If
we
failed
to
do
so,
we
were
punished
to
write
a
400
words
english
essay
about
the
day.
To
avoid
the
punishment
and
get
the
rewards,
we
tried
our
best
to
speak
english
to
all
our
family
members.
Although
we
were
speaking
broken
english
at
that
Kme,
my
father
helped
to
correct
our
grammar
so
that
we
can
improve
our
english.
Apparently
this
‘English
day’
really
improved
my
english
speaking
skills
day
by
day.
Another
example
that
I
had
for
posiKve
reinforcement
is
also
my
results.
My
parents
will
give
me
a
reward
for
scoring
well
in
the
final
exam.
This
is
when
I
was
in
primary
school,
if
my
average
marks
10

11. are
improved
by
five
marks,
they
will
reward
me
by
taking
me
to
a
day
trip
to
amusement
park.
In
secondary
school,
they
reward
me
by
buying
me
things
I
like,
such
as
books
and
craR
materials.
This
posiKvely
reinforced
my
act
to
study
harder
so
that
I
can
get
things
that
I
wanted
to
get.
When
my
dad
adopted
a
dog,Jojo
,
he
assigned
me
to
train
the
dog.
The
way
I
trained
the
dog
is
also
an
operant
condiKoning.
I
trained
it
to
offer
a
paw
to
me
when
I
say
‘Hand’,
if
Jojo
did
offer
a
paw,
Jojo
will
get
a
treat
for
it.
The
other
training
for
Jojo
is
also
the
same,
if
it
did
well,
I
reward
him
with
a
treat,
someKmes
with
a
toy.
If
it
misbehaved,
I
will
give
punishment
by
not
giving
toys
to
Jojo.
Same
goes
to
paZng
and
playing
with
Jojo.
if
it
behave
well
that
day,
I
will
reinforce
the
behaviour
(well
behaved)
by
playing
with
Jojo.
In
addiKon,
operant
condiKoning
is
used
in
everyday
life
to
reinforce
our
posiKve
behaviour.
This
can
be
seen
through
the
example
of
working
on
Kme.
When
I
worked
at
the
cafe
last
year,
I
went
to
the
cafe
on
Kme
and
perform
well
in
the
tasks.
I
am
efficient
as
I
washed
the
dishes
within
the
limited
Kme
frame
and
cleaned
the
plates
off
the
table
within
a
short
Kme.
In
the
end
of
the
month,
my
boss
rewarded
me
with
a
salary
bonus.
This
is
a
posiKve
reinforcement
that
reinforced
my
behaviour
to
work
efficiently
in
order
to
receive
a
salary
bonus
next
month.
ARer
learning
about
operant
condiKoning
,
I
realised
that
the
government
also
uses
operant
condiKoning
to
drivers.
When
I
drive
faster
than
the
speed
limit,
I
receive
a
300
ringgit
penalty
from
the
government.
This
is
a
negaKve
punishment
to
me
as
I
need
to
pay
the
penalty
and
I
lose
the
money.
ARer
the
incident,
I
drove
accordingly
to
ensure
that
I
will
not
receive
anymore
penalty
from
the
government.
To
me,
operant
condiKoning
is
a
good
way
to
teach
an
individual
as
it
oRen
occurs
in
my
childhood.
I
think
that
this
does
not
bring
much
harm
to
the
individual
except
if
the
punishment
is
dreadful
and
it
will
cause
them
to
have
trauma.
In
my
opinion,
the
punishment
is
not
necessarily
hurKng
the
individual
and
the
reinforcement
is
not
always
about
giving
what
the
individual
wants.
(944
words)
11