Preganglionic sympathetic neurons and postganglionic sympathetic neur.pdf

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Preganglionic sympathetic neurons and postganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse at the ______ parasympathetic ganglion autonomic plexus sympathetic ganglion dorsal root ganglion thoracolumbar spinal cord Solution Sympathetic ganglion. The shorter preganglionic neurons originate from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord specially at T1 to L2-L3 and travel to a sympathetic ganglion, often one of the paravertebral ganglia, where they synapse with a post ganglionic neurons extend across most of the body. Preganglionic nerves from the spinal cord synapse at one of the chain ganglia, and the postganglionic fiber extends to an effector organ..

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Can anyone explain the common steps and differences of virus synthesis in simpler terms? I am most confused about the steps of viral synthesis within the host’s cell. How does it differ between viruses that contain different types of RNA and DNA (ex. ss-, ss+ or ds). Solution In virology, mRNA is said to be plus (+) configuration and its complement is said to be minus (-) configuration. Positive strand viruses begin with translation to produce replicase. However they only make more positive than negative strand so it can\'t act as template (primer-like Ad) eg poliovirus Difference between ss (single stranded) and ds (double stranded) virus is that in ds RNA cell has no enzyme to transcribe RNA into mRNA. Virus carries its own polymerase. eg. Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae. In ss RNA (having +polarity) cell carries RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. dsRNA is transcribed to mRNA by host cell polymerase. eg. retrovirus -ssRNA using viral RdRP (RNA dependent RNA polymerase) makes +ssRNA. This ssRNA makes viral proteins using host ribosomes. On other hand +ssRNA using this viral RdRP makes - ssRNA and also viral proteins. Virus synthesis in host cells can be described in following steps: 1. attachment and adsorption of virus to its host cell 2. penetration and uncoating of virus cover in the host cell 3. early viral mRNA synthesis and protein synthesis like polymerase enzyme 4. replication of viral genome 5. late viral mRNA and protein synthesis (maturation) 6. self-assembly and release of newly formed virus from the host cell as infectious particle.

Can anyone explain the common steps and differences of virus synthes.pdf

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B. Wildcat Plumbing Supply Inc.: Do We Have Gender Differences? Wildcat Plumbing Supply has served the plumbing needs of Southwest Arizona for more than 40 years. The company was founded by Mr. Terrence St. Julian and is run today by his son Cory. The company has grown from a handful of employees to more than 500 today. Cory is concerned about several positions within the company where he has men and women doing essentially the same job but at different pay. To investigate, he collected the information below. Suppose you are a student intern in the Accounting Department and have been given the task to write a report summarizing the situation. To kick off the project, Mr. Cory St. Julian held a meeting with his staff and you were invited. At this meeting, it was suggested that you calculate several measures of location, create charts or draw graphs such as a cumulative frequency distribution, and determine the quartiles for both men and women. Develop the charts and write the report summarizing the yearly salaries of employees at Wildcat Plumbing Supply. Does it appear that there are pay differences based on gender? Use the data from the case: Write a report to Mr. Cory St. Julian addressing the case issues. Include in your report whether you think there is a problem and any suggestions you might have. 40 pts - correct and thorough analysis including calculated measures, charts and distributions. Solution.

B. Wildcat Plumbing Supply Inc. Do We Have Gender DifferencesWil.pdf

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Answer and explain. •In an organism with a diploid chromosome number of 2n=4 , assuming no crossing over, after meiosis: 1)How many genetically different gametes could be formed? 2)How many genetically different zygotes could be formed following the fertilization? 3)Answer 1) and 2) if 2n=6. Solution 1). If no crossing over occurs, all the gametes produced are similar to the parent. 2). Assuming no crossing over occurs after meiosis, all the zygotes formed are genetically identical..

Answer and explain.•In an organism with a diploid chromosome numbe.pdf

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2) To study protein localization signals you engineered a yeast strain that lacks two non- essential genes: 1) DNAide and Timolase. replaced each endogenous gene with recombinant forms that encode modified localization signals. A) DNAide is critical for DNA repair following damage by UV light. The encoded amino acid sequence of each localization signal within the modified DNAide gene is indicated in MMS FVSLLLVGILFWTA.. the figure to the right. Predict how expression of the modified protein will impact yeast viability following exposure to UV light. Be sure to NA TT COOH justify your answer in the context of where the modified protein will NH localize within the cell. (4 points) KKKRK. B) Timolase is normally localized inside the mitochondria where it helps to maintain proper H balance. This enables sufficient energy production for cell growth when yeast are exposed to acidic environments. The localization signals for the MLSLROSIRFFKPATRTLCSSRYLL.... modified Timolase gene indicated in the figure to the right. Predict L COOH how yeast growth will be impacted when cultures are grown NH Timolase media. Be sure to justify your answer in the i pH 3 modified context of where the KDEL (4 points protein will localize within the cell. (4 points) Solution Answer: 2. (A) KKKRK is a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and proteins containing this sequence are imported into the cell nucleus through nuclear transport. Thus, the modified DNAide containing the KKKRK sequence will be localized in the nucleus. So, it can act as a DNA repair protein upon DNA damage following UV exposure and help the cell to survive. (B) KDEL sequence when present prevents the secretion of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It can also target proteins from other sites to the ER and can leave the ER only when the sequence is removed. The protein timolase is present inside the mitochondria and help maintain H+ balance. The modified protein contains the KDEL sequence which targets and limits the modified timolase to the ER. Thus, the protein can no longer maintain the H+ balance in the cell. At acidic pH of 3, most of the proteins and enzymes inside the cell gets denatured. This may lead to intracellular acidification and ultimately death of the cells by the ROS pathway..

2) To study protein localization signals you engineered a yeast strai.pdf

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42. The splanchnic nerves A) innervate the adrenal medulla B) are part of the sympathetic system C) usually synapse at collateral ganglia D) all of the above E) B and C only Solution The answer is D. All of the above. The splanchnic nerves are paired visceral nerves (nerves that contribute to the innervation of internal organs). They carry fibres of the Autonomic Nervous System - most of them carry Sympathetic fibres except the Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves which carry the parasympathetic fibres. The greater thoracic splanchnic nerves provide the sympathetic innervation to the adrenal medulla, stimulating catecholamine release. These thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse in collateral ganglia as the CELIAC AND SUPERIOR MESENTERIC GANGLIA..

42. The splanchnic nerves A) innervate the adrenal medulla B) are par.pdf

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________ is NOT a common cause for maintenance insomnia. Stress Eating late at night Substance abuse Psychological disorder RLS is characterized by differences in functioning. endorphin GAQA serotonin dopamine Muscle paralysis with lingers with narcolepsy once the person awakes can be resolved by. feeding the person touching the person letting The person smell the scent of lavender whispering to the person After a period of most coma patients recover, move to a vegetative state, or die. 2 to 3 days 5 days 1 week 2 to 4 weeks Solution 13) Is not a common cause for maintenance insomnia B)eating late at night Insomnia is a sleep disorder, people have trouble sleeping. Psychological stress, chronic pain, heart failure, heartburn, restless leg syndrome, hyperthyroidism, menopause, drugs such as caffeine, alcohol and nicotine etc are responsible for insomnia. So, eating late at night cannot cause insomnia. 14) Muscle paralysis that lingers with narcolepsy once the person awakes can be resolved by B) Touching the person Patients with narcolepsy will experience sleep paralysis or muscle paralysis, when the person is awakens, just touch them to end the paralysis. 17) RLS is characterized by differences in functioning D) Dopamine Here the person will have uncomfortable sensations deep in the legs developing at rest. He cannot move and is worst at night with sleep disturbance. It is believed that RLS is due to functional disturbance of dopamine neurotransmission in case of subcortical areas of the brain. 18)After a period of------most coma patients recover, move to a vegetative state or die D)2 to 4 weeks It has been observed that coma rarely lasts more than 4 weeks. During this period some patients move from coma to the vegetative state or some may regain partial consciousness or some may die..

________ is NOT a common cause for maintenance insomnia. Stress Eat.pdf

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Write a simple JavaScript program in which the user selects choices from some of the following: checkboxes, radiobuttons, pushbuttons, selections lists, and then the user clicks a submit button, which then prints the choices that the use selected. Very simple JavaScript. Solution Male Female Other Javascript - function validate() { var val=document.getElementByName(\"gender\"); alert(\"you selected\"+val); }.

Write a simple JavaScript program in which the user selects choices .pdf

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Write code to: open and read from a file called numbers this file contains a comma-separated list of numbers (example: 4, 5, 0, 3, 2, 1, 0, 7) count the number of \"Os\" in the file print the result to a file called output (example: the file contained 2 zeros) Use exception handling to handle the lO Exceptions. (Do not use \"throws lO Exception\") Solution import java.util.*; import java.io.File; import java.io.IOException; public class ReadFile { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { Scanner textfile = new Scanner(new File(\"Some_Numbers.txt\")); filereader(textfile); } static void filereader(Scanner textfile) { int i = 0; int sum = 0; while(i <= 19) { System.out.println(textfile.nextInt()); sum = sum + textfile.nextInt(); i++; } } }.

Write code to open and read from a file called numbers this file c.pdf

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Why does Staphylococcus probably cause more contamination than Pro Peon Barnum even though most people have higher numbers of the Lauer? Are most agar plates incubated aerobically or anaerobically? Prepare a flowchart that would help you identify your skin biota isolates. Solution The Staphylococcus and Propionibacterium are part of normal microflora of the human skin. Staphylococcus colonizes at various part of the skin as skin comensal, but it can act as opportunistic pathogen when it breaches skin surface and enters the bloodstream. Both organisms are related and can be isolated from the infected part of the skin. Propionibacterium causes mild infections related with skin, but post infectious stage becomes complicated due to the contamination with Staphylococcus. The Propionibacterium is an anaerobic aerotolerent which colonizes mainly on pilosebaceous follicles of the skin. The cellular damages and metabolic byproducts due to the rapid growth of Propionibacterium in the follicle induces the inflammatory reactions in the skin. Later this inflammation makes the affected tissues or cells more susceptible for the colonization of Staphylococcus. It can leads to more complicated chronic stages of infections. The Propionibacterium can rolerate exposure to oxygen for several hours and is capable to survive invitro under anaerobic conditions up to 8 months. Due to the oxygen tolerant charecteristic, Propionibacterium is not reliably detected by aerobic culture because of slow growth. To increase the detection in cultures, it is necessary to make a prolonged aerobic and anaerobic incubation to 14 days in thioglycolate medium and routinely subcultured to agar plates..

Why does Staphylococcus probably cause more contamination than Pro Pe.pdf

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Which is the correct formula for Interest Coverage Ratio? Question 13 options: Net income / Interest expense Interest income / Interest expense Earnings before interest and taxes / Interest expense Earnings before taxes / Interest expense Net income / Interest expense Interest income / Interest expense Earnings before interest and taxes / Interest expense Earnings before taxes / Interest expense Solution Interest Coverage ratio = Earnings before interest and tax / Interest Expense Earnings before Interest and Tax =Sales – Cost of goods sold –Administrative expense – Depreciation Or Earnings before Interest and Tax = Net Income + Taxes + Interest Expense Example: Suppose Earnings before interest and tax is 50000 and Interest expense is 10000, Then Interest coverage ratio will be 5. [Calculation shown below] Interest Coverage ratio = Earnings before interest and tax / Interest Expense = 50000 / 10000 = 5.

Which is the correct formula for Interest Coverage RatioQuestion .pdf

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Which of the following statements is TRUE for an organism that has an alternation of generations life cycle:Diploid adults directly produce sexual cells that fuse during the process of fertilization. Solution The correct answer is :There are two different forms of fully mature adults, and the two forms cannot mate with one another. Reason: The two different forms of fully matured adults are the sporophyte(2n) and the gametophyte(n) that do not mate with one another..

Which of the following statements is TRUE for an organism that has a.pdf

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what is a trans isomerSolutiontrans isomer is a form of geomet.pdf

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A) explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymphoma\'s? B) State the prognosis for person with stage one and stage IV hodgkin\'s lymphoma and explain your reasoning. A) explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymphoma\'s? B) State the prognosis for person with stage one and stage IV hodgkin\'s lymphoma and explain your reasoning. A) explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymphoma\'s? B) State the prognosis for person with stage one and stage IV hodgkin\'s lymphoma and explain your reasoning. Solution (A) abnormal lympocytes in lymphoma interfere with immune response, Impared production of antibodies in lymphoma\'s is a reason why infections are seen frequently..

A) explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymp.pdf

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What are the benefits and major problems of the fiscal policy and monetary policy? Solution Fiscal Policy Benefits Problems If use Government spending, can direct spending towards areas in need (e.g. infrastructure, education, etc.), and make investments for the future. Knowledge problems (regarding the current state of the economy; regarding the amount of an expansion or contraction needed, etc.) Using a balanced budget can provide a stimulus without adding to the government budget deficit. Government budget deficits (though there’s disagreement regarding the extent to which deficits are a problem) While fiscal policy may lead to government deficits/debt, we should look at debt/GDP ratio. As only as GDP grows, it can bring down the debt/GDP ratio. Time lags (particularly on the front end of the process) Can use “green” taxes to discourage polluting activities. Some crowding out (extent depends on how close the economy is to full employment) Tax rebates may be spent on imports, thus leaking out of the circular flow. Actions of state and local governments may counteract the federal fiscal stimulus (or contraction). Growing the GDP to bring down the debt/GDP ratio can compromise environmental sustainability. What if we have stagnation + inflation? Could exacerbate inflation Monetary Policy Benefits Problems Can be initiated immediately Knowledge problems (regarding the current state of the economy; regarding the amount of an expansion or contraction needed, etc.) No government budget deficits Time lags (particularly response lags) Expansionary policy leading to depreciating currency can stimulate exports (at least for businesses that do not rely on importing their inputs). Can’t direct the spending (to particular uses, e.g. infrastructure), and spending may be done in wasteful ways, e.g. speculation, mergers and acquisitions. The Fed is theoretically insulated from the political process Very low interest rates can foster speculative activities (such as Japan’s yen carry trade.) Fed’s change in interest rate is applied nationally – some areas in the country might not need the stimulus, while states with high unemployment might need the stimulus. Reluctant lenders (Banks may be unwilling to lend, especially if overwhelmed by bad loans on the books) Reluctant borrowers (pushing on a string) (Firms may be reluctant to borrow, especially if expectations of future sales and profits are low.) Limit of r=0%, liquidity trap While government doesn’t incur debt, the private sector is encouraged to borrow and take on debt. What if we have stagnation + inflation? Could exacerbate inflation Benefits Problems If use Government spending, can direct spending towards areas in need (e.g. infrastructure, education, etc.), and make investments for the future. Knowledge problems (regarding the current state of the economy; regarding the amount of an expansion or contraction needed, etc.) Using a balanced budget can provide a stimulus without adding to the government.

What are the benefits and major problems of the fiscal policy and mo.pdf

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This is for my immunology course. I am struggling to understand this question.... 1. Describe the types of antigens that Immunoglobulins are able to bind to and eliminate. Solution T-independent Antigens T-independent antigens are antigens which can directly stimulate the B cells to produce antibody without the requirement for T cell help In general, polysaccharides are T-independent antigens. The responses to these antigens differ from the responses to other antigens. Properties of T-independent antigens 1. Polymeric structure These antigens are characterized by the same antigenic determinant repeated many times . 2. Polyclonal activation of B cells Many of these antigens can activate B cell clones specific for other antigens (polyclonal activation). T-independent antigens can be subdivided into Type 1 and Type 2 based on their ability to polyclonally activate B cells. Type 1 T-independent antigens are polyclonal activators while Type 2 are not. 3. Resistance to degradation T-independent antigens are generally more resistant to degradation and thus they persist for longer periods of time and continue to stimulate the immune system. B. T-dependent Antigens T-dependent antigens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of antibody without the help of T cells. Proteins are T-dependent antigens. Structurally these antigens are characterized by a few copies of many different antigenic determinants Hope that answers the question should u need any further clarification kindly do tell and comment.

This is for my immunology course. I am struggling to understand this.pdf

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The superior portion of the sternum it the ____. glenoid fossa body manubrium xiphoid process All of the following are synovial joints except: interphalangeal temporomandibular a tooth in its boney socket elbow shoulder The sella turcica belongs to which bone? Mandible Sphenold Ethmoid Temporal Frontal Solution Answer: 4. The superior portion of the sternum is manubrium. Sternum is the breastbone, which is located in the center of the chest, consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process. 5. All the given joints are synovial joints except a tooth in its bony socket. The synovial joints of bones are characterized by containing joint cavity which is filled with synovial fluid. However, tooth are holds in socket by a ligament. 6. The sella turcica belongs to sphenoid bone. The sella turcica is a depression in the sphenoid bone of the human skull which holds the pituitary gland..

The superior portion of the sternum it the ____. glenoid fossa body.pdf

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The half-life of a particular element is 410 days. What is its decay constant? Solution let initial number of atoms is N0. let decay constant be lambda. in that case, at any time, remaining number of atoms is given as N(t)=N0*exp(-lambda*t) half life is defined as time interval after which number of particle remaining becomes 50% of the original value. hence N(T)=N0/2 if T=half life ==>N0/2=N0*exp(-lambda*T) ==>1/2=exp(-lambda*T) ==>ln(1/2)=-lambda*T ==>-ln(2)=-lambda*T ==>lambda=ln(2)/T given that T=410 days= 410*24*3600 seconds=35424000 seconds ==>lambda=ln(2)/T= 0.693/35424000 = 1.956*10^(-8) per second.

The half-life of a particular element is 410 days. What is its decay.pdf

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Suppose events A and B are mutually exclusive and at least one of th.pdf

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Q1. Why are the birds discussed in this lab called Darwin\'s finches? Charles Darwin named them Geospiza leodarwini in honor of his son Leonard. They come from the Darwin archipelago off the coast of Ecuador. Charles Darwin collected the first scientific specimens. John Gould placed them in the genus Darwinospiza. Q2. A medium ground finch\'s ability to survive often depends on its beak size primarily because: Birds with bigger beaks are socially dominant and therefore get the best nest sites. Beak size determines which seeds a finch can eat and how efficiently it can eat them. Longer beaks make better weapons, which the birds use to defend themselves against predators. Larger-beaked finches experience higher mating success. Q3. Which statement best describes the pattern of natural selection on beak size? Deep beaks are favored in dry years, while shallow beaks are favored in wet years. Selection favors birds with bigger beaks. Selection favors birds with smaller beaks. Shallow beaks are favored in large populations, while deep beaks are favored in small populations. Q4. What can happen to our virtual finch population if the weather changes between wet and dry conditions too rapidly? The mutation rate may fall to zero. The distribution of beak sizes may cease to be bimodal. The finch population may go extinct. Beak size may cease to affect survival. Q5. What happened to beak depths in the virtual finch population when selection on beak depth was eliminated (selection strength = 0) and mutation rate for alleles determining beak depth was greater than zero? Average beak depth consistently increased. Average beak depth consistently decreased. The range in beak depths (largest to smallest) became larger. The range in beak depths became smaller. Q6. The Correlated Traits exercise shows that: When two characters are correlated, selection always favors larger values for both or smaller values for both. When two characters are correlated, one of them can evolve toward higher values even if smaller values are better for survival. When two characters are correlated, selection is always strong on both or weak on both. When two characters are correlated, the optimal values and selection strengths rise and fall together. Q7. In the Mountains and Valleys exercise, which of the following parameters had the largest influence on whether the finch population evolved a bimodal distribution? The speed at which the model ran. The difference in carrying capacity between the wet versus dry sides of the island. The number of chicks each pair of parents produced each year. How far the birds flew when looking for a mate. Q8. The final exercise, Large and Small Seeds, showed that: In the absence of geographic barriers, a population cannot evolve distinctive subpopulations. Bimodal distributions are more likely to evolve when geographic barriers are absent. Bimodal distributions only evolve when the population\'s food supply is divided into two types. Bimodal distributi.

Q1. Why are the birds discussed in this lab called Darwins finches.pdf

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Please answer this in a simple way and short. thank you Q: What are phylogenetically independent contrasts, and why are the useful? Solution Answer: Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts is a way of integrating the increasing availability of phylogenetic trees with comparative biology. Phylogenetic independent contrasts is a generalization of the paired comparisons method where contrasts are taken for each node in a phylogenetic tree using only paired tip values. The process of Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts method: 1. Obtain a phylogeny of interest 2. Measure traits of interest and compare sister taxa 3. Test for correlated evolution traits in contrast to sister taxa Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts is a method to analyze trait correlations and informations from all species in the phylogeny can be used for part of the analysis. Thus, it is a technique for accounting for shared common ancestry when using the comparative method to find trends and patterns in evolutionary events. It helps to understand natural selection when we account for the shared evolutionary history among the species we are studying..

Please answer this in a simple way and short. thank youQ What are.pdf

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