Preganglionic sympathetic neurons and postganglionic sympathetic neur.pdf
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Preganglionic sympathetic neurons and postganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse at the ______ parasympathetic ganglion autonomic plexus sympathetic ganglion dorsal root ganglion thoracolumbar spinal cord Solution Sympathetic ganglion. The shorter preganglionic neurons originate from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord specially at T1 to L2-L3 and travel to a sympathetic ganglion, often one of the paravertebral ganglia, where they synapse with a post ganglionic neurons extend across most of the body. Preganglionic nerves from the spinal cord synapse at one of the chain ganglia, and the postganglionic fiber extends to an effector organ..
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How abundant are microbes on Earth How abundant are microbes inon .pdf
How abundant are microbes on Earth? How abundant are microbes in/on our body? What are
the domains of life? Viruses? What is LUCA? How did evolution shape our planet? Major
components of cells from different domains. Know and understand the contributions of Hooke,
van Leeuwenhoek, Cohn, Pasteur, Koch, Beijerinck, Winogradsky, and the Hesses to science and
microbiology What did they want to do? How did they accomplish them? e.g. Koch\'s postulate,
enrichment culture technique, etc.
Solution
3. Life domains are 3 types: Those are 1. Eubacteria, 2. Archaea, 3. Eukarya; Viruses are
semiliving organisms, in which, if host is absent, then virus is in non living, and host is present,
virus are living
2. Human micro biota is aggrigates of micro organisms reside in the body. In human body the
microbes and human cell ratios are in 3:1
4. LUCA = Last Universal Common Ancestor. From this LUCA three domains formed. Those
are Eubacteria: Developed all modern bacteria, Archaea: Inxlude extremophiles and Eukarya: All
eukaryotes origin. All three domain organisms form producers, consumers and decomposers that
leads to ecological cycle
5. Eubacteria and archaea are prokaryotic in nature and lack nuclei, and membrane bound
organelles. Present 70s ribosomes. Eukarya contain all nucleated organisms. They contain
membrane bound organelles. Possess 80s ribosomes.
Given that, in a virtual memory system, if the probability of a page.pdf
Given that, in a virtual memory system, if the probability of a page fault is p, the mainmemory
access time is tm and the time required to move a secondary page into the main memory is ts ,
derive an expression for the average access time ta.
Solution
Expression:
average access time =hit* main memory access time + miss*secondary memory access time
So,
ta = (1-p) * tm + p * ts is the desired expression.
Find the area of the surface formed by revolving the curve about the.pdf
Find the area of the surface formed by revolving the curve about the specified axis.
Please list out the whole process in detail. I am getting frustrated with half answers and and
answers without explanations. Please list out the process in detail so I can learn. Thank you. To
help, here is the answer from the answer key:
Solution
it forms sphere of radius 1 4*3.14*1^2=12.56.
Explain how Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn have resulted in the d.pdf
\"Explain how Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn have resulted in the development of new laws
and precedent.\"
Solution
Social Medias like T, F, and L have their own platforms for their users. There are so many users.
Each one has different mentality, temperament, and motive. Online people use these sites for
their post, information, comment, chatting, etc. But these should not be provocative, misleading,
or against public. Otherwise it could cause a communal war within the country.
In order to control their post, comment, etc new laws and standards are developed. Such
initiation restricts the users about their post.
Therefore, the new laws and standards have developed because of T, F, and L..
explain how polar and nonpolar groups are important in the struct.pdf
explain how polar and nonpolar groups are important in the structure and functions of lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids
explain how polar and nonpolar groups are important in the structure and functions of lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids
Solution
Non polar atom has nucleus and outer shell contain electron .They are more stable ,they are inert
and do not attract other atom that I.e they do not mix with polar substance like water so called
hydrophobic.
Polar atom have power to attract other atom thus posses electro negativity.They react with water
molecules I.e hydrophilic in nature.
Polarity in lipid play important role they make them insoluble they can be stored in the body and
act as reserve source of energy.
In membrane lipid form layer impermeable to water based molecules thus membrane is
semipermeable.
Nucleic acid are hydrophobic molecules thus genetic information remain conserved and
transmitted from one generation to another.
Does this mean that I have heteroscedasticity problem or notPleas.pdf
Does this mean that I have heteroscedasticity problem or not?
Please elaborate using critical values etc if applicable.
Thank you
Solution
Does this mean that I have heteroscedasticity problem or not?
Yes, that means that you have heteroscedasticity problem
critical value is 36.741 for alpha = 0.10.
Describe how the effects of directional selection can be offset by g.pdf
Describe how the effects of directional selection can be offset by gene flow.
Solution
Lets just understand by an example:
A tribe of subterrestrial people has the ability to glow in the dark but if they keep marrying other
non-luminescent people then they will never become truly unique. So, the population undergoes
selection pressure from other population otherwise the gene from outside will impact or dilute
the impact of the origin gene this will lead to directional selection..
Car Instrument Simulator For this assignment, you will design a set .pdf
Car Instrument Simulator For this assignment, you will design a set of classes that work
together to simulate a car\'s fuel gauge and odometer. The classes you will design arc the
following: The FuelGauge Class: This class will simulate a fuel gauge. Its responsibilities are as
follows: To know the car\'s current amount of fuel, in gallons. To report the car\'s current
amount of fuel, in gallons. To be able to increment the amount of fuel by 1 gallon. This
simulates putting fuel in the car. (The car can hold a maximum of 15 gallons.) To be able to
decrement the amount of fuel by 1 gallon, if the amount of fuel is greater than 0 gallons. This
simulates burning fuel as the car runs. The Odometer Class: This class will simulate the car\'s
odometer. Its responsibilities are as follows: To know the car\'s current mileage. To report the
car\'s current mileage. To be able to increment the current mileage by 1 mile. The maximum
mileage the odometer can store is 999, 999 miles. When this amount is exceeded, the odometer
resets the current mileage to 0. To be able to work with a FuelGauge object. It should decrease
the FuelGauge object\'s current amount of fuel by 1 gallon for every 24 miles traveled. (The
car\'s fuel economy is 24 miles per gallon.) Demonstrate the classes by creating instances of
each. Simulate filling the car up with fuel, and then run a loop that increments the odometer until
the car runs out of fuel. During each loop iteration, print the car\'s current mileage and amount of
fuel.
Solution
//FuelGauge class
class FuelGauge
{
private int fuel;
public static int max_capacity = 15;
public FuelGauge()
{
fuel = 0;
}
// parameterized constructor
public FuelGauge(int oil)
{
if (oil <= max_capacity)
{
fuel = oil;
}
else
{
fuel = max_capacity;
}
}
// return amount of fuel
public int getfuel()
{
return fuel;
}
// add fuel till max capacity is reached
public void addfuel()
{
if (fuel < max_capacity)
{
fuel++;
}
else
{
System.out.println(\"Maximum capacity reached, Burn some fuel\ \");
}
}
// burn the fuel
public void burnFuel()
{
if (fuel > 0)
{
fuel--;
}
else
{
System.out.println(\"No fuel left, Add some fuel\ \");
}
}
}
//Odometer class
class Odometer
{
// maximum mileage
public int max_mileage = 999999;
// miles per gallon
public int fuel_economy = 22;
private int startmileage;
private int mileage;
// FuelGauge object
private FuelGauge fuelgauge;
public Odometer(int mlg, FuelGauge fg) {
startmileage = mlg;
mileage = mlg;
fuelgauge = fg;
}
public int getMileage()
{
return mileage;
}
public void addMileage()
{
if (mileage < max_mileage)
{
mileage++;
}
else
{
mileage = 0;
}
int d = startmileage - mileage;
if (d % fuel_economy == 0)
{
fuelgauge.burnFuel();
}
}
}
//Test class
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
FuelGauge f = new FuelGauge();
Odometer o = new Odometer(0, f);
for (int i = 0; i < FuelGauge.max_capacity; i++)
{
f.addfuel();
}
while (f.getfuel() > 0)
{
o.addMileage();
System.out.println(\"Mileage: \" + o.get.
Recommended
How abundant are microbes on Earth How abundant are microbes inon .pdf
How abundant are microbes on Earth? How abundant are microbes in/on our body? What are
the domains of life? Viruses? What is LUCA? How did evolution shape our planet? Major
components of cells from different domains. Know and understand the contributions of Hooke,
van Leeuwenhoek, Cohn, Pasteur, Koch, Beijerinck, Winogradsky, and the Hesses to science and
microbiology What did they want to do? How did they accomplish them? e.g. Koch\'s postulate,
enrichment culture technique, etc.
Solution
3. Life domains are 3 types: Those are 1. Eubacteria, 2. Archaea, 3. Eukarya; Viruses are
semiliving organisms, in which, if host is absent, then virus is in non living, and host is present,
virus are living
2. Human micro biota is aggrigates of micro organisms reside in the body. In human body the
microbes and human cell ratios are in 3:1
4. LUCA = Last Universal Common Ancestor. From this LUCA three domains formed. Those
are Eubacteria: Developed all modern bacteria, Archaea: Inxlude extremophiles and Eukarya: All
eukaryotes origin. All three domain organisms form producers, consumers and decomposers that
leads to ecological cycle
5. Eubacteria and archaea are prokaryotic in nature and lack nuclei, and membrane bound
organelles. Present 70s ribosomes. Eukarya contain all nucleated organisms. They contain
membrane bound organelles. Possess 80s ribosomes.
Given that, in a virtual memory system, if the probability of a page.pdf
Given that, in a virtual memory system, if the probability of a page fault is p, the mainmemory
access time is tm and the time required to move a secondary page into the main memory is ts ,
derive an expression for the average access time ta.
Solution
Expression:
average access time =hit* main memory access time + miss*secondary memory access time
So,
ta = (1-p) * tm + p * ts is the desired expression.
Find the area of the surface formed by revolving the curve about the.pdf
Find the area of the surface formed by revolving the curve about the specified axis.
Please list out the whole process in detail. I am getting frustrated with half answers and and
answers without explanations. Please list out the process in detail so I can learn. Thank you. To
help, here is the answer from the answer key:
Solution
it forms sphere of radius 1 4*3.14*1^2=12.56.
Explain how Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn have resulted in the d.pdf
\"Explain how Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn have resulted in the development of new laws
and precedent.\"
Solution
Social Medias like T, F, and L have their own platforms for their users. There are so many users.
Each one has different mentality, temperament, and motive. Online people use these sites for
their post, information, comment, chatting, etc. But these should not be provocative, misleading,
or against public. Otherwise it could cause a communal war within the country.
In order to control their post, comment, etc new laws and standards are developed. Such
initiation restricts the users about their post.
Therefore, the new laws and standards have developed because of T, F, and L..
explain how polar and nonpolar groups are important in the struct.pdf
explain how polar and nonpolar groups are important in the structure and functions of lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids
explain how polar and nonpolar groups are important in the structure and functions of lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids
Solution
Non polar atom has nucleus and outer shell contain electron .They are more stable ,they are inert
and do not attract other atom that I.e they do not mix with polar substance like water so called
hydrophobic.
Polar atom have power to attract other atom thus posses electro negativity.They react with water
molecules I.e hydrophilic in nature.
Polarity in lipid play important role they make them insoluble they can be stored in the body and
act as reserve source of energy.
In membrane lipid form layer impermeable to water based molecules thus membrane is
semipermeable.
Nucleic acid are hydrophobic molecules thus genetic information remain conserved and
transmitted from one generation to another.
Does this mean that I have heteroscedasticity problem or notPleas.pdf
Does this mean that I have heteroscedasticity problem or not?
Please elaborate using critical values etc if applicable.
Thank you
Solution
Does this mean that I have heteroscedasticity problem or not?
Yes, that means that you have heteroscedasticity problem
critical value is 36.741 for alpha = 0.10.
Describe how the effects of directional selection can be offset by g.pdf
Describe how the effects of directional selection can be offset by gene flow.
Solution
Lets just understand by an example:
A tribe of subterrestrial people has the ability to glow in the dark but if they keep marrying other
non-luminescent people then they will never become truly unique. So, the population undergoes
selection pressure from other population otherwise the gene from outside will impact or dilute
the impact of the origin gene this will lead to directional selection..
Car Instrument Simulator For this assignment, you will design a set .pdf
Car Instrument Simulator For this assignment, you will design a set of classes that work
together to simulate a car\'s fuel gauge and odometer. The classes you will design arc the
following: The FuelGauge Class: This class will simulate a fuel gauge. Its responsibilities are as
follows: To know the car\'s current amount of fuel, in gallons. To report the car\'s current
amount of fuel, in gallons. To be able to increment the amount of fuel by 1 gallon. This
simulates putting fuel in the car. (The car can hold a maximum of 15 gallons.) To be able to
decrement the amount of fuel by 1 gallon, if the amount of fuel is greater than 0 gallons. This
simulates burning fuel as the car runs. The Odometer Class: This class will simulate the car\'s
odometer. Its responsibilities are as follows: To know the car\'s current mileage. To report the
car\'s current mileage. To be able to increment the current mileage by 1 mile. The maximum
mileage the odometer can store is 999, 999 miles. When this amount is exceeded, the odometer
resets the current mileage to 0. To be able to work with a FuelGauge object. It should decrease
the FuelGauge object\'s current amount of fuel by 1 gallon for every 24 miles traveled. (The
car\'s fuel economy is 24 miles per gallon.) Demonstrate the classes by creating instances of
each. Simulate filling the car up with fuel, and then run a loop that increments the odometer until
the car runs out of fuel. During each loop iteration, print the car\'s current mileage and amount of
fuel.
Solution
//FuelGauge class
class FuelGauge
{
private int fuel;
public static int max_capacity = 15;
public FuelGauge()
{
fuel = 0;
}
// parameterized constructor
public FuelGauge(int oil)
{
if (oil <= max_capacity)
{
fuel = oil;
}
else
{
fuel = max_capacity;
}
}
// return amount of fuel
public int getfuel()
{
return fuel;
}
// add fuel till max capacity is reached
public void addfuel()
{
if (fuel < max_capacity)
{
fuel++;
}
else
{
System.out.println(\"Maximum capacity reached, Burn some fuel\ \");
}
}
// burn the fuel
public void burnFuel()
{
if (fuel > 0)
{
fuel--;
}
else
{
System.out.println(\"No fuel left, Add some fuel\ \");
}
}
}
//Odometer class
class Odometer
{
// maximum mileage
public int max_mileage = 999999;
// miles per gallon
public int fuel_economy = 22;
private int startmileage;
private int mileage;
// FuelGauge object
private FuelGauge fuelgauge;
public Odometer(int mlg, FuelGauge fg) {
startmileage = mlg;
mileage = mlg;
fuelgauge = fg;
}
public int getMileage()
{
return mileage;
}
public void addMileage()
{
if (mileage < max_mileage)
{
mileage++;
}
else
{
mileage = 0;
}
int d = startmileage - mileage;
if (d % fuel_economy == 0)
{
fuelgauge.burnFuel();
}
}
}
//Test class
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
FuelGauge f = new FuelGauge();
Odometer o = new Odometer(0, f);
for (int i = 0; i < FuelGauge.max_capacity; i++)
{
f.addfuel();
}
while (f.getfuel() > 0)
{
o.addMileage();
System.out.println(\"Mileage: \" + o.get.
Can anyone explain the common steps and differences of virus synthes.pdf
Can anyone explain the common steps and differences of virus synthesis in simpler terms? I am
most confused about the steps of viral synthesis within the host’s cell. How does it differ
between viruses that contain different types of RNA and DNA (ex. ss-, ss+ or ds).
Solution
In virology, mRNA is said to be plus (+) configuration and its complement is said to be minus (-)
configuration. Positive strand viruses begin with translation to produce replicase. However they
only make more positive than negative strand so it can\'t act as template (primer-like Ad) eg
poliovirus
Difference between ss (single stranded) and ds (double stranded) virus is that in ds RNA cell has
no enzyme to transcribe RNA into mRNA. Virus carries its own polymerase. eg. Picornaviridae,
Caliciviridae. In ss RNA (having +polarity) cell carries RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
dsRNA is transcribed to mRNA by host cell polymerase. eg. retrovirus
-ssRNA using viral RdRP (RNA dependent RNA polymerase) makes +ssRNA. This ssRNA
makes viral proteins using host ribosomes. On other hand +ssRNA using this viral RdRP makes -
ssRNA and also viral proteins.
Virus synthesis in host cells can be described in following steps:
1. attachment and adsorption of virus to its host cell
2. penetration and uncoating of virus cover in the host cell
3. early viral mRNA synthesis and protein synthesis like polymerase enzyme
4. replication of viral genome
5. late viral mRNA and protein synthesis (maturation)
6. self-assembly and release of newly formed virus from the host cell as infectious particle.
B. Wildcat Plumbing Supply Inc. Do We Have Gender DifferencesWil.pdf
B. Wildcat Plumbing Supply Inc.: Do We Have Gender Differences?
Wildcat Plumbing Supply has served the plumbing needs of Southwest Arizona for more than 40
years. The company was founded by Mr. Terrence St. Julian and is run today by his son Cory.
The company has grown from a handful of employees to more than 500 today. Cory is concerned
about several positions within the company where he has men and women doing essentially the
same job but at different pay. To investigate, he collected the information below. Suppose you
are a student intern in the Accounting Department and have been given the task to write a report
summarizing the situation.
To kick off the project, Mr. Cory St. Julian held a meeting with his staff and you were invited. At
this meeting, it was suggested that you calculate several measures of location, create charts or
draw graphs such as a cumulative frequency distribution, and determine the quartiles for both
men and women. Develop the charts and write the report summarizing the yearly salaries of
employees at Wildcat Plumbing Supply. Does it appear that there are pay differences based on
gender?
Use the data from the case:
Write a report to Mr. Cory St. Julian addressing the case issues. Include in your report whether
you think there is a problem and any suggestions you might have.
40 pts - correct and thorough analysis including calculated measures, charts and distributions.
Solution.
Answer and explain.•In an organism with a diploid chromosome numbe.pdf
Answer and explain.
•In an organism with a diploid chromosome number of 2n=4 , assuming no crossing over, after
meiosis:
1)How many genetically different gametes could be formed?
2)How many genetically different zygotes could be formed following the fertilization?
3)Answer 1) and 2) if 2n=6.
Solution
1). If no crossing over occurs, all the gametes produced are similar to the parent.
2). Assuming no crossing over occurs after meiosis, all the zygotes formed are genetically
identical..
2) To study protein localization signals you engineered a yeast strai.pdf
2) To study protein localization signals you engineered a yeast strain that lacks two non-
essential genes: 1) DNAide and Timolase. replaced each endogenous gene with recombinant
forms that encode modified localization signals. A) DNAide is critical for DNA repair following
damage by UV light. The encoded amino acid sequence of each localization signal within the
modified DNAide gene is indicated in MMS FVSLLLVGILFWTA.. the figure to the right.
Predict how expression of the modified protein will impact yeast viability following exposure to
UV light. Be sure to NA TT COOH justify your answer in the context of where the modified
protein will NH localize within the cell. (4 points) KKKRK. B) Timolase is normally localized
inside the mitochondria where it helps to maintain proper H balance. This enables sufficient
energy production for cell growth when yeast are exposed to acidic environments. The
localization signals for the MLSLROSIRFFKPATRTLCSSRYLL.... modified Timolase gene
indicated in the figure to the right. Predict L COOH how yeast growth will be impacted when
cultures are grown NH Timolase media. Be sure to justify your answer in the i pH 3 modified
context of where the KDEL (4 points protein will localize within the cell. (4 points)
Solution
Answer:
2. (A) KKKRK is a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and proteins containing this sequence are
imported into the cell nucleus through nuclear transport.
Thus, the modified DNAide containing the KKKRK sequence will be localized in the nucleus.
So, it can act as a DNA repair protein upon DNA damage following UV exposure and help the
cell to survive.
(B) KDEL sequence when present prevents the secretion of proteins from the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER). It can also target proteins from other sites to the ER and can leave the ER only
when the sequence is removed.
The protein timolase is present inside the mitochondria and help maintain H+ balance. The
modified protein contains the KDEL sequence which targets and limits the modified timolase to
the ER. Thus, the protein can no longer maintain the H+ balance in the cell.
At acidic pH of 3, most of the proteins and enzymes inside the cell gets denatured. This may lead
to intracellular acidification and ultimately death of the cells by the ROS pathway..
42. The splanchnic nerves A) innervate the adrenal medulla B) are par.pdf
42. The splanchnic nerves A) innervate the adrenal medulla B) are part of the sympathetic
system C) usually synapse at collateral ganglia D) all of the above E) B and C only
Solution
The answer is
D. All of the above.
The splanchnic nerves are paired visceral nerves (nerves that contribute to the innervation of
internal organs). They carry fibres of the Autonomic Nervous System - most of them carry
Sympathetic fibres except the Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves which carry the parasympathetic fibres.
The greater thoracic splanchnic nerves provide the sympathetic innervation to the adrenal
medulla, stimulating catecholamine release.
These thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse in collateral ganglia as the CELIAC AND SUPERIOR
MESENTERIC GANGLIA..
________ is NOT a common cause for maintenance insomnia. Stress Eat.pdf
________ is NOT a common cause for maintenance insomnia. Stress Eating late at night
Substance abuse Psychological disorder RLS is characterized by differences in functioning.
endorphin GAQA serotonin dopamine Muscle paralysis with lingers with narcolepsy once the
person awakes can be resolved by. feeding the person touching the person letting The person
smell the scent of lavender whispering to the person After a period of most coma patients
recover, move to a vegetative state, or die. 2 to 3 days 5 days 1 week 2 to 4 weeks
Solution
13) Is not a common cause for maintenance insomnia
B)eating late at night
Insomnia is a sleep disorder, people have trouble sleeping. Psychological stress, chronic pain,
heart failure, heartburn, restless leg syndrome, hyperthyroidism, menopause, drugs such as
caffeine, alcohol and nicotine etc are responsible for insomnia. So, eating late at night cannot
cause insomnia.
14) Muscle paralysis that lingers with narcolepsy once the person awakes can be resolved by
B) Touching the person
Patients with narcolepsy will experience sleep paralysis or muscle paralysis, when the person is
awakens, just touch them to end the paralysis.
17) RLS is characterized by differences in functioning
D) Dopamine
Here the person will have uncomfortable sensations deep in the legs developing at rest. He
cannot move and is worst at night with sleep disturbance. It is believed that RLS is due to
functional disturbance of dopamine neurotransmission in case of subcortical areas of the brain.
18)After a period of------most coma patients recover, move to a vegetative state or die
D)2 to 4 weeks
It has been observed that coma rarely lasts more than 4 weeks. During this period some patients
move from coma to the vegetative state or some may regain partial consciousness or some may
die..
Write a simple JavaScript program in which the user selects choices .pdf
Write a simple JavaScript program in which the user selects choices from some of the following:
checkboxes, radiobuttons, pushbuttons, selections lists, and then the user clicks a submit button,
which then prints the choices that the use selected. Very simple JavaScript.
Solution
Male
Female
Other
Javascript -
function validate()
{
var val=document.getElementByName(\"gender\");
alert(\"you selected\"+val);
}.
Write code to open and read from a file called numbers this file c.pdf
Write code to: open and read from a file called numbers this file contains a comma-separated
list of numbers (example: 4, 5, 0, 3, 2, 1, 0, 7) count the number of \"Os\" in the file print the
result to a file called output (example: the file contained 2 zeros) Use exception handling to
handle the lO Exceptions. (Do not use \"throws lO Exception\")
Solution
import java.util.*;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
public class ReadFile
{
public static void main(String[] args)
throws IOException
{
Scanner textfile = new Scanner(new File(\"Some_Numbers.txt\"));
filereader(textfile);
}
static void filereader(Scanner textfile)
{
int i = 0;
int sum = 0;
while(i <= 19)
{
System.out.println(textfile.nextInt());
sum = sum + textfile.nextInt();
i++;
}
}
}.
Why does Staphylococcus probably cause more contamination than Pro Pe.pdf
Why does Staphylococcus probably cause more contamination than Pro Peon Barnum even
though most people have higher numbers of the Lauer? Are most agar plates incubated
aerobically or anaerobically? Prepare a flowchart that would help you identify your skin biota
isolates.
Solution
The Staphylococcus and Propionibacterium are part of normal microflora of the human skin.
Staphylococcus colonizes at various part of the skin as skin comensal, but it can act as
opportunistic pathogen when it breaches skin surface and enters the bloodstream. Both
organisms are related and can be isolated from the infected part of the skin. Propionibacterium
causes mild infections related with skin, but post infectious stage becomes complicated due to
the contamination with Staphylococcus. The Propionibacterium is an anaerobic aerotolerent
which colonizes mainly on pilosebaceous follicles of the skin. The cellular damages and
metabolic byproducts due to the rapid growth of Propionibacterium in the follicle induces the
inflammatory reactions in the skin. Later this inflammation makes the affected tissues or cells
more susceptible for the colonization of Staphylococcus. It can leads to more complicated
chronic stages of infections.
The Propionibacterium can rolerate exposure to oxygen for several hours and is capable to
survive invitro under anaerobic conditions up to 8 months. Due to the oxygen tolerant
charecteristic, Propionibacterium is not reliably detected by aerobic culture because of slow
growth. To increase the detection in cultures, it is necessary to make a prolonged aerobic and
anaerobic incubation to 14 days in thioglycolate medium and routinely subcultured to agar
plates..
Which is the correct formula for Interest Coverage RatioQuestion .pdf
Which is the correct formula for Interest Coverage Ratio?
Question 13 options:
Net income / Interest expense
Interest income / Interest expense
Earnings before interest and taxes / Interest expense
Earnings before taxes / Interest expense
Net income / Interest expense
Interest income / Interest expense
Earnings before interest and taxes / Interest expense
Earnings before taxes / Interest expense
Solution
Interest Coverage ratio = Earnings before interest and tax / Interest Expense
Earnings before Interest and Tax =Sales – Cost of goods sold –Administrative expense –
Depreciation
Or Earnings before Interest and Tax = Net Income + Taxes + Interest Expense
Example: Suppose Earnings before interest and tax is 50000 and Interest expense is 10000, Then
Interest coverage ratio will be 5. [Calculation shown below]
Interest Coverage ratio = Earnings before interest and tax / Interest Expense
= 50000 / 10000 = 5.
Which of the following statements is TRUE for an organism that has a.pdf
Which of the following statements is TRUE for an organism that has an alternation of
generations life cycle:Diploid adults directly produce sexual cells that fuse during the process of
fertilization.
Solution
The correct answer is :There are two different forms of fully mature adults, and the two forms
cannot mate with one another.
Reason: The two different forms of fully matured adults are the sporophyte(2n) and the
gametophyte(n) that do not mate with one another..
what is a trans isomerSolutiontrans isomer is a form of geomet.pdf
what is a trans isomer
Solution
trans isomer is a form of geometric isomer. in trans isomer the functional group apper on the
opposite side of carbon carbon double bond.
trans isomer form when there is restricted rotation somewhere in the molecule due to the
presence of carbon carbon double bond. example trans 1,2-dichloroethane..
A) explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymp.pdf
A) explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymphoma\'s?
B) State the prognosis for person with stage one and stage IV hodgkin\'s lymphoma and explain
your reasoning.
A) explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymphoma\'s?
B) State the prognosis for person with stage one and stage IV hodgkin\'s lymphoma and explain
your reasoning.
A) explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymphoma\'s?
B) State the prognosis for person with stage one and stage IV hodgkin\'s lymphoma and explain
your reasoning.
Solution
(A) abnormal lympocytes in lymphoma interfere with immune response, Impared production of
antibodies in lymphoma\'s is a reason why infections are seen frequently..
What are the benefits and major problems of the fiscal policy and mo.pdf
What are the benefits and major problems of the fiscal policy and monetary policy?
Solution
Fiscal Policy
Benefits
Problems
If use Government spending, can direct spending towards areas in need (e.g. infrastructure,
education, etc.), and make investments for the future.
Knowledge problems (regarding the current state of the economy; regarding the amount of an
expansion or contraction needed, etc.)
Using a balanced budget can provide a stimulus without adding to the government budget deficit.
Government budget deficits (though there’s disagreement regarding the extent to which deficits
are a problem)
While fiscal policy may lead to government deficits/debt, we should look at debt/GDP ratio. As
only as GDP grows, it can bring down the debt/GDP ratio.
Time lags (particularly on the front end of the process)
Can use “green” taxes to discourage polluting activities.
Some crowding out (extent depends on how close the economy is to full employment)
Tax rebates may be spent on imports, thus leaking out of the circular flow.
Actions of state and local governments may counteract the federal fiscal stimulus (or
contraction).
Growing the GDP to bring down the debt/GDP ratio can compromise environmental
sustainability.
What if we have stagnation + inflation? Could exacerbate inflation
Monetary Policy
Benefits
Problems
Can be initiated immediately
Knowledge problems (regarding the current state of the economy; regarding the amount of an
expansion or contraction needed, etc.)
No government budget deficits
Time lags (particularly response lags)
Expansionary policy leading to depreciating currency can stimulate exports (at least for
businesses that do not rely on importing their inputs).
Can’t direct the spending (to particular uses, e.g. infrastructure), and spending may be done in
wasteful ways, e.g. speculation, mergers and acquisitions.
The Fed is theoretically insulated from the political process
Very low interest rates can foster speculative activities (such as Japan’s yen carry trade.)
Fed’s change in interest rate is applied nationally – some areas in the country might not need the
stimulus, while states with high unemployment might need the stimulus.
Reluctant lenders (Banks may be unwilling to lend, especially if overwhelmed by bad loans on
the books)
Reluctant borrowers (pushing on a string) (Firms may be reluctant to borrow, especially if
expectations of future sales and profits are low.)
Limit of r=0%, liquidity trap
While government doesn’t incur debt, the private sector is encouraged to borrow and take on
debt.
What if we have stagnation + inflation? Could exacerbate inflation
Benefits
Problems
If use Government spending, can direct spending towards areas in need (e.g. infrastructure,
education, etc.), and make investments for the future.
Knowledge problems (regarding the current state of the economy; regarding the amount of an
expansion or contraction needed, etc.)
Using a balanced budget can provide a stimulus without adding to the government.
This is for my immunology course. I am struggling to understand this.pdf
This is for my immunology course. I am struggling to understand this question....
1. Describe the types of antigens that Immunoglobulins are able to bind to and eliminate.
Solution
T-independent Antigens
T-independent antigens are antigens which can directly stimulate the B cells to produce antibody
without the requirement for T cell help In general, polysaccharides are T-independent antigens.
The responses to these antigens differ from the responses to other antigens.
Properties of T-independent antigens
1. Polymeric structure
These antigens are characterized by the same antigenic determinant repeated many times .
2. Polyclonal activation of B cells
Many of these antigens can activate B cell clones specific for other antigens (polyclonal
activation). T-independent antigens can be subdivided into Type 1 and Type 2 based on their
ability to polyclonally activate B cells. Type 1 T-independent antigens are polyclonal activators
while Type 2 are not.
3. Resistance to degradation
T-independent antigens are generally more resistant to degradation and thus they persist for
longer periods of time and continue to stimulate the immune system.
B. T-dependent Antigens
T-dependent antigens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of antibody without
the help of T cells. Proteins are T-dependent antigens. Structurally these antigens are
characterized by a few copies of many different antigenic determinants
Hope that answers the question should u need any further clarification kindly do tell and
comment.
The superior portion of the sternum it the ____. glenoid fossa body.pdf
The superior portion of the sternum it the ____. glenoid fossa body manubrium xiphoid
process All of the following are synovial joints except: interphalangeal temporomandibular a
tooth in its boney socket elbow shoulder The sella turcica belongs to which bone? Mandible
Sphenold Ethmoid Temporal Frontal
Solution
Answer:
4. The superior portion of the sternum is manubrium. Sternum is the breastbone, which is located
in the center of the chest, consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid
process.
5. All the given joints are synovial joints except a tooth in its bony socket. The synovial joints of
bones are characterized by containing joint cavity which is filled with synovial fluid. However,
tooth are holds
in socket by a ligament.
6. The sella turcica belongs to sphenoid bone. The sella turcica is a depression in the sphenoid
bone of the human skull which holds the pituitary gland..
The half-life of a particular element is 410 days. What is its decay.pdf
The half-life of a particular element is 410 days. What is its decay constant?
Solution
let initial number of atoms is N0.
let decay constant be lambda.
in that case, at any time, remaining number of atoms is given as N(t)=N0*exp(-lambda*t)
half life is defined as time interval after which number of particle remaining becomes 50% of the
original value.
hence N(T)=N0/2 if T=half life
==>N0/2=N0*exp(-lambda*T)
==>1/2=exp(-lambda*T)
==>ln(1/2)=-lambda*T
==>-ln(2)=-lambda*T
==>lambda=ln(2)/T
given that T=410 days= 410*24*3600 seconds=35424000 seconds
==>lambda=ln(2)/T= 0.693/35424000 = 1.956*10^(-8) per second.
Suppose events A and B are mutually exclusive and at least one of th.pdf
Suppose events A and B are mutually exclusive and at least one of the events is nonempty.
Show that A and B are dependent events. (Typically, mutually exclusive implies dependent).
Solution
Two events are dependent if the outcome of one event is affected by the outcome of the other
event i.e. P(A/C)?P(A)
. Also note that P(A/C)=P(AnC)P(C).
Q1. Why are the birds discussed in this lab called Darwins finches.pdf
Q1. Why are the birds discussed in this lab called Darwin\'s finches?
Charles Darwin named them Geospiza leodarwini in honor of his son Leonard.
They come from the Darwin archipelago off the coast of Ecuador.
Charles Darwin collected the first scientific specimens.
John Gould placed them in the genus Darwinospiza.
Q2. A medium ground finch\'s ability to survive often depends on its beak size primarily
because:
Birds with bigger beaks are socially dominant and therefore get the best nest sites.
Beak size determines which seeds a finch can eat and how efficiently it can eat them.
Longer beaks make better weapons, which the birds use to defend themselves against predators.
Larger-beaked finches experience higher mating success.
Q3. Which statement best describes the pattern of natural selection on beak size?
Deep beaks are favored in dry years, while shallow beaks are favored in wet years.
Selection favors birds with bigger beaks.
Selection favors birds with smaller beaks.
Shallow beaks are favored in large populations, while deep beaks are favored in small
populations.
Q4. What can happen to our virtual finch population if the weather changes between wet and dry
conditions too rapidly?
The mutation rate may fall to zero.
The distribution of beak sizes may cease to be bimodal.
The finch population may go extinct. Beak size may cease to affect survival.
Q5. What happened to beak depths in the virtual finch population when selection on beak depth
was eliminated (selection strength = 0) and mutation rate for alleles determining beak depth was
greater than zero?
Average beak depth consistently increased.
Average beak depth consistently decreased.
The range in beak depths (largest to smallest) became larger.
The range in beak depths became smaller.
Q6. The Correlated Traits exercise shows that:
When two characters are correlated, selection always favors larger values for both or smaller
values for both.
When two characters are correlated, one of them can evolve toward higher values even if smaller
values are better for survival.
When two characters are correlated, selection is always strong on both or weak on both.
When two characters are correlated, the optimal values and selection strengths rise and fall
together.
Q7. In the Mountains and Valleys exercise, which of the following parameters had the largest
influence on whether the finch population evolved a bimodal distribution?
The speed at which the model ran.
The difference in carrying capacity between the wet versus dry sides of the island.
The number of chicks each pair of parents produced each year.
How far the birds flew when looking for a mate.
Q8. The final exercise, Large and Small Seeds, showed that:
In the absence of geographic barriers, a population cannot evolve distinctive subpopulations.
Bimodal distributions are more likely to evolve when geographic barriers are absent.
Bimodal distributions only evolve when the population\'s food supply is divided into two types.
Bimodal distributi.
Please answer this in a simple way and short. thank youQ What are.pdf
Please answer this in a simple way and short. thank you
Q: What are phylogenetically independent contrasts, and why are the useful?
Solution
Answer:
Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts is a way of integrating the increasing availability of
phylogenetic trees with comparative biology.
Phylogenetic independent contrasts is a generalization of the paired comparisons method where
contrasts are taken for each node in a phylogenetic tree using only paired tip values.
The process of Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts method:
1. Obtain a phylogeny of interest
2. Measure traits of interest and compare sister taxa
3. Test for correlated evolution traits in contrast to sister taxa
Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts is a method to analyze trait correlations and
informations from all species in the phylogeny can be used for part of the analysis.
Thus, it is a technique for accounting for shared common ancestry when using the comparative
method to find trends and patterns in evolutionary events. It helps to understand natural selection
when we account for the shared evolutionary history among the species we are studying..
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Presentation required for the master in Education.
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Can anyone explain the common steps and differences of virus synthes.pdf
Can anyone explain the common steps and differences of virus synthesis in simpler terms? I am
most confused about the steps of viral synthesis within the host’s cell. How does it differ
between viruses that contain different types of RNA and DNA (ex. ss-, ss+ or ds).
Solution
In virology, mRNA is said to be plus (+) configuration and its complement is said to be minus (-)
configuration. Positive strand viruses begin with translation to produce replicase. However they
only make more positive than negative strand so it can\'t act as template (primer-like Ad) eg
poliovirus
Difference between ss (single stranded) and ds (double stranded) virus is that in ds RNA cell has
no enzyme to transcribe RNA into mRNA. Virus carries its own polymerase. eg. Picornaviridae,
Caliciviridae. In ss RNA (having +polarity) cell carries RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
dsRNA is transcribed to mRNA by host cell polymerase. eg. retrovirus
-ssRNA using viral RdRP (RNA dependent RNA polymerase) makes +ssRNA. This ssRNA
makes viral proteins using host ribosomes. On other hand +ssRNA using this viral RdRP makes -
ssRNA and also viral proteins.
Virus synthesis in host cells can be described in following steps:
1. attachment and adsorption of virus to its host cell
2. penetration and uncoating of virus cover in the host cell
3. early viral mRNA synthesis and protein synthesis like polymerase enzyme
4. replication of viral genome
5. late viral mRNA and protein synthesis (maturation)
6. self-assembly and release of newly formed virus from the host cell as infectious particle.
B. Wildcat Plumbing Supply Inc. Do We Have Gender DifferencesWil.pdf
B. Wildcat Plumbing Supply Inc.: Do We Have Gender Differences?
Wildcat Plumbing Supply has served the plumbing needs of Southwest Arizona for more than 40
years. The company was founded by Mr. Terrence St. Julian and is run today by his son Cory.
The company has grown from a handful of employees to more than 500 today. Cory is concerned
about several positions within the company where he has men and women doing essentially the
same job but at different pay. To investigate, he collected the information below. Suppose you
are a student intern in the Accounting Department and have been given the task to write a report
summarizing the situation.
To kick off the project, Mr. Cory St. Julian held a meeting with his staff and you were invited. At
this meeting, it was suggested that you calculate several measures of location, create charts or
draw graphs such as a cumulative frequency distribution, and determine the quartiles for both
men and women. Develop the charts and write the report summarizing the yearly salaries of
employees at Wildcat Plumbing Supply. Does it appear that there are pay differences based on
gender?
Use the data from the case:
Write a report to Mr. Cory St. Julian addressing the case issues. Include in your report whether
you think there is a problem and any suggestions you might have.
40 pts - correct and thorough analysis including calculated measures, charts and distributions.
Solution.
Answer and explain.•In an organism with a diploid chromosome numbe.pdf
Answer and explain.
•In an organism with a diploid chromosome number of 2n=4 , assuming no crossing over, after
meiosis:
1)How many genetically different gametes could be formed?
2)How many genetically different zygotes could be formed following the fertilization?
3)Answer 1) and 2) if 2n=6.
Solution
1). If no crossing over occurs, all the gametes produced are similar to the parent.
2). Assuming no crossing over occurs after meiosis, all the zygotes formed are genetically
identical..
2) To study protein localization signals you engineered a yeast strai.pdf
2) To study protein localization signals you engineered a yeast strain that lacks two non-
essential genes: 1) DNAide and Timolase. replaced each endogenous gene with recombinant
forms that encode modified localization signals. A) DNAide is critical for DNA repair following
damage by UV light. The encoded amino acid sequence of each localization signal within the
modified DNAide gene is indicated in MMS FVSLLLVGILFWTA.. the figure to the right.
Predict how expression of the modified protein will impact yeast viability following exposure to
UV light. Be sure to NA TT COOH justify your answer in the context of where the modified
protein will NH localize within the cell. (4 points) KKKRK. B) Timolase is normally localized
inside the mitochondria where it helps to maintain proper H balance. This enables sufficient
energy production for cell growth when yeast are exposed to acidic environments. The
localization signals for the MLSLROSIRFFKPATRTLCSSRYLL.... modified Timolase gene
indicated in the figure to the right. Predict L COOH how yeast growth will be impacted when
cultures are grown NH Timolase media. Be sure to justify your answer in the i pH 3 modified
context of where the KDEL (4 points protein will localize within the cell. (4 points)
Solution
Answer:
2. (A) KKKRK is a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and proteins containing this sequence are
imported into the cell nucleus through nuclear transport.
Thus, the modified DNAide containing the KKKRK sequence will be localized in the nucleus.
So, it can act as a DNA repair protein upon DNA damage following UV exposure and help the
cell to survive.
(B) KDEL sequence when present prevents the secretion of proteins from the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER). It can also target proteins from other sites to the ER and can leave the ER only
when the sequence is removed.
The protein timolase is present inside the mitochondria and help maintain H+ balance. The
modified protein contains the KDEL sequence which targets and limits the modified timolase to
the ER. Thus, the protein can no longer maintain the H+ balance in the cell.
At acidic pH of 3, most of the proteins and enzymes inside the cell gets denatured. This may lead
to intracellular acidification and ultimately death of the cells by the ROS pathway..
42. The splanchnic nerves A) innervate the adrenal medulla B) are par.pdf
42. The splanchnic nerves A) innervate the adrenal medulla B) are part of the sympathetic
system C) usually synapse at collateral ganglia D) all of the above E) B and C only
Solution
The answer is
D. All of the above.
The splanchnic nerves are paired visceral nerves (nerves that contribute to the innervation of
internal organs). They carry fibres of the Autonomic Nervous System - most of them carry
Sympathetic fibres except the Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves which carry the parasympathetic fibres.
The greater thoracic splanchnic nerves provide the sympathetic innervation to the adrenal
medulla, stimulating catecholamine release.
These thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse in collateral ganglia as the CELIAC AND SUPERIOR
MESENTERIC GANGLIA..
________ is NOT a common cause for maintenance insomnia. Stress Eat.pdf
________ is NOT a common cause for maintenance insomnia. Stress Eating late at night
Substance abuse Psychological disorder RLS is characterized by differences in functioning.
endorphin GAQA serotonin dopamine Muscle paralysis with lingers with narcolepsy once the
person awakes can be resolved by. feeding the person touching the person letting The person
smell the scent of lavender whispering to the person After a period of most coma patients
recover, move to a vegetative state, or die. 2 to 3 days 5 days 1 week 2 to 4 weeks
Solution
13) Is not a common cause for maintenance insomnia
B)eating late at night
Insomnia is a sleep disorder, people have trouble sleeping. Psychological stress, chronic pain,
heart failure, heartburn, restless leg syndrome, hyperthyroidism, menopause, drugs such as
caffeine, alcohol and nicotine etc are responsible for insomnia. So, eating late at night cannot
cause insomnia.
14) Muscle paralysis that lingers with narcolepsy once the person awakes can be resolved by
B) Touching the person
Patients with narcolepsy will experience sleep paralysis or muscle paralysis, when the person is
awakens, just touch them to end the paralysis.
17) RLS is characterized by differences in functioning
D) Dopamine
Here the person will have uncomfortable sensations deep in the legs developing at rest. He
cannot move and is worst at night with sleep disturbance. It is believed that RLS is due to
functional disturbance of dopamine neurotransmission in case of subcortical areas of the brain.
18)After a period of------most coma patients recover, move to a vegetative state or die
D)2 to 4 weeks
It has been observed that coma rarely lasts more than 4 weeks. During this period some patients
move from coma to the vegetative state or some may regain partial consciousness or some may
die..
Write a simple JavaScript program in which the user selects choices .pdf
Write a simple JavaScript program in which the user selects choices from some of the following:
checkboxes, radiobuttons, pushbuttons, selections lists, and then the user clicks a submit button,
which then prints the choices that the use selected. Very simple JavaScript.
Solution
Male
Female
Other
Javascript -
function validate()
{
var val=document.getElementByName(\"gender\");
alert(\"you selected\"+val);
}.
Write code to open and read from a file called numbers this file c.pdf
Write code to: open and read from a file called numbers this file contains a comma-separated
list of numbers (example: 4, 5, 0, 3, 2, 1, 0, 7) count the number of \"Os\" in the file print the
result to a file called output (example: the file contained 2 zeros) Use exception handling to
handle the lO Exceptions. (Do not use \"throws lO Exception\")
Solution
import java.util.*;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
public class ReadFile
{
public static void main(String[] args)
throws IOException
{
Scanner textfile = new Scanner(new File(\"Some_Numbers.txt\"));
filereader(textfile);
}
static void filereader(Scanner textfile)
{
int i = 0;
int sum = 0;
while(i <= 19)
{
System.out.println(textfile.nextInt());
sum = sum + textfile.nextInt();
i++;
}
}
}.
Why does Staphylococcus probably cause more contamination than Pro Pe.pdf
Why does Staphylococcus probably cause more contamination than Pro Peon Barnum even
though most people have higher numbers of the Lauer? Are most agar plates incubated
aerobically or anaerobically? Prepare a flowchart that would help you identify your skin biota
isolates.
Solution
The Staphylococcus and Propionibacterium are part of normal microflora of the human skin.
Staphylococcus colonizes at various part of the skin as skin comensal, but it can act as
opportunistic pathogen when it breaches skin surface and enters the bloodstream. Both
organisms are related and can be isolated from the infected part of the skin. Propionibacterium
causes mild infections related with skin, but post infectious stage becomes complicated due to
the contamination with Staphylococcus. The Propionibacterium is an anaerobic aerotolerent
which colonizes mainly on pilosebaceous follicles of the skin. The cellular damages and
metabolic byproducts due to the rapid growth of Propionibacterium in the follicle induces the
inflammatory reactions in the skin. Later this inflammation makes the affected tissues or cells
more susceptible for the colonization of Staphylococcus. It can leads to more complicated
chronic stages of infections.
The Propionibacterium can rolerate exposure to oxygen for several hours and is capable to
survive invitro under anaerobic conditions up to 8 months. Due to the oxygen tolerant
charecteristic, Propionibacterium is not reliably detected by aerobic culture because of slow
growth. To increase the detection in cultures, it is necessary to make a prolonged aerobic and
anaerobic incubation to 14 days in thioglycolate medium and routinely subcultured to agar
plates..
Which is the correct formula for Interest Coverage RatioQuestion .pdf
Which is the correct formula for Interest Coverage Ratio?
Question 13 options:
Net income / Interest expense
Interest income / Interest expense
Earnings before interest and taxes / Interest expense
Earnings before taxes / Interest expense
Net income / Interest expense
Interest income / Interest expense
Earnings before interest and taxes / Interest expense
Earnings before taxes / Interest expense
Solution
Interest Coverage ratio = Earnings before interest and tax / Interest Expense
Earnings before Interest and Tax =Sales – Cost of goods sold –Administrative expense –
Depreciation
Or Earnings before Interest and Tax = Net Income + Taxes + Interest Expense
Example: Suppose Earnings before interest and tax is 50000 and Interest expense is 10000, Then
Interest coverage ratio will be 5. [Calculation shown below]
Interest Coverage ratio = Earnings before interest and tax / Interest Expense
= 50000 / 10000 = 5.
Which of the following statements is TRUE for an organism that has a.pdf
Which of the following statements is TRUE for an organism that has an alternation of
generations life cycle:Diploid adults directly produce sexual cells that fuse during the process of
fertilization.
Solution
The correct answer is :There are two different forms of fully mature adults, and the two forms
cannot mate with one another.
Reason: The two different forms of fully matured adults are the sporophyte(2n) and the
gametophyte(n) that do not mate with one another..
what is a trans isomerSolutiontrans isomer is a form of geomet.pdf
what is a trans isomer
Solution
trans isomer is a form of geometric isomer. in trans isomer the functional group apper on the
opposite side of carbon carbon double bond.
trans isomer form when there is restricted rotation somewhere in the molecule due to the
presence of carbon carbon double bond. example trans 1,2-dichloroethane..
A) explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymp.pdf
A) explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymphoma\'s?
B) State the prognosis for person with stage one and stage IV hodgkin\'s lymphoma and explain
your reasoning.
A) explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymphoma\'s?
B) State the prognosis for person with stage one and stage IV hodgkin\'s lymphoma and explain
your reasoning.
A) explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymphoma\'s?
B) State the prognosis for person with stage one and stage IV hodgkin\'s lymphoma and explain
your reasoning.
Solution
(A) abnormal lympocytes in lymphoma interfere with immune response, Impared production of
antibodies in lymphoma\'s is a reason why infections are seen frequently..
What are the benefits and major problems of the fiscal policy and mo.pdf
What are the benefits and major problems of the fiscal policy and monetary policy?
Solution
Fiscal Policy
Benefits
Problems
If use Government spending, can direct spending towards areas in need (e.g. infrastructure,
education, etc.), and make investments for the future.
Knowledge problems (regarding the current state of the economy; regarding the amount of an
expansion or contraction needed, etc.)
Using a balanced budget can provide a stimulus without adding to the government budget deficit.
Government budget deficits (though there’s disagreement regarding the extent to which deficits
are a problem)
While fiscal policy may lead to government deficits/debt, we should look at debt/GDP ratio. As
only as GDP grows, it can bring down the debt/GDP ratio.
Time lags (particularly on the front end of the process)
Can use “green” taxes to discourage polluting activities.
Some crowding out (extent depends on how close the economy is to full employment)
Tax rebates may be spent on imports, thus leaking out of the circular flow.
Actions of state and local governments may counteract the federal fiscal stimulus (or
contraction).
Growing the GDP to bring down the debt/GDP ratio can compromise environmental
sustainability.
What if we have stagnation + inflation? Could exacerbate inflation
Monetary Policy
Benefits
Problems
Can be initiated immediately
Knowledge problems (regarding the current state of the economy; regarding the amount of an
expansion or contraction needed, etc.)
No government budget deficits
Time lags (particularly response lags)
Expansionary policy leading to depreciating currency can stimulate exports (at least for
businesses that do not rely on importing their inputs).
Can’t direct the spending (to particular uses, e.g. infrastructure), and spending may be done in
wasteful ways, e.g. speculation, mergers and acquisitions.
The Fed is theoretically insulated from the political process
Very low interest rates can foster speculative activities (such as Japan’s yen carry trade.)
Fed’s change in interest rate is applied nationally – some areas in the country might not need the
stimulus, while states with high unemployment might need the stimulus.
Reluctant lenders (Banks may be unwilling to lend, especially if overwhelmed by bad loans on
the books)
Reluctant borrowers (pushing on a string) (Firms may be reluctant to borrow, especially if
expectations of future sales and profits are low.)
Limit of r=0%, liquidity trap
While government doesn’t incur debt, the private sector is encouraged to borrow and take on
debt.
What if we have stagnation + inflation? Could exacerbate inflation
Benefits
Problems
If use Government spending, can direct spending towards areas in need (e.g. infrastructure,
education, etc.), and make investments for the future.
Knowledge problems (regarding the current state of the economy; regarding the amount of an
expansion or contraction needed, etc.)
Using a balanced budget can provide a stimulus without adding to the government.
This is for my immunology course. I am struggling to understand this.pdf
This is for my immunology course. I am struggling to understand this question....
1. Describe the types of antigens that Immunoglobulins are able to bind to and eliminate.
Solution
T-independent Antigens
T-independent antigens are antigens which can directly stimulate the B cells to produce antibody
without the requirement for T cell help In general, polysaccharides are T-independent antigens.
The responses to these antigens differ from the responses to other antigens.
Properties of T-independent antigens
1. Polymeric structure
These antigens are characterized by the same antigenic determinant repeated many times .
2. Polyclonal activation of B cells
Many of these antigens can activate B cell clones specific for other antigens (polyclonal
activation). T-independent antigens can be subdivided into Type 1 and Type 2 based on their
ability to polyclonally activate B cells. Type 1 T-independent antigens are polyclonal activators
while Type 2 are not.
3. Resistance to degradation
T-independent antigens are generally more resistant to degradation and thus they persist for
longer periods of time and continue to stimulate the immune system.
B. T-dependent Antigens
T-dependent antigens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of antibody without
the help of T cells. Proteins are T-dependent antigens. Structurally these antigens are
characterized by a few copies of many different antigenic determinants
Hope that answers the question should u need any further clarification kindly do tell and
comment.
The superior portion of the sternum it the ____. glenoid fossa body.pdf
The superior portion of the sternum it the ____. glenoid fossa body manubrium xiphoid
process All of the following are synovial joints except: interphalangeal temporomandibular a
tooth in its boney socket elbow shoulder The sella turcica belongs to which bone? Mandible
Sphenold Ethmoid Temporal Frontal
Solution
Answer:
4. The superior portion of the sternum is manubrium. Sternum is the breastbone, which is located
in the center of the chest, consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid
process.
5. All the given joints are synovial joints except a tooth in its bony socket. The synovial joints of
bones are characterized by containing joint cavity which is filled with synovial fluid. However,
tooth are holds
in socket by a ligament.
6. The sella turcica belongs to sphenoid bone. The sella turcica is a depression in the sphenoid
bone of the human skull which holds the pituitary gland..
The half-life of a particular element is 410 days. What is its decay.pdf
The half-life of a particular element is 410 days. What is its decay constant?
Solution
let initial number of atoms is N0.
let decay constant be lambda.
in that case, at any time, remaining number of atoms is given as N(t)=N0*exp(-lambda*t)
half life is defined as time interval after which number of particle remaining becomes 50% of the
original value.
hence N(T)=N0/2 if T=half life
==>N0/2=N0*exp(-lambda*T)
==>1/2=exp(-lambda*T)
==>ln(1/2)=-lambda*T
==>-ln(2)=-lambda*T
==>lambda=ln(2)/T
given that T=410 days= 410*24*3600 seconds=35424000 seconds
==>lambda=ln(2)/T= 0.693/35424000 = 1.956*10^(-8) per second.
Suppose events A and B are mutually exclusive and at least one of th.pdf
Suppose events A and B are mutually exclusive and at least one of the events is nonempty.
Show that A and B are dependent events. (Typically, mutually exclusive implies dependent).
Solution
Two events are dependent if the outcome of one event is affected by the outcome of the other
event i.e. P(A/C)?P(A)
. Also note that P(A/C)=P(AnC)P(C).
Q1. Why are the birds discussed in this lab called Darwins finches.pdf
Q1. Why are the birds discussed in this lab called Darwin\'s finches?
Charles Darwin named them Geospiza leodarwini in honor of his son Leonard.
They come from the Darwin archipelago off the coast of Ecuador.
Charles Darwin collected the first scientific specimens.
John Gould placed them in the genus Darwinospiza.
Q2. A medium ground finch\'s ability to survive often depends on its beak size primarily
because:
Birds with bigger beaks are socially dominant and therefore get the best nest sites.
Beak size determines which seeds a finch can eat and how efficiently it can eat them.
Longer beaks make better weapons, which the birds use to defend themselves against predators.
Larger-beaked finches experience higher mating success.
Q3. Which statement best describes the pattern of natural selection on beak size?
Deep beaks are favored in dry years, while shallow beaks are favored in wet years.
Selection favors birds with bigger beaks.
Selection favors birds with smaller beaks.
Shallow beaks are favored in large populations, while deep beaks are favored in small
populations.
Q4. What can happen to our virtual finch population if the weather changes between wet and dry
conditions too rapidly?
The mutation rate may fall to zero.
The distribution of beak sizes may cease to be bimodal.
The finch population may go extinct. Beak size may cease to affect survival.
Q5. What happened to beak depths in the virtual finch population when selection on beak depth
was eliminated (selection strength = 0) and mutation rate for alleles determining beak depth was
greater than zero?
Average beak depth consistently increased.
Average beak depth consistently decreased.
The range in beak depths (largest to smallest) became larger.
The range in beak depths became smaller.
Q6. The Correlated Traits exercise shows that:
When two characters are correlated, selection always favors larger values for both or smaller
values for both.
When two characters are correlated, one of them can evolve toward higher values even if smaller
values are better for survival.
When two characters are correlated, selection is always strong on both or weak on both.
When two characters are correlated, the optimal values and selection strengths rise and fall
together.
Q7. In the Mountains and Valleys exercise, which of the following parameters had the largest
influence on whether the finch population evolved a bimodal distribution?
The speed at which the model ran.
The difference in carrying capacity between the wet versus dry sides of the island.
The number of chicks each pair of parents produced each year.
How far the birds flew when looking for a mate.
Q8. The final exercise, Large and Small Seeds, showed that:
In the absence of geographic barriers, a population cannot evolve distinctive subpopulations.
Bimodal distributions are more likely to evolve when geographic barriers are absent.
Bimodal distributions only evolve when the population\'s food supply is divided into two types.
Bimodal distributi.
Please answer this in a simple way and short. thank youQ What are.pdf
Please answer this in a simple way and short. thank you
Q: What are phylogenetically independent contrasts, and why are the useful?
Solution
Answer:
Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts is a way of integrating the increasing availability of
phylogenetic trees with comparative biology.
Phylogenetic independent contrasts is a generalization of the paired comparisons method where
contrasts are taken for each node in a phylogenetic tree using only paired tip values.
The process of Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts method:
1. Obtain a phylogeny of interest
2. Measure traits of interest and compare sister taxa
3. Test for correlated evolution traits in contrast to sister taxa
Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts is a method to analyze trait correlations and
informations from all species in the phylogeny can be used for part of the analysis.
Thus, it is a technique for accounting for shared common ancestry when using the comparative
method to find trends and patterns in evolutionary events. It helps to understand natural selection
when we account for the shared evolutionary history among the species we are studying..
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