1. By:
Dr.Yosreah Mohamed
Lecturer of Medical –Surgical Nursing Department Part
(I(

2. Definition of
body temperature
Body temperature is the
balance between the heat
produced by the body and
theheat lost from thebody.

3. The measuring unit of body
temperature
Normal range of body
temperature is
36 Co
→ 37.4 Co
“oral”.
Body temperature measured in
units called “degrees”. It may be
Fahrenheit or Centigrade.

4. Kinds of body temperature
1-Core temperature:
Isthetemperatureof thedeep
tissuessuch asthorax, abdominal
cavity,…………… it remains
relatively constant, about 37Co
.
.

5. Kinds of body temperature
2-Surface temperature:
Isthetemperatureof theskin,
and thesubcutaneoustissues
and fats; it risesand fallsin
responseto theenvironment

6. Heat Production
Factors that affect the body’s
heat production are :
1. Basalmetabolic rate“BMR”
2. Muscularactivity
3. Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and
sympathetic stimulation
4. Thyroxinoutput
5. Fever

7. Heat loss
1. Radiation
2. Conduction
3. Convection
4. Vaporization
RadiationRadiation
ConductionConduction
Convection

8. Regulation of body
temperature
A. PhysiologicalA. Physiological
controlcontrol
B. Behavioral controlB. Behavioral control

9. Factors affecting body
temperature
1. Age
2. Emotional states
3. Exercise
4. Hormonal influences
5. Diurnal variations
6. Environment
7. Ingestion of hot/cold liquids
8. Smoking

10. Alterations in body temperature
Fever
Definition
A body temperatureabovethenormal
rangeiscalled pyrexia, hyperthermia, or
fever.
A very high fever, such as41 Cº iscalled
hyperpyrexia.
Fever isusually caused by pyrogenssuch
asbacteria.

11. Types of fever
1. Low gradefever : 37.5 CCoo
– 38CCoo
2. Pyrexia : 38.1CCoo
– 41CCoo
3. Hyperpyrexia : above41CCoo
Body temperature aboveBody temperature above 4343CCoo
is fatal.is fatal.

12. Clinical signs of fever
Onset (cold or chill stage(:
1. Increased heart rate.
2. Increased respiratory rate.
3. Shivering.
4. Pall, cold skin .

13. Onset (cold or chill stage(:
5. Complaintsof feeling cold.
6. Cyanotic nail beds.
7. Risein body temperature.

14. Clinical signs of fever
Courseof fever
Absenceof chills.
Warm Skin.
Feelingsof being neither hot nor
cold.
Increased pulseand respiratory
rates.
Increased thirst.

15. Courseof fever
Mild to severedehydration.
Simpledrowsiness, restlessness,
and convulsions
Herpetic lesionsof themouth.
Lossof appetite.
Malaise, weakness, and aching
muscles.

16. Defervescence
(fever abatement (
Skin flushed
Feelswarm.
Sweating.
Decreased shivering.
Possibledehydration.

17. Nursing interventions forclients with
fever
Monitor vital signs.
Assessskin color and temperature.
Monitor whiteblood cell count,
Remove excess blankets when the
client feels warm, but provide extra
warmth when the client feels chilled.

18. Nursing interventions for
clients with fever
Provide adequate food and fluids
(e.g., 2500-3000mL per day)
Measureintakeand output.
Maintain prescribed intravenous
fluids.
Reduce physical activity to limit
heat production,

19. Nursing interventions for
clients with fever
Administer antipyreticsas
ordered.
Provideoral hygieneto keep
themucousmembranemoist.
Provideatepid spongebath
Providedry clothing and bed
linens

20. Heat stroke
Definition:
It isadangerousheat emergency
which occur dueto prolonged
exposureto thesun or high
environmental temperature, this
can depressthehypothalamic
function.

21. Signs and symptoms of heat
stroke
Confusion,.
Excessthirst.
Nausea.
Musclecramps.
Visual disturbances.
Hot, dry skin.
Incontinencemay occur.

22. First aid forvictims with
heat stroke
Moving theclient to acooler
environment.
Reducing theclothing.
Placing wet towelsover theskin.
Using oscillating fansto increaseheat
loss.

23. Hypothermia
Definition:
Decreasebody temperaturebelow the
normal range,
thiscondition occur when thebody
exposed to cold, which usually
develop gradually. (corebody
temperaturelessthan [35]. CCoo

24. Types of hypothermia
1.Mild hypothermia:34-
35Co
2.Moderate
hypothermia:30-33.8Co
3.Severhypothermia:>30Co

25. Signs and symptoms of
hypothermia
Uncontrolled shivering.
Depression and poor judgment.
Cold, paleskin.
Decreased heart rateand respiration.
Cyanotic skin.
If thehypothermiaprogress, cardiac
dysrhythmias, lossof consciousness
and becomeunresponsiveto painful
stimuli.

26. First aid forpatients with
hypothermia
If thepatient iswet, removethewet
clothsand replacethem with dry ones.
Warp theclient in blankets.
Givehim hot fluidsto drink.
Placetheclient near afireor in awarm
room.
Placeheating padsnext to areaof the
body.

27. Assessment of body
temperature
Sites
Thesitesused for taking
temperatureshould be:
Closed to prevent air currents.
Haveabundant blood supply.

28. Sites formeasuring
body temp
1-Oral temperature
2-Rectal temperature
** Rectal=-0.5 Co
3-Axillary temperature
**Axillary= +0.5 Co
4-Aural temperature

29. Types of thermometers
1- Electronic thermometer

30. Types of thermometers
2.Mercury Glass thermometer

31. Types of thermometers
3. Tympanic membrane thermometer

32. Types of thermometers
44--ChemicalChemical
thermometerthermometer

33. Contraindications foruse of the four
sites of temperature measurement
Oral site:
Children under 6 years.
Confused or convulsiveclients.
Drinking or eating very hot or cold
fluid or food “for 15 minutes”.
Patientswith oral or nasal surgery.

34. Rectal site
Rectal surgery: or inflammations.
Constipation: or diarrhea.
In newbornsand infants“it may
causeulcerationsand rectal
perfusions”.

35. Axillary site
Surgery or inflammation in the
axilla.
Injury or fractureto thechest or
thearm.

36. Tympanic membrane
“aural site”
Ear and tympanic membrane
inflammation or surgery.