SAPANA THAKOR NSIN

1. TEMPERATURE
Mrs. Sapana thakor
Lecture
NSIN ,, AHMEDABAD

2. ❑Body temperature is the degree of hotness
or coldness of a body or environment.
❑It is the somatic sensation of heat or cold. It is the
degree of or intensity of heat of a body in relation
to external environment.
❑The body temperature is the difference between
the amount of heat produced by body processes
& the amount of heat lost to the external
environment.

3. • Body Temperature = Thermogenesis–Heat
Loss

4. Normal temperature
Vary between 97-99 f and 36.1-37.2 c
Axillary- 97.6 f
Oral – 98.6 f
Rectal- 99.6 f

5. urinary bladder
• Core temperature- it is the temperature of
internal body tissues below the skin &
subcutaneous tissues. The sites of measurement
are rectum, tympanic
membrane, esophagus, pulmonary artery &
.

6. • Surface body temperature- it refers to the
body temperature of external body tissues at
the surface that is of the skin & subcutaneous
tissues.
SITES

7. It is precisely regulated by physiological &
behavioral mechanisms in number of ways:-
❑Neural control
❑Vascular control
❑Skin in temperature regulation
❑Behavioral control

8. AGE
EXERCISE
HORMONAL LEVEL
STRESS
CIRCARDIAN RHYTHM
ENVIRONMENT

9. Temperature
Hyperthermia
hypothermia

10. ✓Fever is an elevation of body temperature that
exceeds normally daily variation and occurs in
conjunction with an increase in the
hypothalamic set point for e.g. 37⁰C-39⁰C.

11. CAUSES OF FEVER
-infection
-neoplasms
-vascular causes
-trauma
-immunological diseases.
-endocrine

12. 1. Intermittent fever: Temperature rise frome
normal to high and come down at regular
interval.E.g.- in septicemia.
2.Remittent fever the variation is more than 2
c between morning and evening but fever does
not reach normal.

13. s
4.Relapsing fever: there are short febrile
periods followed by one or more day of
normal temperature.

14. 5.Constant or continuous
The temperature varies not more than 2 c b/w
morning and evening, but does not come to
normal during the day.

15. 1) low pyrexia: 99-101 f
2) moderate pyrexia-101-103 f
3) high pyrexia: 103-105 f
4) hyperpyrexia: 105 f

16. Management of sever
fever
• Five oral fluids 3 liter per day.
• Give cold sponge to reduce bod’s surface temperature.
• Give frequent mouth wash and attend to oral hygiene.
• Reduce the external covering on petient body to promote
heat loss through radiation and conduction.

17. • Do not induce chills
• Keep clothing and bed linen drey to increase heat loss through
conduction and convection
• Provide cool circulating air
• Limit patients physical activity and provide rest.
• Check out temperature 1/2 hourly and record to assess the
genearl condition of patient,

18. GOAL
•Patients suffering from balance thermoregulation
•Temperature in Normal range
•Pulse and respiration in normal range
•No color change
•No turning.

19. Nursing management
Fever control
1. Monitor temperature at lease every 2 hourly
2. Monitor in continuous basal temperature
3. Monitor bp , pulse and respiration.
4. Moniyor skin color and temperature.
5. Monitor level of consciousness.
6. Monitor count of WBC ,Hb , Hct.

20. 7.monitor intake and output.
8.give antipyretic.
9.provide treatment to overcome the cause of fever.
10.provide intravenous fluids.
11. Compress the patient on the thigh fold , axilla and neck.
12. Increase air circulation
13. Provide treatment to prevent shivering.

21. Nursing process

22. RIGOR
Rigor is a sudden attack of intense shivering
when the heat regulating center in the brain is
disturbed.
It is seen in certain infection like malaria .

23. Stages of rigor
1. Cold stage
2. Hot stage
3.sweting stage

24. ❖Hypothermia is a state in which the core body
temperature is lower than 35 degree Celsius and
95 degree Fahrenheit. At this temperature many of
the compensatory mechanism to conserve heat
begin to fall.

25. • TYPES OF HYPOTHERMIA

26. • Normal Range:
– 98.6º F
• Mild Hypothermia:
– 89.95º F
• Moderate hypothermia-
82-89 f
• SevereHypothermia
– < 82º F

27. ❖Cold exposure-when the balance between the
body’s heat production and heat loss tips
toward heat loss for a prolonged period,
hypothermia can occur.
❖Accidental hypothermia usually happens after
cold temperature exposure without enough
warm, dry clothing for protection.

28. symptoms
• Shivering
• Slow, shallow breathing
• Confusion and memory loss.
• Drowsiness or exhaustion
• Slurred or mumbled speech
• Loss of coordination, fumbing hands

29. ❖Measuring the core temperature at two sites-
rectum & esophagus with the help of rectal
probe & esophageal probe.

30. ❖continuous monitoring
❖Rewarding
❖supportive care.

31. ➢PASSIVE: involves the use of blankets to
cover body and head to trap heat being lost.
➢ACTIVE: the application of outside heat
to raise body temperature
➢External – heat blanket/forced hot air system
➢Internal – introduction of warm fluids into the
body
➢Warm IVF, body cavity lavage, extracorporeal

32. ❖Provide extra covering and monitor temperature.
❖Cover head properly.
❖Use heat retaining blankets.
❖Keep patient‘s linen dry.

33. ❖Control environmental temperature.
❖Provide extra heat source (heat lamp, radiant
warmer, pads, and blankets).
❖Carefully assess for hyperthermia or burn.
❖Regulate heat source according to physical
response.