Deception In Psychological Research

Deception in Psychological Research
Deception in Psychological Research
Lindsey Bocskay
Psych/540
11/16/2009
Dr. Matthew Geyer When conducting any type of psychological research, the American
Psychological Association (APA) Ethics codes comes into effect. Every researcher or scientist is
obligated to follow the standards set in the ethics codes. There are many ethical standards that need
to be upheld when dealing with research. Researchers must see if the research or study meets the
ethical standards. There are many ways of conducting research and gathering data. Some ways are
considered ethical and appropriate ways to gather data while other ways are deemed unethical.
Deception and misrepresenting oneself in order to obtain data is a controversial issue on ... Show
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"Researchers are ethically obligated to describe the research procedures clearly, identify any
potential risks that might influence individuals' willingness to participate, and answer any questions
participants have about the research" (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2005). In return,
"Researchers are ethically obligated to describe the research procedures clearly, identify any
potential risks that might influence individuals' willingness to participate, and answer any questions
participants have about the research" (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2005). There are
many different ways to gather data and information in a research or study. One of the ways to obtain
information is to use deception or misrepresent oneself in the research. In a classic study that
Humphreys conducted on tearoom, Humphreys observed over 100 sexual acts in over 15 different
men's restrooms with men. Tearooms are where men can get together in public restrooms and
perform sexual acts on other men without anyone knowing. Humphreys noticed that these men
didn't want to enter these restrooms in fear of getting caught. This produced the lookout role called
the "watchqueen" (Desroches, 1990). Humphreys took on the "watchqueen" role in order to observe
what was going on without causing alarm to the participants. He also started to build the trust of
several participants by engaging in conversation with them. He recorded the license
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Psychological Effects Of Cocaine Research
Brady and colleagues (1991) carried out an investigation that focused on 55 individuals whom had
been admitted for treatment of DSM–III–R cocaine dependence. It was found that 53 per cent of the
individuals interviewed reported experiencing cocaine related psychosis. Of the 53 per cent of
individuals who had reported cocaine–induced psychosis 90 per cent reported experiencing paranoid
delusions (which was found to be directly linked to cocaine use). The researchers also found that
individuals experienced hallucinations with 83 per cent reporting auditory hallucinations, 38 per
cent visual hallucinations, and 21 per cent tactile hallucinations. Multiple other studies have
reported similar findings in relation to the psychological effects of ... Show more content on
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myocardial infarction) and psychological harms (i.e. psychosis), however, there are some effects
that can have a negative social impact. For example, cocaine abuse has been found to be associated
with violent tendencies towards others (Manschreck et al., 1988). In a survey conducted by Miller et
al., (1991) it was reported that 46 per cent of individuals (cocaine users) committed violent crimes
in–order to obtain the drug. Along with this finding it was also noted that 26 per cent of 200 crack
cocaine users admitted to committing crimes whilst "high" on the drug, 95 per cent of which were
violent. It is important to note that cocaine misuse also has been found to affect peer relationships
and social cognition. Preller et al., (2014) proposed that cocaine abuse can negatively affect users'
social relationships and connections due to the fact that the drug dampens the reward response to
social interaction. Other studies have pointed identified that social decision–making is also
negatively affected by cocaine use (Hulka et al., 2014). One particular study seems to suggest that
cocaine has a detrimental affect on the orbitofrontal cortex functions (Lucantonio et al., 2012) which
then negatively impacts the ability of the orbitofrontal to identify the moral implications of breaking
social rules. In the case of cannabis it has been reported that chronic use of the drug has a negative
social impact on adolescents in regards to education (students leaving school prematurely) and job
instability in young adults (Newcombe & Bentler,

Psychological Disorders Research Paper
Psychological Disorders Damilola E. Ajibode Brookdale Community College 1.0 Introduction to
Psychological disorders and their prevalence Psychological disorders are also referred to as mental
disorders. It is defined as the pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that causes major
personal distress and affects the capacity to function in at least one significant area of life or both
(Sandra E. Hockenbury, 2015). Therefore, to qualify a person as someone with a psychological
disorder, he or she must possess a behavioral or psychological symptom that seems to be completely
different from the existing social and cultural norms. People are entitled to act according to their
cultural norms, even if it doesn't conform to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People with GAD go through extreme anxiety and worry which mainly concerns their health,
family, work or money. Their social activities are in a state of confusion due to excessive anxiety
and women are twice as likely to be affected. Patients diagnosed with GAD can definitely have a
full and meaningful life if they are being treated or when their anxiety level is mild to moderate
(Anxiety and Depression Association of America, 2010–2016). Panic Disorder is diagnosed in
people who experience frequent and unexpected panic attacks. Around 2–3% of Americans
experience this disorder in a particular year and it is twice more common in women than in men.
People tend to keep away from situations where they fear they might experience a panic attack like
work, school and this affects the organization of their daily life. (Anxiety and Depression
Association of America, 2010–2016). 2.2

Psychological Disorder Research Paper
A psychological disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in someone's
cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. These thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are
dysfunctional and they interfere with regular day to day life. Sad moods that enlarge and become
damaging can signal a psychological disorder. However over time, definitions of what make a
psychological disorder have varied. For example, in the 1970's, high energy children were typically
just viewed as normal kids running a little wild, but today they are seen as dysfunctional and
diagnosed with attention– deficit/hyperactivity disorder. There are 450 million people suffering
from psychological disorders, but how are these disorders developed? Psychological

The Role Of Observation Of Psychological Research
Option B Discuss the role of observation in psychological research, drawing from examples from
chapters 3, 6 and 8 of Investigating Psychology In order to evaluate the usefulness of observational
studies in psychological research this assignment will first briefly explain the role of observation. It
will proceed by drawing from an example of observational studies conducted by Bandura et al
(1963) as cited in Oates (2014), in order to illuminate the value of observation. Additionally it will
explore any implications that may arise by adopting the method of observation. It will then move
forward to the ethnographic study conducted by Corsaro (2006), which will highlight how one of
these implications can be addressed (Brownlow, 2014). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This observational study set out to determine if under specific conditions children would reproduce
acts of aggression. In this experiment there were four groups: One group which was the control
group and where no violence was initiated; and three other groups,which were the experimental
conditions. In the experimental groups violence was present but varied with how it was performed.
For instance, either a live model, a live model in a film, or a film where the model took fantasy
formation, (for example a cat), were witnessed by participants, delivering violent acts to a doll. The
Independent variable was the level of aggression that the children were exposed to. Oates (2014)
describes that in order to control external variables Bandura et al (2014) selected participants that
displayed the same level of aggression, and used the same amount of boys and girls. Half of the
participants saw a male model and half saw a female model in order to reduce gender differences
impacting on the findings. Briefly, this observational study presented the experimental groups with a
model carrying out aggressive acts on a 'Bobo doll ', a second room was used in order to further
irritate participants and a third room was used to film the children demonstrating acts of violence so
this could be analysed later using a coding system. Bandura et al (1963) as

A very few amount of people actually know the truth behind psychological disorders. Unfortunately,
this leads to the development myths and misconceptions about psychological disorders and the
people who suffer from them. One very negative misconception that has been formed by society is
the idea that people who suffer from mental illness are violent and dangerous. The typical vision of
a people with a mental illness is someone who is in a mental ward, screaming, and acting out. This
is what we commonly see in movies, but the truth is that most people who suffer from mental
illnesses are not violent and incapable of controlling themselves. The public is strongly misinformed
about the link between mental illness and violence. A study of American's

Psychological Effects Of Slavery Research Paper
Slave owners are able to utilize their resources, such as their harsh words and even their actions that
can have a psychological effect on a slave. One method that is used is that a child is taken away
from its mother at a very young age, which can leave a lot of psychological problems for such a
young child. A positive attachment at a young age plays a vital role in who a child becomes. A child
who does not have a positive attachment will likely struggle trusting others. With slaves, I am sure
this was a traumatic effect as slaves would also have a lot of concerns in learning to trust others.
Young slave children would also witness others being beaten–which can leave a great effect on a
child's mind. This may even cause post–traumatic stress

Psychological Research On Mental Health
Psychological research has had a fundamental impact on mental health in the UK, for instance, it
has ignited new treatments and made the practices of organisations like the NHS more efficient.
However, some may critique the impact research has actually had, for example, the change that has
actually occurred because of research. Looking at the impact of research is vital because surely one
of the main aims of research is to positively benefit patient's lives. It means changes in the practices
of health organisations are well–informed resulting in effective changes, improving efficiency of
health organisations. There has been much research carried out into the stigma of mental health
disorders, biological causes e.g. role of dopamine in schizophrenia and new therapies that have
emerged– which will all be assessed. Stigma surrounds mental illness even in contemporary society.
Research has aimed to reduce this. World Health Organisation (WHO; 2012) have stated that such
stigma is a "hidden human rights emergency". Barrier studies show that stigma is the fourth highest
barrier to seeking help (Clement et al, 2014) proving why it is fundamental to research stigma. A
positive impact of research is that it has led to changes in legislation. The Equality Act 2010 has
made it illegal to discriminate against those with mental health disorders in education, the
workplace, transport and public services. Research has signposted the rights of those with mental
disorders, giving them

Social Psychological Research Methods: Social Psychological
Social Psychological Research Methods: Social Psychological Measurement Harvesting and
Harnessing Social Media Data for Psychological Research Social media, also termed social
networking sites, comprise websites, web–based services, platforms, and applications that allow
individuals to "(1) construct a public or semi–public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate
a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of
connections and those made by others within the system" (, Boyd & Ellison, 2007, p. 211), as well
as (4) "create and share content or to participate in social networking" (Boyd & Ellison, 2007;
Oxford University, 2017). Nowadays, social media use has become extremely ... Show more content
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Researchers can now collect a wide range of information about a population, including non–
semantic and semantic features, on social media platforms. The analysis of social media data has
allowed researchers to uncover numerous aspects about its users at the individual, community, and
national levels. In fact, an emerging field of scholars has analyzed social media data to understand a
wide range of behaviors and attitudes, including but not limited to consumer decisions, influenza
infections, and political opinions. The procedures to use social media data for research include data
harvesting and harnessing. In the following sections, we first provide a detailed overview of
common platforms and different harvesting methods and then review the latest harnessing
techniques, including the identification of non–semantic and semantic features and the
corresponding analytical techniques. We also provide a discussion of important semantic features,
including topics and the use for sentiment analysis and opinion spam detection. In the last section,
we present an example to illustrate how social media data can be utilized for predictive and
explanatory models. Finally, we end this chapter by describing ongoing challenges and future
directions of measuring social media data in psychological research. 1. Social Media Platforms With
about a dozen social media platforms and over 100 million active users worldwide (Statista, 2016;
Mangukiya,

Psychological Prison Research Paper
Although, prisons are seen as forms of control which limit individual freedom. How do they differ
from a psychological prison? Psychological prisons are created through racism, sexism, ageism,
poverty and other social institutions. Psychological prisons are, indeed, very real as this can be seen
through various examples that will be presented in this essay.
Other than physical prisons themselves, we also have prisons in ourselves. Those prisons are called
"psychological prisons". For instance, a shy person is a prisoner of shyness. In an article that
psychologist Philip G. Zimbardo, the conductor of the Stanford Prison Experiment, has contributed,
stating that: "they live trapped between two fears: being invisible and insignificant to others" in
social situations. Therefore, shy person limit himself/herself because they feel comfortable by not
exposing themselves for everyone else to see. In a nutshell, they are mentally prisoners by their own
shyness although they are not in a physical prison. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Physical and psychological prisons can be rebelled or resolved in different ways. Physical prisons,
as scholars explain it, requires "members of low–status groups are bound together by a sense of
shared social identity", as a result, "that allows them to counteract stress, secure support, challenge
authority, and promote social change in even the most extreme of situations." On another hand,
psychological prisons can be escaped or resolved if one puts his/her mind to it. The person needs to
open eyes and the mind to realize the self–created illusion of the psychological prisons to be able to
see the reality to be able to

Scripture And Psychological Transformation Research Paper
The Contrast of Scripture and Psychological Views of Transformation and Reformation
ShaDonna N. Bell
Oakwood University
Principles of Psychology 101
Pam Cook
September 4, 2015
Abstract
The biblical view of transformation and restoration pertains to the change and healing of one's spirit
and soul according to their relationship with Christ. It is sometimes extremely hard to observe what
God does in someone's life because He works in mysterious ways; so mysterious that even the
person in which it happens to may not be able to explain; and word of mouth may be the only
available resource. The psychological view of transformation and restoration mostly consist of an
observational study of change (transformation) and healing (restoration) ... Show more content on
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(n.d.). jesus.com/topics/Transformation
"Scripture quotations taken from the New American Standard Bible®,
Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman
Foundation Used by permission." (www.Lockman.org)
Inspirational Bible Verses & Quotes. (n.d.). Retrieved September 7, 2015, from
http://www.jollynotes.com/2013/03/12/bible–verses–about–restoration–restoring–marriage–
relationships–friendships–health–hope/ English Standard Version, 2001 (revisions in 2007 and
2011); Apocrypha 2009, Crossway Bible
Restoration. (n.d.). Retrieved September 7, 2015, from http://www.merriam–
webster.com/dictionary/restoration
What is REHABILITATION? Definition of REHABILITATION (Psychology Dictionary). (n.d.).
Retrieved September 7, 2015, from http://psychologydictionary.org/rehabilitation/
Adamowicz, J. L., Caikauskaite, I., & Friedberg, F. (2014). Defining recovery in chronic fatigue
syndrome: A critical review. Quality Of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality Of Life
Aspects of Treatment, Care & Rehabilitation, 23(9), 2407–2416.

Psychological Research: APA Guidelines
APA guidelines have shaped psychological research through their foundation of certain rules and
through the way that researchers are required to express their written information regarding their
writing style, the composition of their content, how their references are cited, and how to arrange
publication manuscripts (Seas & Brizee, 2012). Seas and Brizee (2012) are listed as contributors for
Purdue's APA style workshop and affirm that APA style is used in order to present the audience with
key concepts which they are able to use to comprehend the researcher's information in a more
effective manner and also to pinpoint material that is significant to them. These researchers also
express that a researcher can authenticate their ethos, or credibility, in psychology by validating that
they are aware of their readers and the needs their readers require as ... Show more content on
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Seas and Brizee (2012) also articulate in their workshop that APA style also permits the audience to
concentrate more on the ideas a researcher has by not diverting their attention with formatting they
are not accustomed to. American Psychologist (2014) states that it is important that APA guidelines
remain current and the articles created are extensively utilized by researchers, practicing clinicians,
educational institutions, training sites here in the United States as well as internationally. The
journal also expresses that these guidelines are widely used by different professions such as
marriage and family therapists, prosecutors, social workers, specialists who are associated with the
attribute of psychological assistances, and those who deal closely with providers' conduct. Through
all of these guidelines, psychology has taken a new form and has also been given new meaning.
Analysis of Milgram's obedience study on current APA guidelines Milgram's obedience study has
been around for decades and still holds up its reputation as one of the better

Psychological Research Issues
2. Discuss the ethical and methodological issues associated with conducting psychological research
via the internet.
It is no secret that with the Internet's growing popularity and ever growing consumer base that some
aspects of psychological research would eventually bleed onto the cyber–platform. With this shift of
platform all methodological and ethical issues relation to the previous platform need to be adapted
to be able to keep up with the change. The use of the internet to conduct psychological research
poses a new set of issues that have to be addressed before conducting research.
Due to the lack of absolutes in ethical codes it is important that researchers are able to logically
adapt pre–existing ethical guidelines. At the forefront ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ethics are especially stringent when the study is targeting potentially vulnerable participants such as
those suffering from anxiety, depression, bereavement and so on. Sharky, Jones, Smithson, Hewis,
Emmens, Ford and Owens performed a ethical review on a study that looked at self harm discussion
forum
Along with the multiple ethical considerations that come along with IMR there are also
methodological issues that have to be considered. One issue that the researcher is to consider is
whether the internet users represent the general population; in most cases the answer is no.
According to the Office of National Statistics (2008) the average internet user is typically white,
under the age of 30 and college educated.
Household information about the usage of the internet in each household over the past few years.....
with so many people on the internet it becomes a prime target for psychological research due to it's
availability and it's ability to reach many people across many different populations. This ability is
not without it's downfalls. The internet makes it undoubtedly easier to reach potential participants
for many different types of

Psychological Intervention Research Paper
It is easy for parents to identify their child's physical needs: nutritious food, warm clothes when it's
cold, bedtime at a reasonable hour. However, a child's mental and emotional needs may not be as
obvious. The United Society of Phycology is pleased to present this proposal for your review. We
look forward to partnering with you to provide a psychological intervention program for students
with mental disorders, we will call this P.I.P (Psychological Intervention Program)! We have heard
of your generous grant from a good friend and hope to work with you.
Approximately 50% of students age 14 and older with a mental illness drop out of high school. The
objective of P.I.P is to help the children understand what the problems are and pinpoint

Methods Used For Psychological Research
Methods used in psychological research are used to obtain quantitative or qualitative data.
Quantitative data is more often than not derived from methods such as experiments and statistics
analyzing data using surveys, questionnaires and interviews. Qualitative data tends not to be aimed
at finding exact measurements in its findings, but is more concerned with evidence collection and
analysis through practices such as observation and ethnography (using observations through
involvement in activities over a period of time) (Brownlow 2011).
Psychologists look for explanations for human behavior; they reach conclusions through research
processes which attempt to explain or even predict said behavior. Researchers strive to obtain facts
and discover 'what' and 'why' with regards to understanding cause and effect and this research may
help to understand human cognition and memory. There are many advantages and disadvantages in
using particular methods of psychological research but this essay will examine and assess only the
advantages of three different methods of research, giving examples.
The first method we will assess is one used by Adorno et al. This quantitative method of collecting
data used a questionnaires, which they called the F–scale (F for fascism) (McAvoy 2010). Adorno
argued that certain personalities traits made individuals prone to be highly prejudicial. There is
evidence to support this claim as they also used clinical interviews revealing aspects of

Examine and Assess the Advantages of Three Different...
Examine and assess the advantages of three different methods used in psychological research
Psychological research has many advantages within society, helping us to better understand many
different aspects of the world around us; this essay will be looking at three different research
methods to ascertain the advantages of using methods within psychology. First of all we will
identify which methods we are going to examine then we will assess the advantages of using these
methods through the eyes of the relevant psychologist against their individual studies but first let's
distinguish what is meant by the term research method. Methods are used within a psychological
study to help determine the hypotheses of the psychologist, or can be ... Show more content on
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Damon did not compare jacks response to a set of predetermined categories, or to make
generalisations with reference to age. Interviews let the participants give their life histories, relay
their own experiences, lets them express their own ideas and thoughts, in their own words without
influence or pressure from the psychologists. Interviews are used to collect information regarding
people's views on a wide variety of topics, from childhood to personality as we can see from
Damons study.
As you can see interview and questionnaires are very useful when studying behaviour, however
were it is not possible to study this through the means of experiments, possibly because of ethical
reasons therefore this makes these two methods very advantages to some psychologists and their
work. However these methods primarily focus on visible behaviour or language produced during
interaction. They do not take into consideration what's actually going on within the brain, what
mental processes are taking place as they are going about their business. With an experiment you are
more likely to be able to identify what's actually going on within the brain, stop for a moment what
can you hear, see, whilst you are trying to read this essay, can you distinguishes happening right
now; probably not this suggests that we have difficulty maintaining an awareness of all that's going

Ethical Issues Are A Key Part Of Any Psychological Research.
Ethical issues are a key part of any psychological research. This refers to the appropriate codes of
conduct which should be adhered to in any psychological research. In the past there has been many
unethical studies carried out which has raised a variety of questions as to did the end justify the
means, is this right? Should it have been done? For instance, Milgram (1963) study into obedience.
However, at that moment in time no ethical guidelines were Brocken as they did not exist (Matta,
R). Therefore, ethical guidelines were put in place stop these abuses of power and put an end to such
questions. In the United Kingdom any research carried out by psychologists must apply with the
guidelines set by the British Psychological Society ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2007). However, even in these circumstances it is considered unethical and in the case that the
deception cause distress the research is considered to be unacceptable. In order to compensate for
any degree of deception researcher could provide participants with a debrief which is a full
description of the nature of the study after the research has been carried out (Cardwell, M &
Flanagan, C. 2005). Milgram (1963) carried out a study into obedience in which deception was a
main problem. Milgram wanted to see how far an individual would go into obeying an instruction
from an authority figure even if it involve the harm of another. In the study participants were split
into two groups: teachers and students, a confederate was always in the role of the learner. Students
deliberately answered the questions wrong in which teachers were then told to administer and
electric shock for every wrong answer given. Participants were deceived as they thought they were
harming a real person, therefore causing them distress. However, Milgram and many others agreed
that this deception was necessary to see the true nature of obedience as well as providing reliable
and valid results. This allowed Milgram to provide results which no other in his field could have
expected (Connolly, E. 2011).
Physical and Psychological harm to participants is another ethical issue which often can occur in
psychological research.

Research Paper On Psychological Empowerment
Psychological Empowerment
Abstract
Purpose– This paper aims to provide a holistic view of psychological empowerment, a concept
introduced by spreitzer in 1995.
Design/Methodology/approach– Qualitative studies in combination with quantitative facts are
reviewed to unveil psychological empowerment , it origin, significance, antecedents and
consequences.
Findings–
Originality/Value– Numerous significant and reliable studies are integrated to develop an overall
model that can be used to implement psychological empowerment in todays organizational world.
Keywords: Empowerment, Psychological empowerment, Management and Leadership, Employee
participation, Motivation and organizational behavior.
Paper type: Research paper
Psychological Empowerment– An Introduction
Kanter(1977) was the pioneer of the empowerment concept. It was a very significant and hugely
successful concept ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One is to change the employees' thinking processes like how they interpret or perceive their working
environment the other is to change working conditions and psychological climate of the
organization. These findings provide a number of "levers of change" that organizations can
undertake to enhance job motivation and job satisfaction. Managers should ensure that employees
have a clear information about the scope of their job, responsibilities and how to overlap individual
goals with organizational goals. Managers should encourage employees in active participation in
decision making, welcome their ideas and respect their values to increase the sense of
empowerment. At the organizational level, human resource departments should ensure the
participation of employees in organization decision making by considering their experiences and
ideas. Managers should arrange training sessions for employees to give them information and
procedures to take part in decision making and innovating their work

Ethical Standards By The APA For Psychological Research
I agree with Jeff Probst about what he considers to be "endlessly entertaining". The producers create
conflict and stress for the people in the show to see how they will get themselves out of the
situation. I would enjoy being a producer of that show because of the entertainment one could have
with messing with the contestants. I was shocked that Jonny Fairplay would lie about his
grandmother dying just so he could get the reward challenge. I noticed that the show picks the
contestants who have troubles solving problems, will explode if something goes wrong, or the
unreasonable people. They do not pick contestants that will think through something thoroughly to
make the correct decision because that is not as enjoying for viewers. I do think that the ethical
standard by the APA for psychological research should be applied to reality–based television shows.
I say this because I do not think sexual harassment should be aloud on the show. Physical moves or
verbal or nonverbal that is sexual in nature should not be permitted on the show because that should
never be okay in any circumstance. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Survivor does a great job with personal growth because there are new experiences and challenges in
the show that contestants overcome. Autonomy is in Survivor when the people have to make
important decisions by themselves. Purpose in life is a trait relevant in the show because the
contestants are in life trying to achieve goals and not just doing nothing at

Psychological Resilience Research
Whereas it is argued that burnout is one major factor that diminishes an academician's performance;
developing resilience skills may counter the process and is thus very crucial (Toker, 2011). When
things seem to be going in the wrong direction, working towards a resilient state is the best
response. Resilient adults are able to maintain positive relationships, solve problems skilfully, stay
inspired, and derive some sense of meaning from challenges (Ee & Chang, 2010). According to
Benders and Jackson (2012), teachers who are equipped with resilience are the ones with an
optimistic outlook towards the overall education system as well as teaching. Moreover, resilient
teachers are problem solvers and change agents to which in such a way when ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite these stressful life experiences, many individuals manage to endure and overcome the
temporary upheaval of these traumatic events remarkably well, with no apparent disruption in their
ability to function at work or in close relationships. This situation is referred to as "resilience",
which is one's capacity to maintain a pattern of low distress and adequate functioning following
stressful experiences (Bonanno, Moskowitz, Papa, & Folkman, 2005). Individuals found to exhibit
psychological resilience, are thought to possess a number of specific personal attributes that
contribute to their ability to approach difficult situations in a way that adds to their resilient nature
and to which serves to continually expand their personal and psychological strength (Akgemci,
Demirsel, & Kara, 2013). Tugade and Fredrickson (2004) proposed that what may set people with
high levels of psychological resilience apart from those with low levels of psychological resilience
is a capacity to learn from the setbacks of life and to utilize that knowledge as a means of coping
more effectively in the

Psychological Research And Deception Essay
It is known that in a psychological research, deception is one of the most popular ethical issues
discussed. The author will confer whether deceiving participants in a psychological experiment is
deemed a wrongful act or may contribute to the experiment. This assignment will identify reasons
for and against this statement. Initially the author will define the term deception and explain the
principles that are applied to a psychological research experiment. The question that will be
addressed throughout this assignment is: "Should participants ever be deceived concerning the true
nature of a psychological experiment in which they take part?" To be able to produce an answer for
this question, the author will collect and use factual evidence throughout;

Psychological Balance Research Paper
Psychological balance is necessary, not only for our well being, but also for the benefit of those we
interact with. However, it is not always easy for college students to maintain that balance. Students
face problems in their classes, such as procrastination or simply a difficult professor. Others might
have to deal with large student loans and have to work multiple jobs while just barely getting by. For
some, homesickness or depression might be a cause enormous stress in their lives. I have identified,
in my own life, three ways to relieve college related stress and, in turn, work toward maintaining a
psychological balance. The first method of relieving stress is one that, I believe, we all have utilized
many times whether we know it or

Assess The Validity Of Psychological Research In Psychology
It is important for us to understand the methods used in psychological research so that we can assess
the validity of the findings of such researches. First, we will be able to understand how researchers
obtain the empirical data that serves as the foundation for their research. Subsequently, we can
determine whether these data originate from case studies, surveys, naturalistic observations, or
controlled experiments. In the latter case, we could know which variables are controlled and / or
manipulated and how the experiments' environments serve to regulate such conditions. Lastly,
taking all these into account, we would be able to make an informed decision on the reliability of
the data and the legitimacy of the psychological findings that follows.
However, when all the psychological methods presented in this chapters have their advantages and
disadvantages, the most notable problem seems to be personal bias (researchers' and participants').
After all, we are human and it seems inconceivable that all the personal biases could be taken into
account in a psychological research. Too small a sample size of participants will not be able to
reflect an entire population, but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I used to think that psychology was more about observing people's behaviors (naturalistic
observation) for certain patterns in their behaviors, and possibly coming up with (testable)
hypotheses that could explain those phenomena. As a result, when I found out that psychological
research's data could also be presented in explicit, mathematical numbers, I was (pleasantly)
surprised. It is pleasing to see familiar mathematical concepts such as "standard deviation" and "t–
tests" make an appearance in psychological researches. Again, this shows me how science and
mathematics are closely tied together. Lastly, I could see how psychologists could integrate
advanced modern technologies in their

Psychological Research Procedure: The American Psychology...
Before any psychological research can begin, The research procedure must be reviewed and
approved by the American Psychology Association (APA). The research must meet certain
requirements before it can begin. One of these requirements is the intent that the research will
accomplish an increase in knowledge, advance prior research, increase understanding, or benefit
welfare. If a study does not strive to satisfy any of these needs, then it cannot proceed. In addition to
these four objectives, the study must meet the 5 principles: beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity
and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect for people's rights and dignity. Beneficence and
nonmaleficence means psychologists must safeguard the welfare and rights

Three Psychological Research Methods Essay
Methods used in psychological research are used to obtain quantitative or qualitative data.
Quantitative data is more often than not derived from methods such as experiments and statistics
analysing data using surveys, questionnaires and interviews. Qualitative data tends not to be aimed
at finding exact measurements in its findings, but is more concerned with evidence collection and
analysis through practices such as observation and ethnography (using observations through
involvement in activities over a period of time) (Brownlow 2011).
Psychologists look for explanations for human behaviour; they reach conclusions through research
processes which attempt to explain or even predict said behaviour. Researchers strive to obtain facts
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the study indicated that individuals with a strict upbringing by pushy parents were most
likely to develop an authoritarian personality. It was believed that this was because the individual
was not able to express hostility towards their parents (for being strict and critical). Consequently,
the person would then displace their hostility to other people, namely those who are in a minority.
Adorno et al. concluded that people with authoritarian traits, as identified by the F–Scale, were
predisposed to having 'fascistic' characteristics such as ethnocentrism (the tendency to favour one's
own ethnic group), respect for authority figures and obsession with power (McAvoy 2010).
This method of collecting data proves that the authoritarian personality exists and the data collected
may help to explain why some people are more resistant to changing their prejudiced views. Here,
this method of psychological research proves to be reliable to a certain point as the validity of the
data collected measures what it is supposed to measure, although the participants were not given a
'neutral response' option on the scale (McAvoy 2010). The main advantages of using questionnaires
for psychological research are that they can be practical, quick, cost–effective, and objective and can
also be collected from a large number of people relatively easily. Questionnaires can

What Are Psychological Disorders? When we head into the realm of psychology, we are looking at
it as the study of behavioral patterns and cognitive responses. As such, psychological disorders, also
referred to as mental disorders, are abnormalities or irregularities in healthy behavioral patterns that
can have significant effects on the function of your daily life. Having a psychological disorder can
generate a lot of unnecessary distress, not only for yourself but often times for those around you. A
general description of psychological disorders emphasizes the concept that patterns of behavior,
thoughts, or emotions that are distinct or deviated from, not only cultural norms, but practical and
functional lifestyles that would otherwise ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, PSTD, or Post–traumatic Stress Disorder, arises in soldiers who have seen or been
through things that scar their consciences. Dokoupil, T., & Snyder, A. (2012) mention of a company
of marine reservists that served in Iraq, that they were found "jobless, homeless, disposed to drugs
and alcohol, divorced from their spouses, and cut off from their former selves" after their
reinstitution into society. Other disorders, like PD, or Panic Disorder, can lead to further
deterioration of the psyche when those diagnosed are exposed to their underlying causes or stimulus
for excessive amounts of time. A person with PD can develop agoraphobia, or the fear of
marketplaces, because of the effects that such places may have on them due to their

Psychological Addiction Research Paper
Addiction is a disease in which the body must have medication to eschew physical and
psychological withdrawal symptoms. When utilizing this type of medication, behaviour becomes
compulsive and uncontrollable. Addiction leads to people making irrational decisions that interfere
with ordinary life responsibilities. There have been drugs that increase, the cause of addiction, such
as: marijuana, opioid, pain relievers, and cocaine. Addiction endeavored a compelling and
influential impact on the brain that is distinguished in three different categories: craving for the
object of addiction, loss of control over its use, and continuing involvement with it despite adverse
consequences. (Understanding Addiction. 2011)https://www.helpguide.org/harvard/how–addiction–
hijacks–the–brain.html ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People feel the need to fit in with society and their social life, and if the trend is to take drugs then
people will be risk takers and take them just to try and fit in in, or for pleasure.Taking drugs for the
"thrill" or to get "buzzed" right away is known as Hedonism. The state of mind emotionally and
mentally may be in need of drugs which is necessary because of genetics, which is known as
predisposition. Peer group temptations of taking the drug can lead to friends having an influence of
pressure into taking the drug. The easier it is for a person to have access to drugs increases the usage
of the drug done by that person because of the availability. Many people use drugs as a beneficiary
for their self–diagnose problems, lose–weight, or for self

Qualitative Research Analysis Of Irritable Bowel Syndrome...
Qualitative Research Critical Appraisal The qualitative research is a subjective approach that used to
describe life experiences and give them meaning. This assignment is a critical appraisal of the
qualitative research article written by Dainty, Allcock and Cooper (2014) entitled: "Study of Irritable
Bowel Syndrome and Co–Existing Psychological Illness". The hermeneutic phenomenology design
used throughout the study to understand the individual's personal experience, the meaning of those
experiences, and multiple realities in people's minds. The researchers used unstructured methods for
data collection and thematic analysis to answer the specific research question. As a result, this
article may be trustworthy due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature Review Although the researchers reviewed the various literature to develop practice
guidelines, draw conclusions, create the research question, develop a study design, and find ways to
control bias. In fact, it presented key terms, such as hermeneutics, phenomenology, and interview
methods (Dainty et al., 2014). Descriptive style helps to 'bracket' any preconceptions, since
hermeneutic methods acknowledge that an experience could influence its interpretation. The
hermeneutic phenomenological design linked to the study question, which based on the experience
of multiple realities (Dainty et al., 2014). Overall, the literature reviews adequately linked the
interview question and design through interpretative phenomenology theory. Research Design The
naturalistic design focuses on the reality that is not fixed, it lies in human minds; thus, the least
distance between researchers and participants can maximize understanding. The researchers and
participants actively involved in the conversation (Loiselle et al., 2011). The study used a specific
hermeneutic phenomenological design to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of the research
question (Dainty et al., 2014). Hence, the hermeneutic phenomenology design is an appropriate
design for the study because of the nature of the questions. Description of the Target Population
Sampling Plan

A Research Study On Psychological Research
Psychological Research can range from being simple to very complex. Psychological research deals
with the research that psychologist have conducted to research and analyze the behavior of
individuals. When conducting these researches there are special guidelines which need to be taken.
If the researcher fails to meet these guidelines the research may be classified as unethical. When
conducting psychological research there are many important ethnical guidelines which need to be
followed. The researcher should inform consent. It is not enough for researchers to get a "yes" or
"no" from their participants; the participants need to know exactly what they are agreeing to. Before
beginning research, the researcher must make sure they outline what exactly the research is about,
and ask their consent before the research begins. Individuals who are 18 older are able to give their
own consent, but if the participant is younger than 18 they must have the consent of a parent or legal
involves observing individuals at a basketball game, each person does not need consent because
guardian to allow their child to participate. In rare cases, inform consent may not be needed but this
is only allowed if what is happening could happen to the participant in everyday life. For example,
if the research conducted anyone could observe them while they are at the game. Consent forms
must have an information sheet attached for participants. This information sheet will explain about
the study along

How Does Psychological Research Obtain And Use Empirical...
1. Discuss the need for scientific research in the field of psychology. How does psychological
research obtain and use empirical evidence?
The need for scientific research in the field of psychology per module 2.1 (n.d), helps us to
understand behavior through physiological and cognitive processes that create the behavior (para.
3). Therefore, a better understanding of ourselves and of the world around us is gained. With
empirical evidence gained through research there is an objective and supported claim that can be
repeated over and over, regardless of who is conducting the research. Through research facts can be
established as observable realities that will withstand skepticism and examination from different
perspectives. As an example, the credentials or expertise of the individual making the claim would
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Correlation research strictly looks for the consistent relationship of two or more things.
Experimental research would then provide conclusions about the relationship between cereal and
weight loss. Cereal companies are designed to produce, promote and sell cereal. Therefore, to sell
more cereal, the company may incorrectly assign causation to their cereal for the weight lose with
experimental research. As an example, the correlation could be made that people who eat breakfast
from a box experience weight loss or people who eat breakfast with a spoon experience weight loss.
In this example the relationship of two variables was identified, but not the cause. Did the spoon
cause weight loss or the box the cereal came in, or was it the cereal? Now that the relationships of
these things have been identified experimental research would need to be conducted to test our
hypothesis. The goal of a cereal company is to provide a product at a profit, not the most trusted
source to receive scientific data

Early Psychological Research On Cognitive And The Nature...
Early psychological research emphasized observable and objectively measureable outcomes.
However, the idea of cognitions eventually become more popular, and the nature of psychological
research (i.e., to understand both behavior and internal processes) was adapted to inquire about
participants' internal experiences (e.g., thoughts and emotions). Knowledge of these experiences is
typically assessed via self–report questionnaires. Despite self–report being the most common
method of personality assessment (Paulhus & Vazire, 2007), there are frequent discussions about its
limitations. To address some of these limitations, such as those outlined by Nisbett and Wilson
(1977), many researchers are turning to ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Implemented
with smart devices (e.g., phones, tablets), EMA allows researchers to ask participants questions
about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors multiple times a day for days and weeks at a time. Due
to its nature of in–the–moment assessment, EMA can address many of the limitations of traditional
self–report, such as reducing the reliance on memory recall and integrating both introspective and
behavioral measurements. However, old limitations still exist, such as biased reporting, as well as
new limitations, such as awareness biases. In their summary of the causes of inaccurate self–
reporting, Nisbett and Wilson (1977) refer to the removal of time, saying that, "perhaps chief among
the circumstances that should decrease accuracy

Elizabeth Mendoza Psychology 2301 –53001 Assignment – Psychological Disorders Psychological
Disorders – A psychological disorder is a mental disorder that is an ongoing pattern of emotions,
thoughts, and behaviors that causes distress. In this case, distress can mean anything from a that
person being unable to function correctly, meet personal needs, and can also be danger to
themselves or their surroundings. However, a human's mind is quite complex and cannot be
narrowed down to only tow functions that it performs when defining anything that has to do with
the mind. It is considered deviant and as part of a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms
that impact multiple life areas and create distresses for the person experiencing those symptoms.
Classify – Classification allows clinicians and researchers to describe disorders, predict outcomes,
suggest treatments, and encourage research. Psychologists use a reference book called the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to diagnose psychological disorders.
The DSM–IV uses a multi–axial system of classification, which means that diagnoses are made on
several different dimensions. There are many mental illnesses, however, when it ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Primary a benefit would be to properly assess treatment options, due to the fact that many type of
mental illness are treatable with medication and also with therapy. It's also important from a public
health and safety standpoint, as some kinds of disorders may require involuntary commitment to an
institution in order to protect both the patient, their family. Classification allows the ability to apply
a legal framework to mental illness as well, which makes treatment more appropriate and

Psychological Research Pros And Cons Essay
The use of animals in psychological research Oliver Mancera Yr12
The use of animals in psychology research has been a subject of debate since we started
understanding animals better and knowing they feel too. I´m going to look at the pros and cons, the
ethics involved, and the actual usefulness of the research. After this I will make a conclusion based
on the research I've made.
Pros of the use of animals in psychology research are: it provides a more "ethical" alternative to
testing on humans since most of today's society considers the invasion and death of human life
really unethical. The use of animals also enables the researches to study subjects for an entire life
span; an example of this is mice which have life spans of 2–3 years this makes it easier for
researchers to study the effects on their lives instead of observing a human during 80 years. Also
researchers can use animals that are really similar to humans like mice which according to
genome.gov shares 85% of their DNA code with humans; other examples of this is the bonobos
which sciencemag.org says share 99% of DNA with humans this provides a more ethical alternative
to conduct research that can sometimes be applied to humans.
Meanwhile there is some strong cons: The bad treatment animals suffer some through experiments
is really horrible like being deprived or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is laws that protect them to a certain extent like only using them when its necessary and there
is no other way around it, also that scientists are bound to minimize pain and stress is good. Also the
research has to do more good than harm so they´re not just using them for useless research. This is
not perfect though, there needs to be more protection for the unprotected species, but in a near
future the in vitro dish will replace animals but until then they're necessary for advancing in

Psychological Research And Its Impact On Society
Drawing on examples from chapters 3, 4 and 8 of Investigating Psychology, examine and assess the
extent to which psychological research is of value to society. Psychological research describes
investigations psychologists undertake in order to review and analyse a specific hypothesis, (a
theory about the relationship between defined variables). Research allows theories to be confirmed,
amended or rejected and often leads to further research as requirements evolve. Psychological
research can take many forms, from laboratory based experiments to non–invasive viewing of
subjects in their own environment. This research can take place using human or non–human subjects
and the analysed results applied to human behaviour or experience within many disciplines
including, education, legal or occupational. Psychological research may be undertaken on a subset
of society; however the importance of the results may have an effect way beyond the group tested.
The value of psychological research varies and the same results can be used in different ways by
different groups of society. I will be looking at three areas of psychological research that affect the
way we interact with and can be affected by technological advances. These pieces of research were
not undertaken as a result of current hypotheses, but were the early examples of research within
their areas and led onto further research. I will be showing how psychological research can provide
awareness, can be used to manipulate

The Impact Of Technology On The Development Of...
A discussion into the claim that technology has played a decisive role in the development of
psychological research. This essay will discuss the role that technology has played in psychological
research. The essay will begin by focusing on the debate surrounding the ethics of the study by
Milgram, into obedience, and how, in light of new ethics guidelines, technology has enabled his
study to be replicated and extended. Then, it will consider the work of both Broca and Wernicke,
and looks at how they came to their findings without the aid of technology, how technology has
since confirmed their findings, and how it extended their studies. After this, the essay will look at
studies into friendship, how technology could be used in future studies and the impact that
technology has had with regards to how researchers define friendship, before concluding that the
evidence provided supports the claim that technology has played a decisive role in psychological
research. Firstly, in order to understand how technology played a decisive role in relation to
Milgram 's study it will be necessary to look at the aim of his study and the methods that he adopted.
Like many others in the second half of the twentieth century, Milgram wanted to understand how
the holocaust of the Second World War could have happened (Banyard, 2012). Therefore, his
obedience study was not driven by technology, but by the desire to discover what could make
ordinary people commit murder and other atrocities on

Does Ethics Affect In Psychological Research?
How ethics affect in psychological research? When the researcher conduct a psychological research
conduct without morality that is where the ethics affect in psychological research. What is ethics?
Ethics refer to the right standards of behaviour required when doing look into. We have an ethical
responsible to secure research members from harm. This rule is created by the American Psychology
Association. Rosenthal, R. (1994, May 3). The most famous issue that arise when it comes to
psychological research which is affect the ethics is deception. What is deception? Research
participants are misleading or give fake information about the purpose of the research by the
researcher. There are two types of deception, first one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some have recommended that research participant may feel belittled or have diminished self–regard
on the off chance that they trust this criticism. In this manner, a few researches contend that
deception contains components that have possibly negative consequences for a research participant's
enthusiastic state and self–regard. In addition to concerns about harms to participants, expanding
suspicions and reactance (i.e., fortifying a negative perspective of specialists and/or confrontational
member conduct) among research participant may debilitate the legitimacy of mental examination
as well as the notoriety and authenticity of brain science as a science by encouraging negative states
of mind toward mental analysts and their practices. The false input control looks at the effect of
persuading something important to the research participants that is not very and research
participants accepting false input and/or who were dealt with amateurishly would report more
elevated amounts of negative feeling and less trust in overall psychological research and practices.
Boynton, M. H., Portnoy, D. B., & Johnson, B. T. (Eds.).

Ecological Validity In Psychological Research
Ecological validity is the level to which a study imitates circumstances which naturally occur or are
equivalent to everyday conditions (Custance, 2010). This is important in psychological research so
that findings can be explained or reproduced in other settings, such as the real world. However,
certain experiments may have low levels of ecological validity but still provide influential findings.
To discuss this Bandura et al. (1963 cited Oates, 2010) experiment will be evaluated displaying that
even if an experiment lacks ecological validity it can still provide an insight of how behaviour can
be influenced by witnessing aggressive acts. Subsequently, Skinners (1979 cited in Toates, 2010)
studies will be considered showing how learnt behaviour ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
(1963) bobo doll studies has been discussed to demonstrate that experiments that lack ecological
validity still have influential results. Nevertheless, even though the experiment was controlled, and
results were valid it is absent of telling whether the children would go on to demonstrate the
behaviour in the real world. Subsequently, Skinners (1979) experiments were deliberated to show
that ecological validity was deficient, however, the outcome of observing animals learning
behaviour in their natural habitat would not have been controlled enough to discover if animals can
learn behaviour. Finally, Loftus and Palmer (1974) experiments were considered to show that
ecological validity can still be maintained under control conditions but this can affect how
participants answer the question. Nevertheless, this is so that ethical issues are not

Pros And Cons: The Use Of Animals In Psychological Research
The use of animals in psychological research Oliver Mancera Yr12
The use of animals in psychology research has been a subject of debate since we started
understanding animals better and knowing they feel too. I´m going to look at the pros and cons, the
ethics involved, and the actual usefulness of the research. After this I will make a conclusion based
on the research I've made.
Pros of the use of animals in psychology research are: it provides a more "ethical" alternative to
testing on humans since most of today's society considers the invasion and death of human life
really unethical. The use of animals also enables the researches to study subjects for an entire life
span; an example of this is mice which have life spans of 2–3 years this makes it easier for
researchers to study the effects on their lives instead of observing a human during 80 years. Also
researchers can use animals that are really similar to humans like mice which according to
genome.gov shares 85% of their DNA code with humans; other examples of this is the bonobos
which sciencemag.org says share 99% of DNA with humans this provides a more ethical alternative
to conduct research that can sometimes be applied to humans.
Meanwhile there is some strong cons: The bad treatment animals suffer some through experiments
is really horrible like being deprived or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is laws that protect them to a certain extent like only using them when its necessary and there
is no other way around it, also that scientists are bound to minimize pain and stress is good. Also the
research has to do more good than harm so they´re not just using them for useless research. This is
not perfect though, there needs to be more protection for the unprotected species, but in a near
future the in vitro dish will replace animals but until then they're necessary for advancing in

Deception In Psychological Research

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