This document summarizes information about ethanol, including its molecular formula, physical properties, methods of production, and flammability. Ethanol can be produced from biomass like sugar, starch, and cellulose via acid-catalyzed processes or from acetylene. The primary production methods are the sulfuric acid process and phosphoric acid process. Ethanol is also commonly produced via fermentation of sugar or biomass like corn, sugar cane, and wheat. The document provides details on ethanol production from various feedstocks and outlines some major global producers.

1. -Prepared By
Mehul Mehta (13BCH034)
Dhruv Mewada (13BCH035)

2. INTRODUCTION
• Molecular formula : C2H6O
• Molar mass : 46.07 g/mol
• Density : 0.789 g/cm3 (at 25oC)
• Boiling point : 78.37oC
• Melting point : -114.3oC
• Flash point of pure ethanol : 16.60oC
• Stable but highly flammable

3. Flammability
• The flash points of ethanol concentrations from 10% ABV to 96% ABV are
shown below:
• 10% — 49 °C (120 °F)
• 20% — 36 °C (97 °F)
• 30% — 29 °C (84 °F)
• 40% — 26 °C (79 °F)
• 50% — 24 °C (75 °F)
• 60% — 22 °C (72 °F)
• 70% — 21 °C (70 °F)
• 80% — 20 °C (68 °F)
• 90% — 17 °C (63 °F)
• 96% — 17 °C (63 °F)
• Alcoholic beverages that have a low concentration of ethanol will burn if
sufficiently heated and an ignition source (such as an electric spark or a
match) is applied to them. For example, the flash point of ordinary wine
containing 12.5% ethanol is about 52 °C

4. PREPARATION
METHODS
• From biomass like sugar, starch and cellulose
• Sulfuric acid process
• Phosphoric acid process
• From acetylene

5. FROM BIOMASS
sugar ethanol
starch sugar ethanol
cellulose and hemi-cellulose ethanol

6. ETHANOL PRODUCTION
• About 60% of global bioethanol production are obtained from sugar cane
and 40% from other crops

7. FEEDSTOKE
• North America : corn, wheat
• South America : sugar cane
• Europe : wheat, sugar beet, waste from the wine industry

8. From wheat
Fermentation conditions
Temperature - 32˚C and 35˚C
pH - 5.2.
 Ethanol is produced at 10-15% concentration and the solution is distilled to produce ethanol at
higher concentrations

9. From sugar cane
• Simplest of all the processes
• Cheap method

10. • From corn
The main producer - United States

11. • Wet milling
– The process of separating the corn kernel into starch, protein, germ and
fiber in an aqueous medium prior to fermentation.
– The primary products
• starch and starch-derived products (e.g. high fructose corn syrup and
ethanol)
• corn oil, corn gluten, etc..
• Dry milling
– The entire corn kernel is first ground into flour and the starch in the flour is
converted to ethanol via fermentation.
– Other than ethanol
• carbon dioxide - carbonated beverage industry
• distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) - animal feed
• Malting
– Steep the corn in water, start germination, stop germination at a particular
by drying to stop further growth.

12. FERMENTATION OF
SUGAR
+Invertase
Or Zymase 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

13. CELLULOSIC ETHANOL
• Ethanol made from cellulosic biomass which
comprises the stems and branches of most plants.
• The other feedstock to produce ethanol can also be
used as food so cellulosic ethanol is an alternative
feedstock.
• It is expensive compare to other method but as the
technology has developed the method has become
cheaper

14. CONVERSION OF CELLULOSE
AND HEMICELLULOSE TO
ETHANOL
• 4 steps
1. Pretreatment
2. Hydrolysis
3. Fermentation
4. Distillation of the product mixture to separate
ethanol

15. ETHANOL FROM
ACETYLENE
H-C = C-H + H2O CH3CHO
Acetylene Acetaldehyde
CH3CHO + H2 C2H5OH
Acetaldehyde Ethanol
_ H2SO4
HgSO4
Ni
∆

16. PHOSPHORIC ACID
PROCESS
CH2=CH2 + H2O C2H5OH
Ethene Ethanol
• Phosphoric acid process was first used
commercially by Shell (USA) in 1947.
• In this reaction phosphoric acid is used as catalyst.
• For this process yield of ethanol is 95%.
H3PO4
300oC
60 atm

17. SULFURIC ACID PROCESS
CH2=CH2 + H2SO4 CH3-CH2-OSO3H
Ethene Ethyl hydrogen
sulphate
CH3-CH2-OSO3H + H2O C2H5OH + H2SO4
Ethyl hydrogen Ethanol
sulphate
• Sulfuric acid process involves indirect hydration.
• For this process yield of ethanol is 90%.
75oC

18. Mechanism
CH3CH2SO4H + H-OH CH3CH2OH +H2SO4
Ethanol
Ethyl hydrogen
salphate

19. PRODUCING
COMPANIES
• Gujarat
1) Tomsa Distil India Ltd.
2) A. B. Enterprise
• India
1) Sarat Pvt. Ltd. (AP)
2) Bajaj Hindustan Ltd. (UP)
• Global
1) Green Field Ethanol (Canada)
2) Logen Co. (Canada)