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Trig overview
1.
Trigonometry Preparing for the
SAT II
2.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 2 Trigonometry Trigonometry begins in
the rightTrigonometry begins in the right triangle, but it doesn’t have to betriangle, but it doesn’t have to be restricted to triangles. Therestricted to triangles. The trigonometric functions carry thetrigonometric functions carry the ideas of triangle trigonometry into aideas of triangle trigonometry into a broader world of real-valuedbroader world of real-valued functions and wave forms.functions and wave forms.
3.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 3 Trigonometry Topics Radian Measure The
Unit Circle Trigonometric Functions Larger Angles Graphs of the Trig Functions Trigonometric Identities Solving Trig Equations
4.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 4 Radian Measure To talk
about trigonometric functions, it is helpful to move to a different system of angle measure, called radian measure. A radian is the measure of a central angle whose intercepted arc is equal in length to the radius of the circle.
5.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 5 Radian Measure degrees 360 radians = 2π There are
2π radians in a full rotation -- once around the circle There are 360° in a full rotation To convert from degrees to radians or radians to degrees, use the proportion
6.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 6 Sample Problems Find the
degree measure equivalent of radians. degrees 360 radians 210 360 r = = = = = 2 2 360 420 420 360 7 6 π π π π π r r degrees 360 radians 360 3 4 = = = = 2 2 2 270 135 π π π π π d d d 3 4 π Find the radian measure equivalent of 210°
7.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 7 The Unit Circle Imagine
a circle on the coordinate plane, with its center at the origin, and a radius of 1. Choose a point on the circle somewhere in quadrant I.
8.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 8 The Unit Circle Connect
the origin to the point, and from that point drop a perpendicular to the x-axis. This creates a right triangle with hypotenuse of 1.
9.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 9 The Unit Circle sin(
)θ = = y y 1 cos θbg= = x x 1 x y 1 θ is the angle of rotation The length of its legs are the x- and y-coordinates of the chosen point. Applying the definitions of the trigonometric ratios to this triangle gives
10.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 10 The Unit Circle sin(
)θ = = y y 1 cos θbg= = x x 1 The coordinates of the chosen point are the cosine and sine of the angle θ. This provides a way to define functions sin(θ) and cos(θ) for all real numbers θ. The other trigonometric functions can be defined from these.
11.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 11 Trigonometric Functions sin( )θ
= y cos θbg= x tan θbg= y x csc θbg= 1 y sec θbg= 1 x cot θbg= x y x y 1 θ is the angle of rotation
12.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 12 Around the Circle As
that point moves around the unit circle into quadrants II, III, and IV, the new definitions of the trigonometric functions still hold.
13.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 13 Reference Angles The angles
whose terminal sides fall in quadrants II, III, and IV will have values of sine, cosine and other trig functions which are identical (except for sign) to the values of angles in quadrant I. The acute angle which produces the same values is called the reference angle.
14.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 14 Reference Angles The reference
angle is the angle between the terminal side and the nearest arm of the x-axis. The reference angle is the angle, with vertex at the origin, in the right triangle created by dropping a perpendicular from the point on the unit circle to the x-axis.
15.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 15 Quadrant II Original angle Reference
angle For an angle, θ, in quadrant II, the reference angle is π−θ In quadrant II, sin(θ) is positive cos(θ) is negative tan(θ) is negative
16.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 16 Quadrant III Original angle Reference
angle For an angle, θ, in quadrant III, the reference angle is θ-π In quadrant III, sin(θ) is negative cos(θ) is negative tan(θ) is positive
17.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 17 Quadrant IV Original angle Reference
angle For an angle, θ, in quadrant IV, the reference angle is 2π−θ In quadrant IV, sin(θ) is negative cos(θ) is positive tan(θ) is negative
18.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 18 All Star Trig
Class Use the phrase “All Star Trig Class” to remember the signs of the trig functions in different quadrants. AllStar Trig Class All functions are positive Sine is positive Tan is positive Cos is positive
19.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 19 Sine The most
fundamental sine wave, y=sin(x), has the graph shown. It fluctuates from 0 to a high of 1, down to –1, and back to 0, in a space of 2π. Graphs of the Trig Functions
20.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 20 The graph of
is determined by four numbers, a, b, h, and k. The amplitude, a, tells the height of each peak and the depth of each trough. The frequency, b, tells the number of full wave patterns that are completed in a space of 2π. The period of the function is The two remaining numbers, h and k, tell the translation of the wave from the origin. Graphs of the Trig Functions y a b x h k= − +sin b gc h 2π b
21.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 21 Sample Problem Which of
the following equations best describes the graph shown? (A) y = 3sin(2x) - 1 (B) y = 2sin(4x) (C) y = 2sin(2x) - 1 (D) y = 4sin(2x) - 1 (E) y = 3sin(4x) −2π −1π 1π 2π 5 4 3 2 1 −1 −2 −3 −4 −5
22.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 22 Sample Problem Find the
baseline between the high and low points. Graph is translated -1 vertically. Find height of each peak. Amplitude is 3 Count number of waves in 2π Frequency is 2 −2π −1π 1π 2π 5 4 3 2 1 −1 −2 −3 −4 −5 y = 3sin(2x) - 1
23.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 23 Cosine The graph
of y=cos(x) resembles the graph of y=sin(x) but is shifted, or translated, units to the left. It fluctuates from 1 to 0, down to –1, back to 0 and up to 1, in a space of 2π. Graphs of the Trig Functions π 2
24.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 24 Graphs of the
Trig Functions y a b x h k= − +cos b gc h Amplitude a Height of each peak Frequency b Number of full wave patterns Period 2π/b Space required to complete wave Translation h, k Horizontal and vertical shift The values of a, b, h, and k change the shape and location of the wave as for the sine.
25.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 25 Which of
the following equations best describes the graph? (A) y = 3cos(5x) + 4 (B) y = 3cos(4x) + 5 (C) y = 4cos(3x) + 5 (D) y = 5cos(3x) +4 (E) y = 5sin(4x) +3 Sample Problem −2π −1π 1π 2π 8 6 4 2
26.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 26 Find the
baseline Vertical translation + 4 Find the height of peak Amplitude = 5 Number of waves in 2π Frequency =3 Sample Problem −2π −1π 1π 2π 8 6 4 2 y = 5cos(3x) + 4
27.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 27 Tangent The tangent
function has a discontinuous graph, repeating in a period of π. Cotangent Like the tangent, cotangent is discontinuous. • Discontinuities of the cotangent are units left of those for tangent. Graphs of the Trig Functions π 2
28.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 28 Graphs of the
Trig Functions y=sec(x) Secant and Cosecant The secant and cosecant functions are the reciprocals of the cosine and sine functions respectively. Imagine each graph is balancing on the peaks and troughs of its reciprocal function.
29.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 29 Trigonometric Identities An identity
is an equation which is true for all values of the variable. There are many trig identities that are useful in changing the appearance of an expression. The most important ones should be committed to memory.
30.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 30 Trigonometric Identities Reciprocal Identities sin csc x x = 1 cos sec x x = 1 tan cot x x = 1 tan sin cos x x x = cot cos sin x x x = Quotient
Identities
31.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 31 Cofunction Identities The
function of an angle = the cofunction of its complement. Trigonometric Identities sin cos( )x x= −90 sec csc( )x x= −90 tan cot( )x x= −90
32.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 32 Trigonometric Identities sin cos2
2 1x x+ = 1 2 2 + =cot cscx x tan sec2 2 1x x+ = Pythagorean Identities The fundamental Pythagorean identity Divide the first by sin2 x Divide the first by cos2 x
33.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 33 Solving Trig Equations Solve
trigonometric equations by following these steps: If there is more than one trig function, use identities to simplify Let a variable represent the remaining function Solve the equation for this new variable Reinsert the trig function Determine the argument which will produce the desired value
34.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 34 Solving Trig Equations To
solving trig equations: Use identities to simplify Let variable = trig function Solve for new variable Reinsert the trig function Determine the argument
35.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 35 Solve Use the
Pythagorean identity • (cos2 x = 1 - sin2 x) Distribute Combine like terms Order terms Sample Problem 3 3 2 0 3 3 2 1 0 3 3 2 2 0 1 3 2 0 2 3 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 − − = − − − = − − + = − + = − + = sin cos sin sin sin sin sin sin sin sin x x x x x x x x x x c h 3 3 2 02 − − =sin cosx x
36.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 36 Let t
= sin x Factor and solve. Sample Problem Solve 3 3 2 02 − − =sin cosx x 2 3 1 02 sin sinx x− + = 2 3 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 1 1 1 2 2 t t t t t t t t t − + = − − = − = − = = = = ( )( )
37.
©CarolynC.Wheater,2000 37 Sample Problem Solve 3
3 2 02 − − =sin cosx x x = π π 6 5 6 or x = π 2 x = π π π 6 5 6 2 , , Replace t = sin x. t = sin(x) = ½ when t = sin(x) = 1 when So the solutions are
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