Course materials

1. Political economies of a low income & high income country
Political economies of a low income & high income countryPolitical economies of a low
income & high income countryDefine the political economies of a low income & high income
countries and describe how governments impact global public health, both positively and
negatively? maximum word : 500 but not less than 280work should be with citation and
reference: no plagiarismI’m welling to pay 5$I have attached some of our material that can
help in understanding and completing the workORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED,
PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPERSnation’s political and economic structures help shape the way
social services including health care are deliveredNations commonly are grouped according
to the way they pay for social servicesDemocracy plays an important role in health but
some authoritarian governments also maintain good health among their peopleTraditional
Policy Making CycleProblem presentedSolution proposedProposal acceptedPolicy
implementedPolicy monitoring & modificationPolicy Development ConsiderationsPolicy
environment: cultural, legal, and political context in which policies are madeSolutions
sometimes proposed before problem is clearly definedEven with accurate cost-effectiveness
data decisions may not be data-basedWindow of opportunity often relevantMore similar to
program evaluationDefining the ProblemFirst step in policy makingRole of burden of
disease analysisMay be challenging to quantify in marginalized or mobile populations
(selection bias)Making private issues publicDomestic violenceMedia coverage, public
attentionProgram/Policy EvaluationProgram should be based on causal evidenceCost-
effectiveness analyses are helpful but usually not stand alonePolitically powerful
constituents can influence decisionsRisk and risk perception are important, and prediction
is challengingBalance of objective data and narrative interpretationsHealth may be
secondary to other goals (e.g., economy) for decision-makersMeasurement IssuesSelection
bias: people included in the study do not represent the underlying population of
interestRandomized controlled trials: the exposure of interest is assigned to participants at
randomReduces confounding Political economies of a low income & high income
countrySensitivity analysis: limiting the analysis to a specific group of people or definition
of exposure/outcome to see if findings holdCan be used to calculate upper and lower
boundsPolitical Economy & HealthEconomies reflect the allocation of resources within
societyPolitical economy: how political and economic institutions interact in a given
environmentMarket socialist countries tend to provide social services directly through
government agenciesCorporatist states typically provide social services in collaboration
with associationsLocal politics and social norms influence how social services are

2. deliveredPolitical Economy & Health: Low & Middle Income CountriesTypically
governments are challenged to provide social protections and servicesLow income, low tax
revenueInformal workers may get few or no servicesFormal: government jobsColonial
histories may have contributed to underdeveloped institutionsServices not for locals, civil
warsClinton & Blair “third way”: markets exist but social programs are emphasizedThree
Forms of Social Democracy in Low & Middle Income CountriesFeature Radical Social
Democratic Classical Social Democratic “Third Way”Unit of organization Class Entire society
Individual or societySocial goals Equity Solidarity, growth Market-based growthSocial
policies Universal entitlements, redistributive policies Universal policies, no eligibility
requirements Means-tested benefits, accessible education, poverty reductionBenefit levels
Traditionally high, now variable Pretty high universally Fairly low but with
subsidiesExample countries Kerala, West Bengal Costa Rica, Mauritius Chile,
UruguayHealth-Optimizing Social PoliciesState understands the needs of the
populationWell organized state with multilevel communication, adequate resources, and
strong infrastructureA robust civil society to demand some distribution of new wealthA
history of competition, compromise, accountability, and feedbackA strong political party
with health sector allies to coordinate efforts a