“You have reached your destination!” Many of us hear these words if not on a daily basis. Honestly, I don’t even want to look back at the times before the satellite navigation. Those were the times of hand-drawn maps, road atlases and being lost. A lot. Now everybody has a satnav device for their personal use. What’s even more important, trains, ships, planes and even robots use the satellite navigation too! But how does the technology actually work? The idea is beautifully simple: Get a radio signal from a satellite on your receiver. The signal can include the time when it was sent and the location of the satellite. When you receive the signal, the distance to the satellite can be easily calculated as you will know how long it took for the signal to arrive to the receiver (and we know how fast the signal travels, right?). The distance to the satellite will give you the area of your possible locations. Not yet good enough! To narrow down your location area take the second satellite and repeat the process. And finally add the third satellite. Here you are! With just 3 satellites you will know your position on the “mean sea level”. But at least 4 satellites are needed to determine your accurate location if you are up in the mountains. In practice, 6 satellites are usually visible from each location.

1. Satellite navigation and and how it works

2. Now to make use of this idea we should make corrections for the
•Relativistic effects: as the clock in the stronger gravity on Earth will
go at a different speed (slower) than the clock in the weaker gravity
on the fast moving satellite!
To improve the satellite navigation accuracy we should make fine
corrections for the
•Atmospheric effects: as the signal can be distorted when it travels
through the Earth’s atmosphere. To check how the current
atmospheric conditions in the area affect the signal, we can perform
test measurements. All we need to do is to send a signal from the
satellite to the ground station. Because we already know its location,
the signal will give us the error value. This value can be then applied
to correct the signal coming to the receiver. Of course, for the
technique to work, we need the ground station to be as close to our
receiver as possible. Therefore, the more stations across the globe,
the better!
Many other things can affect the signal. Solar storms and satellites
configuration can attribute to the accuracy. The receiver’s position on
Earth is also important, because trees, tunnels and tall buildings can
block and mirror the signal.

3. Who provides satellite navigation services to the
public?
GPS
Global Positioning System
Developer: US Air Force
Status: In operation since 1995. Opened for
civilian use in 80s.
Coverage: Global
Number of satellites: 31
Altitude: 20 200 km
Accuracy: 3.5 – 7.8 m

4. GLONASS
Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema
(it’s Russian for Global Satellite Navigation System)
Developer: Russian Space Agency Roscosmos
Status: Developed at the same time as GPS. In global
operation since 2010.
Coverage: Global
Number of satellites: 24
Altitude: 19 100 km
Accuracy: 5-10 m

5. Galileo
Developer: European Space Agency ESA
Status: Limited operation since 2016. The full cluster of
satellites is expected to begin its operation in 2020.
Coverage: Global
Number of satellites: (expected) 30 satellites (27 active +
3 spares)
Altitude: 23 222 km

6. NAVIC / IRNSS
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
Developer : Indian Space ISRO
Status: Expected to begin its operation in 2018. Satellites
in orbit but some have problems with atomic clock.
Coverage: India and surrounding areas. Global coverage
program is under development.
Number of satellites: 7 (4 more will be added in the next
10 years)
Altitude: 36 000 km
Accuracy: (expected) 5-10 m on the land and better than
20 meters in the Indian ocean

7. Quazi-Zenith Satellite System
Developer: Japan Aerospace JAXA
Status: operational
Coverage: Japan and surrounding areas
Number of satellites: 4 operational and 3 more under
development
Altitude: 32 000 km – 40 000 km
Accuracy: better than 1 meter

8. BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
Developer: China National Space Administration CNSA
Status: BeiDou-1 (Regional test cluster) was in operation 2000-2012.
BeiDou – 2 (Global coverage cluster) is expected to be fully operational
by 2020;
15 satellites are operating at the moment
Coverage: BeiDou-1 China and surrounding areas.
BeiDou-2 Global.
Number of satellites: 4 (BeiDou-1) and 35 (BeiDou-2)
Accuracy: better than 10 meters
So which one is the best?
GPS and GLONASS are the main global satellite navigation providers. GLONASS
works on higher latitudes than GPS, but GPS gives a better accuracy worldwide.
Some modern devices access both GPS and GLONASS satellites, which is great
for us users! The Chinese BeiDou, once complete, might become a serious
competition to GPS. But as far as it is compatible with GPS and GLONASS, it will
provide an even better satellite coverage!
May you always arrive to your destination!
Questions? Comments? Let our mobile planetarium team
know!