The document discusses satellite communication and provides information on several key topics: 1. It defines what a satellite is and describes communication satellites. 2. It discusses the history of satellites and mentions some important early satellites launched by countries like the US and India. 3. It describes the basic components of a satellite, frequency bands used, types of satellite orbits, and how satellite communication works through uplinks and downlinks. 4. Advantages include wide area coverage and applications for voice, data, and video transmission, while disadvantages include high manufacturing costs and limited satellite lifespan. 5. Common applications of satellite communication mentioned are telephone, television, radio, internet, and military use.

1. Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya

2. Vision and mission
Vision Statement :
“Produce globally employable innovative Electronics Engineers with core values”
Mission Statement :
• Promote innovative practices to strengthen teaching and learning process in
Electronics engineering
Develop faculty and staff members to meet challenges in Electronics engineering
• Adapt engineering curricula to meet global requirements for Electronics
engineering programme
• Reform policies, systems and processes at all levels
• Imbibe core values.

3. Satellite Communication
MADE BY: BHARAT SUTHAR (16EL023)
DARSHIL BALADHIYA (16EL025)

4. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. History
3. Satellite Components
4. Frequency bands
5. Types of satellite
6. Working
7. Advantages & Disadvantages
8. Applications

5. Introduction
• A satellite is an object that moves around a larger object.
• A satellite is simply any body that moves around another
(usually much larger) one in a mathematically predictable path
called an orbit.
• There are two kinds of satellites: natural or artificial
• A communication satellite is a microwave repeater station in
space that is used for telecommunication , radio and television
signals

6. History
• The first man made satellite with radio transmitter was in 1957
• The United States' first satellite was Explorer 1 on Jan. 31,
1958. The satellite was only 2 percent the mass of Sputnik 2,
however, at 30 pounds (13 kg).
• There are about 750 satellites in the space, most of them are
used for communication
• India has launched 209 satellites for 28 different countries.
• India’s first satellite was aryabhatta . And in this year india has
launch cartosat-2F, microset-TD, gset-6A, irnss-1L has launch.

7. Components
1. Antenna
2. Solar panel
3. Batteries
4. Radio receivers and transmitters
5. Rocket motor
6. Rocket fuel
7. Camera

8. Frequency bands use in satellite communication
Frequency Band Range
L-Band 1 to 1.5 GHz
S-Band 1 to 3 GHz
C-Band 3 to 8 GHz
X-Band 8 to 12GHz
Ku-Band 10 to 18 GHz
Ka-Band 18 to 22 GHz

9. TYPES OF SATELLITES
1. Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
satellites:
2. Geostationary or
geosynchronous earth orbit
(GEO):
3. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
satellites:

10. • R=6400 km T=84 minutes
• R=7100 km T=99 minutes (LEO)
• R=11400 km T=201 minutes (MEO)
• R=42350 km T=24 hrs (GEO)
So, an object placed at the orbit approx. 36 000 km above the
equator will be seen at the same position in the sky from Earth.

11. Working
• Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio
broadcast but are too far away to use conventional repeater.
• The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their
communication
• One Earth Station transmits the signals to the satellite. Up link
frequency is the frequency at which Ground Station is
communicating with Satellite
• The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it
down to the second earth station. This frequency is called a
Downlink frequency

12. Satellite earth station uplink/downlink chain

13. Satellite up-link and down-link frequencies in different
band
FREQUENCY BAND UPLINK DOWNLINK
C-Band 6.00GHz 4.00GHz
X-Band 8.00GHz 7.00GHz
Ku-Band 14.00GHz 11.00GHz
Ka-Band 30.00GHz 20.00GHz

14. Advantages of Satellite Communication
• It is used for mobile and wireless communication applications
independent of location.
• It covers wide area of the earth hence entire country or region can
be covered with just one satellite.
• t is easy to install and manage the ground station sites.
• It does not incur much of the costs per VSAT site.
• It is used for voice, data, video and any other information
transmission. Satellite system can be interfaced with internet
infrastructure to obtain internet service. It is also used for GPS
applications in various mobile devices for location determination.

15. • It is easy to obtain service from one single provider and uniform
service is available.
• It has small fading margin on the order of about 3dB.
• It is used in wide variety of applications which include weather
forecasting, radio/TV signal broadcasting, gathering intelligence in
military, navigation of ships and aircrafts, global mobile
communication, connecting remote areas etc.
• LEO and MEO satellite types have lower propagation delay and
lower losses compare to GEO satellite. This will help them to be
used for global coverage.

16. disadvantages of Satellite Communication
• Satellite manufacturing requires more time. Moreover satellite
design and development requires higher cost.
• Satellite once launched, requires to be monitored and controlled on
regular periods so that it remains in the orbit.
• Satellite has life which is about 12-15 years. Due to this fact, another
launch has to be planned before it becomes un-operational.
• Redundant components are used in the network design. This incur
more cost in the installation phase.
• In the case of LEO/MEO, large number of satellites are needed to
cover radius of earth. Moreover satellite visibility from earth is for
very short duration which requires fast satellite to satellite handover.
This makes system very complex.

17. Factors in satellite communication
• Elevation Angle: The angle of the horizontal of the earth surface
to the center line of the satellite transmission beam.
 This effects the satellites coverage area. Ideally, you want a
elevation angle of 0 degrees, so the transmission beam reaches the
horizon visible to the satellite in all directions.
 However, because of environmental factors like objects blocking the
transmission, atmospheric attenuation, and the earth electrical
background noise, there is a minimum elevation angle of earth
stations.

18. • Coverage Angle: A measure of the portion of the earth surface
visible to a satellite taking the minimum elevation angle into
account.
• R/(R+h) = sin(π/2 - β - θ)/sin(θ + π/2)
= cos(β + θ)/cos(θ)
R = 6370 km (earth’s radius)
h = satellite orbit height
β = coverage angle
θ = minimum elevation angle

19. • Other impairments to satellite communication:
 The distance between an earth station and a satellite (free space
loss).
 Satellite Footprint: The satellite transmission’s strength is strongest
in the center of the transmission, and decreases farther from the
center as free space loss increases.
 Atmospheric Attenuation caused by air and water can impair the
transmission. It is particularly bad during rain and fog.

20. How Satellites are used
• Service Types
 Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)
• Example: Point to Point Communication
 Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)
• Example: Satellite Television/Radio
• Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).
 Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)
• Example: Satellite Phones

21. Applications
1. Telephone
2. Television
3. Radio broadcasting
4. Amateur radio
5. Internet access
6. Military

24. Recent developments

26. Development leb

27. References
1. Jochen H. Schiller “Mobile communications-second edition”
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite
3. www.google.com/images

28. Thank you
Have a peaceful day