Profile of Mood States Scores Before and After an Acute Anaerobic .docx

Profile of Mood States Scores Before and After an Acute
Anaerobic and Aerobic Exercise Bout.
Introduction
The Profile of Moods States (POMS) was initially created by
Morgan in an attempt to predict athletic success (Weinberg and
Gould, 1993). The POMS consists of six subscales, five of
them are negative subscales (tension, confusion, fatigue, anger,
and depression) and one is positive (vigor). Morgan noticed
that an iceberg profile is created when all of the negative traits
are low and the positive trait is high (Morgan, 1979b). The
POMS has now been used as a measurement technique for
examining the effects exercise has on moods. It has been
documented in psychological literature that acute and chronic
benefits can arise from exercise (Berger et al, 2007). However,
much of the literature has only looked at aerobic exercise as the
mode of exercise. Interest is now in determining if both aerobic
and anaerobic exercise will illicit the same mood responses.
The aim of the present study is to determine if an acute
anaerobic exercise bout will produce the same mood scores as
an acute aerobic exercise bout.
Research Hypothesis: Aerobic exercise will have a
significantly better POMS scores than anaerobic exercise.
Null Hypothesis: There will be no difference in POMS scores
between an acute anaerobic exercise bout and aerobic exercise
bout.
Method
Participants. Twenty four students in a Kinesiology 260
classroom participated in this study. Each student was
randomly assigned to one of two exercise groups. Students that
didn’t have a two in their university account were instructed to
do aerobic exercise and students that had a two in their

university account were instructed to do anaerobic exercise.
(Mean and std dev of age to be reported) How many males and
how many females?
Apparatus. Each student was instructed to complete a shortened
version of the POMS (Shacham, 1983) consisting of 37
questions. Aerobic exercise was defined as doing the elliptical,
treadmill, walking, running or cycling. Depending on what the
student decided to use as aerobic exercise, multiple types of
instruments may have been used in the aerobic group.
Similarly, the anaerobic exercise was defined as doing anything
in the university’s weight room and therefore also will have
multiple instruments used in the anaerobic group.
Procedure: Each student was randomly selected to one of two
groups. Aerobic and anaerobic groups consisted of eleven and
thirteen participants respectively. Each member of both groups
was instructed to complete the POMS prior to working out.
After completing the POMS each student was to exercise for
about twenty minutes in their respective group. Upon
completing the twenty minute exercise bout, each student was to
complete the POMS again for a post-exercise score. Each
student was to hand the scores in to the classroom professors so
all scores could be posted for statistical analysis
Results
Provide a means and std dev table
Statistical analyses were run on SPSS software. An independent
t-test analysis was run between the change scores for the six
POMS score and the TGMDS score. A change score was
computed by subtracting the pre test POMS scores from the post
test POMS scores. The statistical results for the change scores
are as follows: (No statistically significant difference was
found) TGMDS (mean = ?, std dev = ?) t(22)= 1.546, p=.136,
depression t(22)= .085, p=.933, confusion t(22)= .340, p=.737,

tension t(22)= -.175, p=.863, vigor t(22)= -1.149, p=.263, anger
t(22)= .541, p=.594, and fatigue t(14.097)= 1.097, p=.291.
Figures I and II illustrate the mean aerobic and anaerobic scores
for the six scales of the POMS and the mean aerobic and
anaerobic score for the TGMDS respectively.
Figure I: Comparison of Mean Anaerobic and Aerobic Profile
of Mood States Change Scores for Kinesiology 260 Students
-3.00-2.00-1.000.001.002.003.004.005.00
Depress_change
Confus_change
Tension_change
vigor_change
Anger_change
Fatigue_change
Mean Anaerobic
Change Scores
Mean Aerobic
Change Scores
Figure II: Comparison of Mean Anaerobic and Aerobic
TGMDS Change Scores in Kinesiology 260 Students.
-16.00-14.00-12.00-10.00-8.00-6.00-4.00-2.000.00
Mean Aerobic
Change Scores
Mean Anaerobic
Change Scores
TGMDS_chang
e
Discussion
Interestingly, the results support the null hypothesis. No
statistically significant difference was found between the

aerobic and anaerobic group. Because no statistical test was run
to determine if there was difference between pre and post
exercise, no results are available. A dependent t-test should be
used to determine if there is difference between pre and post
scores. Literature suggests that exercise will illicit better mood
scores after an acute exercise bout (Weinberg and Gould, 2003).
Since motivation is an issue with exerciser adherence,
prescribing an appropriate program that will increase exercise
adherence is crucial (Weinberg and Gould, 2003). If it is
suggested that the mode of exercise does not matter for
improving mood scores, a trainer should pick the mode of
exercise his/her client is most interested in to improve exercise
adherence. Provide some reasoning why we may not have
observed that in this lab? Are there any criticisms to this lab?
Sources of error/limitations?
Limitations…considerations…implications…
References
Berger, B.G., Pargman, D., & Weinberg, R.S. (2007, 2nd Ed.).
Foundations of Exercise Psychology. Morgantown, WV: Fitness
Information Technology, Inc
Weinberg, R. and Gould, D. (2003, 3rd Ed.).Foundations of
sport and exercise psychology. Champaign, Il.
Course Project: Close Out Report 1
Course Project: Close Out Report 4
Course Project: Close Out Report
Business System Analysis
Professor
21st of February 2014

Course Project: Close Out Report
Introduction
This paper's purpose is to present all the necessary
documentation to finalize system development life cycle and
close this project down. Petrie's Electronics Loyalty Program
turned into a success story. This was not easy to achieve, as
many changes and challenges for both development team and
Petrie's personnel did occur. At some point, this project was at
serious risk of being a failure due to sever, additional
requirements made by Petrie's departments. Eventually, with a
slight time (almost 1 and a half months) and budget (8% of
initial budget) extension.
Final System Acceptance Criteria
The system was thoroughly tested with real data for a
considerable period (almost a month) in our facilities. Critical
metrics were measured and adjustments were made to improve
performance and fix bugs before normal installation. New
system was operating along with the old one and this turned to
be extremely helpful for both sides. Data traffic with which our
system was tested, was almost triple the traffic we normally
expect. System worked all this period without any interaction.
Every minor change that was required, was made in less than an
hour and without users identify it, as data was backed up. Users
with intermediate and basic computer knowledge operated the
new
Resources: Were the right personnel assigned to the project?
Concerning human resources assigned to this project, I have the
feeling that all involved personnel was highly skilled and
motivated, although their main duties consumed much of their

time and effort. All showed great interest and personal interest
in this promising project and the result is a proof of this.
Everyone had something useful to offer, from marketing
department to design supervisor. It was interesting how one's
idea could invoke more useful and handy ideas to be presented
and lead to a high quality system.
What are some maintenance challenges you see for the CRM
system? How can we reduce the cost for the six types of
maintenance mentioned in Chapter 10?
Like any qualitative system of CRM, Petrie's Loyalty
system will need a detailed, but easy to follow maintenance
system. Having talked this issue with development team, we
have come to the estimation that a major update of the system
may be needed in 5 years from now. Till then, minor updates
will be provided by the vendor for free as agreed. Moreover,
every Friday evening a log report of performance metrics will
be automatically sent to vendor's facilities for reviewing and
evaluation by development team.
Because our system is web-based, maintenance procedures can
be more easily conducted and changes are more easily
implemented remotely and in specific hour ranges that traffic is
reduced. With our careful and thorough analysis and design that
were reviewed many times along with professional
implementation in our facilities made by developers, we have
reached a point at which we believe only minor maintenance
tasks will be required. I have to mention specifically here the
pilot system that was implements in our facilities at the same
time with the old system. Having that made, crucial bugs were
fixed before main installation took place.
What preventive maintenance tasks need to be scheduled? What
other types of maintenance will be needed? How can we

measure the effectiveness of maintenance?
Corrective maintenance is expected to take place during the first
month after system's installation. Again all expenses have been
included in system's price. Adaptive maintenance is not
expected to take place, since every possible aspect and
requirement is believed to have been anticipated through
numerous life cycles of the system. A room has been left for
perfective and preventive maintenance for an extra fee of $150
per hour for development team.
Concerning preventive maintenance, numerous measures
guarantee that only minor maintenance will be needed in this
field:
· there has been a forecast the system to interact with triple the
size of our current customers
· minimal design and less pictures will assure that the site will
be loaded efficiently by all browsers and all operational systems
In an effort to measure maintenance effectiveness, we have to
first measure the following factors:
· number of failures
· time between each failure
· type of failure
For this purpose a special process has been established that
will be published soon in an effort to be followed by Petrie's
personnel as soon as possible. A check off list has to be filled
up every time a failure occurs. This form will be accessible in
company's corporate network. The next thing to do is of course
informing IT department for this failure.
Describe the process you recommend for controlling
maintenance requests and configuration management.
As mentioned above, this form for entering failure's details is

critical to be filled the soonest possible. The user shall be very
careful and provide accurate details as this information will be
provided as is to the development team of our vendor. This
process is meant to minimize risks and guarantee flawless
operation of the system after a 3-4 weeks period.
Apart from this, it has been recently established a process
through which all maintenance requests will be handled in an
effort to improve performance and productivity. All requests
will be mailed to IT department. The requester will categorize
his/her request as being critical, improving or useful. Every
Tuesday and Friday morning, IT team will evaluate these
requests and will deliver a categorized list of all maintenance
requests gathered so far categorized appropriately to Executive
Manager. Executive Manger will call meetings on his will to
prioritize the tasks to be done.
Describe the most important lessons learned.
This project has a lot to offer, not only to our loyal customers,
but to our company as well.
A publication about lessons learned is almost ready and will be
delivered after evaluated by our team. Some of the key points
concerning the lessons learned during this strenuous period of
system's development are:
· requirements shall be clear and identified the soonest possible.
Ideally, all requirements should be written down during analysis
phase
· timeframes must be strictly followed. This means that if a
decision about taking over a specific plan is made, this has to
be prioritized against other tasks
· regular meetings of team members is essential and paramount
for project's prospective
Conclusion

Concluding, we have to mention that this important system
finally found its way to production. Many problems were
revealed along the way, most of them resulting from
communication and cooperation among company's
representatives / departments. Nevertheless, having company's
prosperity in mind all stakeholders did their best and the result
has to be granted to every one of them. I hope to work again
with them in an even more promising project in the future.
References
KINES 260
Guidelines for Scientific Writing of Lab Reports
Learning to write up scientific reports takes time and effort and
will help you to be a better scientist for your senior project and
a better practitioner after you graduate. In order to receive the
highest possible grades for your lab reports, you should closely
follow these guidelines and write up sections 1-4.
1. Introduction: (Although I usually hand you a previously
written handout for each lab, you should summarize it in ‘your
own words’ and hand in with the lab report).
This section should introduce the topic or concept in exercise
psychology and discuss theory and research (review the
literature) work that is most relevant to the topic. Usually it

moves from general topic to specific findings or arguments and
may lead us to a statement of the research problem or why
specific hypotheses are to be tested (provide a basic rationale).
Add additional readings and references you have read or
searched for in the basic Introduction. You should include
several references in lab report. List a research and null
hypothesis(es) formally stated in scientific format to finish.
2. Method: (Although I usually hand you a previously written
handout for each lab, you should summarize it in ‘your own
words’ and hand in with the lab report).
This section must be divided into 3 sections: Participants,
Instruments/Questionnaires, and Procedures. Participants may
include number of participants, how they were obtained, how
they were assigned to experimental groups, and any special
characteristics (sex, age, skill, etc.).
Instruments/Questionnaires provides a description of equipment
used to test participants, and if a questionnaire, who created it,
scoring instructions, description of items, and any evidence of
reliability and validity. Procedures provide enough detail to
allow a reader to replicate the experiment (timing, instructions,
actions).
3. Results: (This is a section based on your SPSS analysis and
write it up.)
If there was a significant finding or difference, highlight it in
statistical format. Explain it in simple terms with means
included for groups or conditions. Report the basic findings (at
least means and standard deviations; maybe correlations, t
values, significance (p values)) you found in both Table and
Figure format and in written text. Three mandatory sections for
the Results section include:
1) Results: write up in APA statistical format with explanation
of results
2) Table of Means and SDs of dependent variables
3) Figure (appropriate bar chart, line graph, scatterplot, etc.)
4. Discussion: State what the finding was and whether it

supports or rejects the questions (hypotheses) stated. Critique
design limitations and suggest future research.
For a maximum grade, compare your finding or conclusion with
prior supportive or non-supportive research findings cited in
research articles you have searched. Use proper APA style (6th
Edition) to reference the author(s) and year of publication used
as a reference in a Reference list at the end of your lab write up.
5.Reference List: Using APA style (6th edition), make an
alphabetical list of all references (books, articles, reviews, etc.)
used in any of the four sections of the write up.
KINES 260 – RESEARCH SKILLS IN KINESIOLOGY
LAB REPORT EXAMPLE
Format of Lab Report
i) Type 12-pt font Times New Roman.
ii) Include title and sub-titles.
iii) Print figure(s) with title, axis labels, and key if necessary
(can be imported into the document or on a separate page).
iv) Include: Introduction; Method (Participants; Apparatus;
Procedures); Results; Discussion; References
v) Use APA style (6th edition)
Introduction
This section briefly introduces the reader to the topic and
explains the objectives of the study. Also, included are the
research hypothesis(es) and null hypothesis(es). This section
should clearly identify the purpose of the study.
Method
From reading this section anyone should be able to replicate the

study. The method section includes sub-sections with these side
headings: Participants, Apparatus, and Procedures.
Results
Provide statistical findings written out in sentences. In Table
format and in Figure format show the key results. Describe
what the Figure shows, including the means of the different
conditions.
Discussion
Here conclusions are made about the hypotheses based on the
results.
References
The full references are provided here for any articles mentioned
in the report to enable any reader to locate the article(s).
Movements to Smaller Targets are Slower than to Larger
Targets
Student Name
Introduction
A commonly held view is the notion that fast movements are
less accurate than slow movements. Alternatively, in an effort
to be accurate, movements are performed more slowly. This is
referred to as the speed-accuracy tradeoff. Fitts examined the
speed-accuracy tradeoff by recording the movement time for
tapping between different size targets (Fitts, 1954; Fitts &
Peterson, 1964). By varying the target size, the accuracy of
movement was constrained. He found that movement time
increased as the size of the target decreased. The study here
attempts to replicate these previous findings. Movement time
will be determined for tapping between small and large targets.
Research Hypothesis: H1: Movement time to hit a small target

is slower than moving to hit a larger target.
Null Hypothesis: H0: The size of a target does not influence the
movement time to reach the target.
Method
Participants
Twenty undergraduate students, twelve female and eight male,
completed this experiment as part of a Kinesiology majors
course. All except two participants were right handed. No
participant had any previous experience with this particular
task.
Apparatus
The apparatus included a piece of paper with a set of two target
boxes 10 cm from one another. The width of the target boxes
was 1 cm for the small target, and 2 cm for the large target. All
targets were 4 cm high. Participants held a pen which they
moved from target to target. The time was recorded using a
stopwatch.
Procedures
Participants held the pen in their dominant hand and started
inside one of the boxes. On the experimenters command to “go”
participants tapped the pen alternately in the two target boxes,
until the experimenter said “stop.” The experimenters recorded
the number of taps in each target during a 10 second interval.
This task was repeated three times each for the two different
sizes of target. If a participant missed the targets more than
three times in a single trial an additional trial was performed.
The average number of taps across the three trials for each
target was determined for each participant. To calculate the
average movement time of each tap, 10 seconds was divided by
the number of taps.

Results
Figure 1 illustrates that the movement time between the 1 cm
targets (mean = 0.32 s) was significantly slower than for the 2
cm targets (mean = 0.25s), t(19) = 2.36, p < .05.
(another Table Example)
Table 1
Means and Standard Deviations of Cognitive Tasks for Exercise
and Control Groups
Post-Test Means
Adjusted Means
Exercise
Control
Exercise
Control
_____________________________________________________
____________
Task

M
SD
M
SD
M
M
Verbal Fluency:
Letter Fluency
12.20
3.01
10.70
2.71
11.82
11.08
Category Fluency
13.60
3.53
9.80
4.64
13.09
10.31
Switch Correct Resp
12.40
2.80
11.40
2.41
11.78

12.02
Switching Accuracy
11.80
1.23
11.00
.82
11.49
11.31
Color-Word Interference:
Color Naming
12.10a
1.73
10.10a
2.08
11.84 10.36
Word Reading
12.30a
1.70
8.50a
1.90
11.68
9.12
Inhibition
12.80

2.44
11.90
1.85
12.58
12.11
Inhibition with Switch
12.90
1.20
11.20
2.20
12.32
11.78
_____________________________________________________
______________
p < .05a
Figure 1. Mean Movement Time in a Reciprocal Tapping Task
to
Different Size Targets
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
1 2
Target Size (cm)
Movement Time (s)

Discussion
In support of the hypothesis, movements to the small target
were significantly slower than movements to the large target.
The findings are also in agreement with previous work which
has also shown participants make slower movements to smaller
targets (Fitts, 1954; Fitts & Peterson, 1964). The results here
support the notion of a speed-accuracy tradeoff, with
movements which require greater accuracy being made more
slowly than movements requiring less accuracy. This finding is
important for designing human-equipment interfaces. It suggests
that buttons that must be pressed quickly should be large.
References
Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information capacity of the human
motor system in controlling
the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 47, 381-391.
Fitts, P. M., & Peterson, J. R. (1964). Information capacity of
discrete motor responses.
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67, 103-112.
KINES 260 Lab 2
Introduction
Previous research (Church, Wiggins, Moode, & Crist, 2001)
have found that static stretching has been shown to acutely
reduce power and muscular endurance. In contrast, some types
of high intensity, activity-specific movements, increase
subsequent athletic performance (Hrysomallis & Kidgell, 2001).
Baker (2003) suggests that for sports requiring explosive
strength, a warm-up should be utilized.
H0:

H1:
Method
Participants
The members of the KINES 260 class were randomly assigned
to one of three groups: static stretch (1), jog and squat (2), or
Control (3).
Instruments
.
Procedures.
I. Standing Long Jump
a. Stand behind a known or marked area on the gymnasium floor
(toes directly on the line)
b. Feet shoulder width apart, toes lined up
c. Swing your arms a bit and get your body ready for takeoff
d. Lean forward slightly, and bend your knees to a bit above
parallel
e. Explode up and out with your legs and swing your arms
forward
f. Have a partner mark the where you land
g. NOTE – measurement is taken from the line to where the heel
touches
II. Random assignment to each group:
J&S: Jog around the gym for 2 laps and perform 2 sets of 3 reps
of star jumps.
C: Control group will help stretching group.
S: Perform 2 sets of 15s hold lying hamstring stretches on each
leg.

III. Repeat vertical jump test.
Trial
Before activity
After activity
1
2
3
Mean
Group
Age
Gender
Pre_Jump
Post_Jump
Give instructor the pre mean and post mean long jump score as
well as gender (1=male, 2=female) age and group.
Results
Analysis of Variance
1. Run a 2x3 (genderXgroup) factorial ANOVA on the long
jump change score. Determine whether the groups are
significantly different. Write up the results in APA Format.

Discussion
Summarize the findings and make decisions regarding the
hypotheses. Describe weaknesses and limitations in our
experimental design. Make suggestions for improving the design
with future research.
References
List all references in APA style used in the lab report in any
section from those given to you to those found in the literature
and used as additional citations.
Baker, D. (2003). Acute effect of alternating heavy and light
resistances on power
output during upper body complex power training. Journal of
Strength and
Conditioning Research, 17, 493-497.
Corbin, C., Welk, G., Corbin, W., & Welk, K. (2008). Concepts
of physical fitness:
Active lifestyles for wellness (14th Edition). Boston: McGraw-
Hill.
Church, B., Wiggins, M., Moode, F., & Crist, R. (2001). Effect
of warm-up and
Flexibility treatments on vertical jump performance. Journal of
Strength and

Conditioning Research, 15, 332-336.
Hrysomallis, C., & Kidgell, D. (2001). Effect of heavy dynamic
resistance exercise
On acute upper body power. Journalof Strength and
Conditioning Research,
15, 426-430.

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