IEEE Citation Style Guide Any citation style is set up to give the reader immediate information about sources cited in the text. In IEEE citations, the references should be numbered and appear in the order they appear in the text. When referring to a reference in the text of the document, put the number of the reference in square brackets. Eg: [1] The IEEE citation style has 3 main features: • The author name is first name (or initial) and last. This differs from MLA style where author’s last name is first. • The title of an article (or chapter, conference paper, patent etc.) is in quotation marks. • The title of the journal or book is in italics. These conventions allow the reader to distinguish between types of reference at a glance. The correct placement of periods, commas and colons and of date and page numbers depends on the type of reference cited. Check the examples below. Follow the details exactly. Eg.: put periods after author and book title, cite page numbers as pp., abbreviate all months to the first three letters (eg. Jun.) Check the distinctions between print and electronic sources (especially for journals) carefully. Print References Book Author(s). Book title. Location: Publishing company, year, pp. Example: W.K. Chen. Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123-35. Book Chapters Author(s). “Chapter title” in Book title, edition, volume. Editors name, Ed. Publishing location: Publishing company, year, pp. Example: J.E. Bourne. “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3. J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp.15-67. Article in a Journal Author(s). “Article title”. Journal title, vol., pp, date. Example: G. Pevere. “Infrared Nation.” The International Journal of Infrared Design, vol. 33, pp. 56-99, Jan. 1979. Articles from Conference Proceedings (published) Author(s). “Article title.” Conference proceedings, year, pp. Example: D.B. Payne and H.G. Gunhold. “Digital sundials and broadband technology,” in Proc. IOOC-ECOC, 1986, pp. 557-998. Papers Presented at Conferences (unpublished) Author(s). “Paper’s title,” Conference name, Location, year. Example: B. Brandli and M. Dick. “Engineering names and concepts,” presented at the 2nd Int. Conf. Engineering Education, Frankfurt, Germany, 1999. Standards/Patents Author(s)/Inventor(s). “Name/Title.” Country where patent is registered. Patent number, date. Example: E.E. Rebecca. “Alternating current fed power supply.” U.S. Patent 7 897 777, Nov. 3, 1987. Electronic References Books Author. (year, Month day). Book title. (edition). [Type of medium]. Vol. (issue). Available: site/path/file [date accessed]. Example: S. Calmer. (1999, June 1). Engineering and Art. (2nd edition). [On-line]. 27(3). Available: www.enggart.com/examples/students.html [May 21, 2003]. Journal Author. (year, month). “Article title.” Journal title. [Type of medium]. Vol.

1. IEEE Citation Style Guide
Any citation style is set up to give the reader immediate
information about sources cited
in the text. In IEEE citations, the references should be
numbered and appear in the order
they appear in the text. When referring to a reference in the text
of the document, put the
number of the reference in square brackets. Eg: [1]
The IEEE citation style has 3 main features:
• The author name is first name (or initial) and last. This differs
from MLA style where
author’s last name is first.
• The title of an article (or chapter, conference paper, patent
etc.) is in quotation marks.
• The title of the journal or book is in italics.
These conventions allow the reader to distinguish between types
of reference at a glance.
The correct placement of periods, commas and colons and of
date and page numbers
depends on the type of reference cited. Check the examples
below. Follow the details
exactly. Eg.: put periods after author and book title, cite page
numbers as pp., abbreviate
all months to the first three letters (eg. Jun.)
Check the distinctions between print and electronic sources
(especially for journals)
carefully.

2. Print References
Book
Author(s). Book title. Location: Publishing company, year, pp.
Example:
W.K. Chen. Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123-35.
Book Chapters
Author(s). “Chapter title” in Book title, edition, volume. Editors
name, Ed. Publishing
location: Publishing company, year, pp.
Example:
J.E. Bourne. “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in
Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3. J.
Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp.15-67.
Article in a Journal
Author(s). “Article title”. Journal title, vol., pp, date.
Example:
G. Pevere. “Infrared Nation.” The International Journal of
Infrared Design, vol. 33, pp.
56-99, Jan. 1979.
Articles from Conference Proceedings (published)
Author(s). “Article title.” Conference proceedings, year, pp.
Example:
D.B. Payne and H.G. Gunhold. “Digital sundials and broadband
technology,” in Proc.
IOOC-ECOC, 1986, pp. 557-998.
Papers Presented at Conferences (unpublished)
Author(s). “Paper’s title,” Conference name, Location, year.

3. Example:
B. Brandli and M. Dick. “Engineering names and concepts,”
presented at the 2nd Int.
Conf. Engineering Education, Frankfurt, Germany, 1999.
Standards/Patents
Author(s)/Inventor(s). “Name/Title.” Country where patent is
registered. Patent number,
date.
Example:
E.E. Rebecca. “Alternating current fed power supply.” U.S.
Patent 7 897 777, Nov. 3,
1987.
Electronic References
Books
Author. (year, Month day). Book title. (edition). [Type of
medium]. Vol. (issue).
Available: site/path/file [date accessed].
Example:
S. Calmer. (1999, June 1). Engineering and Art. (2nd edition).
[On-line]. 27(3). Available:
www.enggart.com/examples/students.html [May 21, 2003].
Journal
Author. (year, month). “Article title.” Journal title. [Type of
medium]. Vol. (issue),
pages. Available: site/path/file [date accessed].
Example:
A. Paul. (1987, Oct.). “Electrical properties of flying
machines.” Flying Machines. [On-
line]. 38(1), pp. 778-998. Available:
www.flyingmachjourn/properties/fly.edu [Dec. 1,
2003].

4. World Wide Web
Author(s)*. “Title.” Internet: complete URL, date updated*
[date accessed].
M. Duncan. “Engineering Concepts on Ice. Internet:
www.iceengg.edu/staff.html, Oct.
25, 2000 [Nov. 29, 2003].
Odd Sources
Newspaper
Author(s)*. “Article title.” Newspaper (month, year), section,
pages.
Examples:
B. Bart. “Going Faster.” Globe and Mail (Oct. 14, 2002), sec. A
p.1.
“Telehealth in Alberta.” Toronto Star (Nov. 12, 2003), sec. G
pp. 1-3.
http://www.enggart.com/examples/students.html
http://www.flyingmachjourn/properties/fly.edu
http://www.iceengg.edu/staff.html
Dissertations and Theses
Author. “Title.” Degree level, school, location, year.
Example:
S. Mack. “Desperate Optimism.” M.A. thesis, University of
Calgary, Canada, 2000.
Lecture
Lecturer(s). Occasion, Topic: “Lecture title.” Location, date.
Example:
S. Maw. Engg 251. Class Lecture, Topic: “Speed skating.” ICT
224, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Oct. 31,
2003.

5. E-mail
Author. Subject line of posting. Personal E-mail (date).
Example:
J. Aston. “RE: new location, okay?” Personal e-mail (Jul. 3,
2003).
Internet - Newsgroup
Author or Topic*, “Title,” Complete network address, date
when it was updated [date
accessed].
Example:
G.G. Gavin. “Climbing and limb torsion #3387,” USENET:
sci.climb.torsion, Apr. 19,
2000 [Oct. 4, 2002].
* if you can’t find this information, exclude it.
Exact page number References
To refer readers to specific page numbers in a text, use the
number of the reference
followed by a colon (:) and the page numbers.
Example:
Johnson suggests that citing will lead to a decrease in being
cited for plagiarism [1:28-
29].
The [1] refers to the numbered reference
And the 28-29 refers to the pages being cited.

6. 24/ Chapter 2 • The Small Group Socialization Process
Photo 2.1 A positive socialization experience is necessary for
group members to feel
accepted in any small group, including work groups.
Source: ©iStockphoto.com/shironosov.
As a not-for-profit organization, the March of Dimes depends
on volunteers.
Its organizational goals include raising awareness about
prevention of birth
defects, as well as raising money for health education and
research of this health
issue. Besides this information, the group members knew no
project details until
they met their appointed March of Dimes representative.
No different from most group members meeting for the first
time,
Jason, Jamie, Pat, Chris, and Lei felt nervous about the project.
Jamie and Pat
had not worked together on a project before. Jason and Lei had
experienced
poor group relations at their prior employment organizations,
where one or
two group members completed most of the work and thus
carried the load
for the rest.
Michelle Lewis, promotions director for the March of Dimes,
entered the
meeting room with lots of handouts and a prepared presentation
explaining the

7. organization's mission and the multiple projects it needed the
work group to
complete. The first project, a "walk- and run-a-thon event,"
would be held in the
summer, allowing the group just three weeks to design the
event.
Chapter 2 • The Small Group Socialization Process 125
bison: Let's get to know each other better. I think it will be
important with all
of these projects to bid on. Chances are we will be working long
hours
together.
We only have three weeks to come up with a plan. Who cares
who we
are? Let's talk about this project. That's what group members
are sup-
posed to be doing. I have responsibilities at home and have
little time for
socializing. My baby needs me.
Come on, we have a few minutes. I think working on this
project is
great. My sister had a child with a birth defect, and the March
of Dimes
helped.
I agree with Lei. I work here all day and attend night school
getting my
master's degree. Let's just get to it. I can't spend extra time on
this project.
Well, I see I'm going to have to take charge of this group. Who
wants to

8. do what?
Look. We are all in this together, so lighten up. This project
could be fun.
Now, let's see what we know and what we need to know. Has
anyone
ever been involved in a "walk- and run-a-thoni"
'I:
[umie:
( :hris:
l'nt:
jamie:
As the above case study demonstrates, employeesendeavoring to
begin group work sometimes findestablishing how best to
proceed with the task, as
well as building relationships, difficult. Tension among
members arises, too, when personal goals appear more
important than group goals. This case study well exempli-
fies "getting started" in group work and relationship
building, especially in a work setting.
This chapter purports to highlight the processes and practices of
socializa-
tion of group members and the group as a whole. To do so, we
will discuss ideas
surrounding why we join groups and how group members come
together to
work on tasks and build relationships through successful
socialization. We will
define socialization from a communication perspective, present

9. a five-phase
model of group socialization, discuss positive outcomes of
socialization, and
offer guidelines for competencies that will help you and your
group members
become successful in completing tasks and building positive
relationships.
J It'llil/!If!l I' J ,""11""/1111111111111111"(lllllill
COltlirlunlcatlon
IV,IIIIIII, I II" /l( IIt1J1~,l), (2005). The rules of virtual
groups: Trust, liking, and performance in corn-
1'"11'1IiH,dillICd communication. Journal of Communication,
55, 828-846.
W"I"'1'1'1', W, ),' & Bayless, M. L. (1999). Content of the
business communication course: An analysis
III lvl'I'ngc. Business Communication Quarterly, 62(4), 33-
40.
WItI'vil"l. S, A., & McKeage, R. 1. (1993). Developmental
patterns in small and large groups, Small
(:IIII1P Research, 24, 60-83.
Whl''I'~~, I, R" Wheeless, V. E., & Dickson-Markman, F.
(1982). The relations among social and task
perceptions in small groups. Small Group Behavior, 12, 373-
384.
Wlnsor.]. L., Curtis, D. B" & Stephens, R. D. (1997). National
preferences in business and communica-
lion education: A survey update. Journal of the Association for

10. Communication Administration, 3,
170-179.
Winter, J. K., & Neal, J. C. (1995). Group writing: Student
perceptions of the dynamics and efficiency
of groups. Business Communication Quarterly, 58(2), 21-24.
Wright, K. B. (1999). Computer-mediated support groups: An
examination of relationships among
social support, perceived stress, and coping strategies.
Communication Quarterly, 47, 402-414.
Wuthnow, D. S. (1994). Sharing the journey; Support groups
and America's new quest for community.
New York: Free Press.
Young, C. B., & Henquinet, J. A. (2000). A conceptual
framework for designing group projects. Journal
of Education for Business, 76, 56--60.
The Small Group
Socialization Process 2
Arter reading this chapter, you should be able to:
I. explain why individuals join groups,
define socialization from a communication perspective,
I. differentiate among the five phases of the Small Group
Socialization Model,
l. describe the four outcomes of successful group socialization,
and
'i. identify and explain the socialization guidelines for

11. newcomers
and groups.
ase Study I Jason Erickson, Jamie Williams, Pat Simpson, Chris
Walter, and Lei Zhong work in different departments at ASG
Communication,
Inc. While Jason and Lei are new hires, Jamie, Pat, and Chris
joined the company
more than two years ago. The company president asked this
group to work on a
project proposed by a new client, the March of Dimes.
I ~"
III UIIII/lhil / • (,(11111111111111111111
tllIlIllIlll,III!'IIIIIIIIIIIII!IlIiIlUII
I ):1' id:
Hassan:
Shanika:
Joseph:
Shanika:
David:
Julie:
Shanika:

12. Hassan:
David:
Shanika:
Hassan:
Julie:
Hassan:
Joseph:
Hassan:
David:
Shanika:
You WIlII'I Iu- 11111'11IIpllllll tiny thing at my house. I'm the
only one
there IIIWlllIl tlu- 111111',
We won'! Iw IlIit'l I IIpllllp, anything at the radio station either.
As
long as I huve IIllINk pillylllll. I CHI)do what I want.
I don't care where WI' Illt'd, just us long as we do it soon, This
assign-
ment is due next Monduyl That's less than a week away. Joseph,
what
do you think?
I don't care, either. The sooner, Ihe better.

13. Why don't we all write our e-rnail addresses and phone numbers
on
a piece of paper and then make five copies? This way we won't
have
an excuse not to contact one another.
If you want, I can photocopy it. My roommate works at Kinko's
so if
we ever need photocopies, Ican do it.
David, that's a good idea. You know, Ithink we're going to work
well
together.
Now I think we need to start thinking about some ideas on com-
pleting the assignment.
Why don't we all come up with ideas on our own and then get
together and talk about them?
Yeah, everyone should come up with three ideas, and we can
choose
the best one. Shanika, give me the paper, and I'll photocopy it
and
bring the copies to the meeting.
Okay. So when are we meeting?
Let's meet at the radio station Thursday night around 8 p.m.
Does
anyone have a problem with that?
I guess that's okay, Wizard. I've always wanted to see what a
radio
station looks like anyway.

14. Joseph?
Whatever.
Dave?
That's fine. If it gets too busy there, we can always go to my
house.
Then it's settled. Thursday night at 8 p.m. at the radio station.
See
you then.
Chapter 1 • Components of Small Group Communication 15
As this case study demonstrates, working in a smallgroup can be
simultaneously exciting and frustrat-ing. On one hand, working
in a small group can be
exciting when joint efforts are recognized and celebrated,
when relationships with new people are formed, and when
you can identify your contributions to making a small
group endeavor successful. On the other hand, working in a
small group can be frustrating due to the lack of cooperation
that may exist
among members, the possibility of the emergence of conflict,
and the clash of per-
sonalities of group members. But regardless of the feelings you
have about work-
ing (and communicating) in a small group, knowing about the
small group
communication process is beneficial.
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to small group
communica-
tion. In this chapter, you will be provided with the advantages

15. and disadvantages
of working in a small group as well as a definition of small
group communication.
We then will identify and explain the three primary features and
the three sec-
ondary features associated with small group communication.
Once these features
have been explained, we will explore the eight types of groups
to which you
may belong. Finally, we will examine the ethics associated with
working in a
small group.
Definition of Small
Group Communication
Think back to the communication encounters in which you
participated yester-
day. Chances are you engaged in a variety of them: eating
breakfast with your
roommate, exchanging pleasantries with the clerk at the Daily
Grind when you
purchased your late-morning coffee, stopping by your favorite
professor's office
during her office hours, presenting a speech in your public-
speaking class,
spending time with your history study group preparing for an
upcoming proj-
ect, calling your dad to discuss your weekend trip home, e-
mailing your roman-
tic partner who attends another university, and yelling at the
television when
your team won in double overtime. Of these encounters,
however, only one can
be considered small group communication. Can you identify
which encounter

16. il is?
21 Chapter 1 • Components of Small Group Communication
Photo 1.1 Being assigned to work in a small group is common in
college courses.
Source: ©iStockphoto.com/ericsphotography.
David: I can't believe we're being made to start working in
groups already.
I mean, it's only the second day of class! How are we supposed
to
develop a name, logo, and slogan when we don't even know
each
other?
Julie: I think the purpose of the assignment is so we get to know
each other.
Remember, the name of the class is Small Group
Communication, so
it makes sense we would work in groups.
Hassan: I agree with Dave. It's only the second day of class!
Usually when
I work with people in a group I like to spend some time getting
to
know them before we start working together. I can't tell you
how
many groups I've been in where people don't get to know each
other
and they end up not doing the best job they could.

17. Shanika: Why don't we go around the group then and tell a little
about our-
selves? This way we can get to know each other, and that might
help
us start thinking about how to complete the assignment. Plus,
wc'r
all communication studies majors, so we mny Iw 11101"1' ,diil,'
rhnn WI'
think, Ioscph, would you like 10 slnrl?
Chapter 1 • Components of Small Group Communication 13
Joseph:
David:
Not really. (awkward silence)
Fine. I'll start. My name is Dave, I'm on the swim team, I don't
work,
and I have a girlfriend.
I'm Hassan, but my friends call me "Wizard." I work at Rockin'
Rod's
on the weekends, and I'm doing an internship with First
American
Savings & Loan, so I'll be really busy this semester. Plus, I'm a
dee-
jay at U-101.5, the campus radio station, and I work every
night, so
it's going to be tough for me to meet with you guys.
Julie: Hi everyone. My name is Julie Miller, and I'm a fifth-year
senior
double majoring in communication studies and Spanish. I hope
to

18. go to graduate school next year in either comm. or Spanish-I
haven't made up my mind yet. Eventually I hope to move to
New York City and work for the United Nations as an
interpreter,
but that will probably depend on whether I get married to my
boyfriend. He is from Indiana and doesn't like the thought of
living
in New York City, but I'm hoping I can change his mind
(giggle).
Anyway, I'm looking forward to this class and working in this
group.
I think we can do a great job, and I'm always looking for a
challenge,
so hopefully this class will be a great experience.
Hassan:
Shanika: Well, I don't have much to add. My name is Shanika,
and I'm also a
fifth-year senior. I work at Payless ShoeSource at the mall, so if
you
ever need shoes, let me know and I can get you a discount.
Joseph: My name is Joseph. Just so you know, I'm not a comm.
major. I'm
just taking this class because I needed a class. (another
awkward
silence)
Shanika: It sounds like we all have a lot of things going on in
our lives, so
maybe we should look at our schedules and figure out a time
when
we can all meet and sort out this first assignment.
David: If we meet at night, we could always meet at my house. I

19. don't live
too far from campus and my roommate is never home, so we'd
have
the place to ourselves.
Hassan: If we're going to meet at night, it'd be easier if we met
at the radio
station. Like I said, I work every night. If you want to meet
after
10 p.m., that's fine, but I'm unavailable until then.
J ul ic: 1 think I'd be more comfortable meeting at the Student
Center
or the library. This way, we won't interrupt anyone's home life
1)1' job.