This document provides examples of how to cite various media sources in APA style, including videocassettes, audio recordings, motion pictures, television broadcasts, music recordings, and electronic and online sources. It discusses citing articles from online journals and databases, as well as entire websites. The document stresses the importance of citing sources ethically and providing attribution to avoid plagiarism. It concludes with a references section listing examples of citations for research methods books.

1. Contd…
• Videocassette
Garmon, L. (Producer and Director), & Apsell, P.
(Executive Producer). (1994). Secret of the wild child
[Videocassette]. Boston, MA: WGBH Educational
Foundation.
• Audio Recording
Costa, P. T., Jr. (Speaker). (1988). Personality,
continuity, and changes of adult life (Cassette Recording
No. 207-433-88A-B). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
• Motion Picture
Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K.
(Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion
Picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

2. Examples
• Television Broadcast
Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October
11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Television
broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC:
Public Broadcasting Service.
• Television Series
Miller, R. (Producer). (1989). The mind
[Television series]. New York: WNET.
• Music Recording
Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On
Arkansas traveler [CD]. New York: PolyGram
Music.

3. Examples
Electronic Media and Online Sources
APA's recommendations for citing electronic media
call for consistent observation of at least two
important guidelines:
1) Direct readers as closely as possible to the
information being cited -- whenever possible,
reference specific documents rather than home or
menu pages;
2) 2) Provide addresses that work. At a minimum, a
reference of an Internet source should provide a
document or title description, a "date" (either the
date of publication, update, or date of retrieval),
and an address (in Internet terms, a URL).
Whenever possible, identify the authors of the
document as well.

4. Contd…
• Listed below are examples of citation
styles for several types of electronic
sources.
• Internet articles based on a print
source (exists in print and online)
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J.
(2001). Role of reference elements in the
selection of resources by psychology
undergraduates [Electronic version].
Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-
123.

5. Examples
• Article in an Internet-only journal
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating
positive emotions to optimize health and well-being.
Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved
November 20, 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre00300
01a.html
• Article from an online encyclopedia
Bergman, P. G. & Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. (1994-1999). Relativity. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. Retrieved August 4, 1999, from
Encyclopedia Britannica Online on the World Wide
Web:
http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=117376&sctn=1

6. Examples
• Professional web site
American Psychological Association. (1999, June 1).
Electronic preference formats recommended by the
American Psychological Association. Retrieved July 18,
1999, from the World Wide Web:
http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html
• Document available on university program or
department site
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993).
Technology and education: New wine in new bottles:
Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures.
Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University,
Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine
1.html

7. Contd…
• When citing an entire web site (and not a
specific document on that site), no Reference
List entry is required if the address for the
site is cited in the text of your paper.
Witchcraft In Europe and America is a site that
presents the full text of many essential works in
the literature of witchcraft and demonology
(http://www.witchcraft.psmedia.com/).

8. Ethical Use of Web-Based Materials
• It is a common mistake to believe that if
something is on the Web and there is no notice
of copyright, it is acceptable to use the
information you may find without acknowledging
your source. This is definitely not the case. All
materials you find on the Web are copyrighted,
regardless of whether or not the individual
document indicates it is copyrighted. As with
materials in print, it is also dishonest and
unethical to use Web-based materials created
by someone else and not give appropriate credit
for the work.

9. Contd…
• When you include information from Web-based
materials in a paper or report, be sure to provide
a complete citation for the site and give the
person credit for his or her work in your paper or
project. Giving people credit for their work is the
right thing to do, and it is also the law. If you do
not cite resources used in a paper, you can be
sued by the author, fail your course, and even
be expelled or suspended from the university.

10. General Guidelines
Journal or magazine articles from
Proprietary/Subscription Web Databases
• If the resource you are citing is from one of
UMUC's Web databases, follow the format
below. If you cannot find some of this
information, cite what is available.

11. Contd…
• Citation Model:
Author's last name, First initial. (date). Article
title. Journal Title,
volume(issue), pages. Retrieved month day,
year,
from Database Name database.
• Example:
Deans, G.K., Kroeger, F., & Zeisel, S. (2002).
The consolidation curve. Harvard Business
Review, 80(12), 20-21. Retrieved April 19, 2004,
from Business Source Premier
database

12. General Guidelines
• Author—The author(s) of the article. APA style
only requires the first initial of author names (for
example, Smith, J. instead of Smith, John). If no
author is given, then the article title should be
listed first, followed by the date.
• Date—Provide in parentheses the year the work
was published. For monthly magazines, use
(year, month); for weekly magazines use (year,
month day).
• Article title—The title of the article. Only
capitalize the initial letter of the article title and
subtitle (for example: Sound bite news:
Television coverage of elections).

13. Contd…
• Journal title—The title of the journal in which the article
was published. The journal title should be italicized or
underlined.
• Volume and issue—Include this information if it is
provided. The volume (but not the issue) should be
italicized or underlined.
• Pagination—Use start and end pages, if provided (e.g.
60–79). If no pagination is provided, then omit pages
numbers. Do not use the number of pages when printed,
since this varies from one printer to another.
• Retrieved date—The date that you accessed the article,
in the format month day, year (for example: Retrieved
April 28, 2004,).
• Database name—The word "from", the name of the
database, and then the word "database" (for example:
from Business Source Premier database.)

14. References and Bibliography
• Baker, T. L. (1994). Doing Social Research (2nd Ed.). Singapore:
McGraw Hill.
• Babbie, E., & Rubin, A. (2001). Research Methods for Social Work
(4th Ed.). USA: Wadsworth Thomas Learning
• Barzun, J. and Graff, H. E. (1977) The Modern Researcher, 3rd
edition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
• Bell, J. (1999). Doing Your Research Project. Buckingham, UK:
Multilingual Matters.
• Best, J. W. & Khan, J. V. (2006). Research in Education (9th Ed.).
Lahore: Mayo Art Press
• Cohen, L. & Manion, L. (1985). Research Methods in Education.
Bedeenham: Croom Helm

15. Contd…
• Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K. (2003) Research Methods in
Education (5th Edition). Hampshire: Routledge
• Connolly, P. (2007). Quantitative Data Analysis in Education: A
Critical Introduction Using SPSS. New York: Routledge Publishers.
• Creswell, John (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative,
and Mixed Methods Approaches. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks,
California: SAGE
• Denscombe, Martin. (1998). The Good Research Guide: For Small
Scale Social Research Projects. Buckingham: Open University
Press
• Dey, Ian. (1993). Qualitative Data Analysis. London: Routledge, 11
New Fetter Lane

16. Contd…
• Finnan, C. 1992 Becoming an Accelerated Middle School: Initiating
School Culture Change.
• Palo Alto, CA: The Accelerated Schools Project, Stanford University.
• Firestone, W. and Pennell, J. 1993 Teacher Commitment, Working
Conditions, and Differential Incentive Policies. Review of
Educational Research, 63, 489-525.
• Gay, L.R. 2000 Educational Research (5th Edition) Islamabad:
National Book Foundation.
• Goddard, Wayne and Melville, Stuart (2001) 2nd ed. Research
Methodology: An Introduction. Lansdowne: Juta and Company
Limited
• Henson, K.T. 1996 Teachers as researchers. In J. Sikula, (ed.)
Handbook of research on teacher education. (2nd edition.) New
York, NY: Macmillan.

17. Contd…
• Johnson, A. P. 2005 A Short Guide to Action Research. Boston: Pearson
Education Inc.
• Lodico, M. G., Spaulding, D. T. & Voegtle, K. H. (2006). Methods in
Educational Research: From Theory to Practice. San Francisco: Jossey-
Bass Publishers
• Mertler, C.. A. (2006). Action Research: Teachers as Researchers in the
Classroom. USA: Sage Publications
• Salkind, N. J. (1997). Exploring Research, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
• Tuckman, B. W. (1994). Conducting Educational Research (4th Ed). USA:
The Ohio State University
• Wiersma, William. (2000). Research Methods in Education: An Introduction.
USA: Allyn & Bacon, A Pearson Education Company
• Wolcott, F. H. (2001). Writing Up Qualitative Research 2nd Edition.
California: Sage Publications