Schizophrenia And The Psychosis State

Schizophrenia And The Psychosis State
Schizophrenia is described by abnormalities in an individual's perception and expression of reality
(Comer, 357). This abnormal perception and expression significantly interferes with normal daily
living and functioning (Comer, 357). Thus, it is classified as a mental illness. Furthermore, it is a
mental illness where the individual loses touch with reality–psychosis (NIHM). Schizophrenia and
the psychosis state is characterized by 1) delusions (fixed false beliefs), 2) hallucinations (auditory
and, or visual), 3) disorganized speech, 4) or catatonic speech and or behavior, 5) disorganized or
catatonic behavior, and 6) negative symptoms (DSM–5; Comer, 360), In DSM–V, two of these five
symptoms are required AND at least one symptom must be ... Show more content on
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Cognitive symptoms include: neurocognitive deficits (deficits in working memory and attention and
in executive functions), difficulty understanding nuances for, of communication cues and
relationships (Tamming & Medoff, 340). There are many theories as to what the causes for, of
schizophrenia are. Recent research indicates that schizophrenia is due to a genetic predisposition
and environmental stressors in early development (during pregnancy and birth, and/or early
childhood), leading to indirect changes in the brain (Comer, 370). These environmental stressors
don't dictate and guarantee an individual to form schizophrenia, but rather an increase in
susceptibility (Comer, 370). Additional environmental factors and stressors later in life (during
childhood, adolescence and young adulthood) can either damage the already vulnerable brain
further or decrease the expression for schizophrenia (Comer, 370). Interestingly, increased paternal
age is also associated with a greater risk of schizophrenia onset (NIHM). The risk of schizophrenia
is increased in biologic relatives whom have schizophrenia (Comer, 371). The risk of schizophrenia
in first–degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia is 10% (NIHM). There is a 40% chance of
having schizophrenia if both parents have it. (NIHM) "Concordance for schizophrenia is
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Psychosis Leads to Murder
Psychosis Leads To Murder Throughout In Cold Blood, Truman Capote writes on the events directly
before, during, and the happenings after the brutal murdering of the Clutter family in the quaint
town of Holcomb, Kansas. The actions Dick Hickock and Perry Smith attracted Capote and led him
to ultimately report on the entire ordeal. Throughout Capote's masterpiece, In Cold Blood, Hickock
and Smith's deranged and psychotic actions directly correlate to a deep psychosis they both suffered
for multiple years. Throughout the novel, In Cold Blood, the two murderers, Dick Hickock and
Perry Smith, show instances of unwarranted anger and aggression that leads readers into believing
that a serious issue with their psyches have occurred. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both these quotes appear while suffering severe shifts in emotions, which he could not control, thus
proving his mental instability. After authorities caught the two, and while being questioned Smith
stated, "It was part passion– a passion that was pathological," meaning that he could not control
himself (Capote 186). Small indications, such as these, allow readers to see deep into the psyche of
Hickock and Smith, displaying disturbing images. Throughout unwarranted acts of anger and
aggression, Hickock and Smith's acknowledgement of their insanity, and the delusions and rants
they experience directly correlation between their acts of horror and the deep psychosis they became
trapped in late in their lives. This psychosis directly relates to why they did the terrible things they
did, and why they didn't think anything of it. This correlation becomes easily seen by allowing the
reader to glance deep within the psyche of these two ruthless killers. Works Cited Capote, Truman.
In Cold Blood. New York: Random House, 1966. Print. Conniff, Brian. "'Psychological Accidents':
In Cold Blood and Ritual Sacrifice." The Midwest Quarterly: A Journal of Contemporary Thought
35.1 (Autumn 1993): 77–94. Rpt. in Twentieth–Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Thomas J.
Schoenberg and Lawrence J. Trudeau. Vol. 164. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Literature Resources from
Gale. Web. 8 Nov.

Childhood Psychosis Through Autopsy : The National Society...
Childhood psychosis through autopsy
The National Society for Autistic Children (NSAC) have recently determined that autopsies from
children who have recently passed may shed light on the cause of schizophrenia in children. The
infrequency of childhood deaths of those with schizophrenia makes this research that more difficult.
There are ethical and legal issue to deal with, the parents need to sign off on this procedure to help
other children dealing with the same issue, and training those performing the autopsy to be able to
view the certain brain structures that are affect by this disorder, are some major concerns in the
movement forward. Medical history must be obtained, interviews with family members, teachers,
friends and the daily interactions must all be reviewed before performing an autopsy. These
researchers need to know the day to day life, symptoms, motor and cognitive skills in order to know
what areas to examine (Schopler, 1976).
Prevention and Treatment
One main preventative measure in the treatment of psychosis in children is to identify those who are
at risk, looking at family history, environment those children are living in, and symptoms already
expressing. Early prevention and treatment for these children and family members with help in the
long run with stress control on all parties involved. Other preventative measures include better
prenatal care, vaccinations for mothers who are expecting to become pregnant or already are, in
order to cut down on

Case Study Of The Wendigo Psychosis
Introduction Certain mental illnesses are unique to cultures. They are recognizable only within a
particular society, at a particular time. Such disorders are medically and anthropologically known as
"culture–bound" or "culture specific" syndromes. There are a number of fascinating culture–bound
syndromes found around the world, and one such disorder is the Wendigo Psychosis. This mental
condition is linked to Native American culture, specifically to certain northern tribes such as;
Chippewa, Ojibwa, Cree, and Inuit. The Psychosis was most popular in the 19th century, and was
usually found to have developed during winter months when families were isolated due to heavy
snowfall, and there was not enough food supplies to get them through the tough months. Symptoms
The signs that point to the disorder were thought to be psychosomatic. Depression, distaste for
ordinary foods leading to poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, a state of semi–stupor, are the initial
symptoms of the Wendigo Psychosis. Once the symptoms set in, the victim's ... Show more content
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From the case studies and witness accounts is was very clear that the individuals suffering from the
disorder were not in the right state of mind. They perceived those around them to look like a variety
of edible animals, and were deluded into craving human flesh. Their delusions, when serious, drove
them to act out violently, and attack those around them. Psychiatrists who have studied the disorder
have also tried to explain it by applying other psychological conditions to it. Since one of the main
causes for the psychosis is starvation, anorexia is seen to be associated. Individuals suffering from
anorexia have been known to go through extreme and dramatic mood swings, as well as phases of
insomnia. Linking these symptoms to the Wendigo, the delusions could have arisen due to insomnia,
or they could have been acting on delusions because of extreme mood

Psychosis Research Paper
"For years, Lisa Halpern says she was able to explain away and conceal the early warning signs of
psychosis. When she hid in her college dorm room with towels stuffed under the door and black
paper over the peephole, she was just "antisocial." Later, when she was a Harvard graduate student
who became unable to read, shower or leave her apartment, she thought she might have a brain
tumor."("Treating Psychosis Without Delay" Painter, Kim). There are many other people that are
experiencing psychosis just like Lisa. Psychosis is defined as a severe mental disorder in which
thought and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external reality. The topic of
psychosis possess a multitude of causes, which negatively impacts the victim, his ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Experts say that when you are diagnosed with this mental illness, psychosis, you need to seek
treatment right away. "Our best bet to limit the effects of the illness is to identify people early."
(Lieberman, Jeffery psychiatrist at Columbia University). Psychosis goes away a lot faster if you go
and get treatment as soon as possible. Doctors have prescribed certain medication for patients with
this mental disorder as well. "These medications reduce hallucinations and delusions and help
people think more clearly. The type of medicine that is prescribed will depend on the symptom."
("psychosis" Carey, Elea). There are certain medication that the patient can take that helps with their
symptoms. Along with there being medication for the patient, there is also therapy the patient can go
through. "Cognitive behavioral therapy means meeting regularly to talk with a mental health
counselor with the goal of changing thinking and behaviors. This approach has been shown to be
effective in helping people make permanent changes and more effectively manage their illness."
("psychosis" Carey, Elea). This kind of therapy has been shown to make a permanent change in a
person's future. All in all, If a person catches the symptoms of psychosis early, they will overcome
this mental illness in a very short amount of

Postpartum Psychosis
You carry it with you for nine months. After those nine months, what you produced is a beautiful
baby. Though you are happy with the thought of spending the next eighteen years watching this tiny
person grow, you can't help but feel like something is missing. There are many different types of
depression in the world. The feeling of emptiness as described above could contribute to the
diagnosis of postpartum depression. After having depression for several weeks, some mothers
experience the sister disorder – psychosis. Psychiatrist Leslie Tam states that the term postpartum
distress (PPD) is just an umbrella term for postpartum mental disorders. Subjects under this
category are the well know baby blues (depression), anxiety, and in worst ... Show more content on
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These hormones can cause a wide range of symptoms. Most the time, mothers with postpartum
psychosis do not have control of their own emotions, making them very harmful to themselves and
to others. Psychology Today writer Mark Levy explains that though PPD is serious, the severity of
this type of psychosis has a "predominant symptom which is a "break" with reality–a loss of the
ability to discern what is real from what is not" (Levy, 2002). Mothers with psychosis may hear
voices, have hallucinations or delusions. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research
have determined that Postpartum women with obsessional thoughts have been noted to have
aggressive obsessions to harm their infants (Coates, 2004). Osvaldo Mejia, who had a personal
experience with this illness involving his wife, explains his encounter: "She complained that she
was tired but could not sleep and ate little. She told him she was "scared" but could not explain
why" (Black, 2013). Soon after, Mejia realized that his wife must have been suffering from
postpartum psychosis when he found his nine–month–old baby boy stabbed in his crib. Many
people think that psychosis and bipolar disorder are connected in some ways. Many research has
proven that there might be a relationship between the two disorders, and even some misdiagnoses.
To date, research on bipolar disorder and postpartum illness

Symptoms And Treatments Of Early Onset Psychosis
Early onset psychosis is defined as psychotic symptoms within a psychiatric disorder such as
schizophrenia, bipolar, or other psychoses, appearing in an individual before the age of 18 years old.
Psychosis, including schizophrenia, comprises a major group of psychiatric disorder characterized
by hallucinations and/or delusions (psychotic symptoms) that alter perception thoughts, affect and
behavior, and which can considerably impair a child or young person's development, relationships,
and physical health. For treatment of psychosis, antipsychotic medication is offered in conjunction
with psychological interventions, which entails family intervention with individual cognitive
behavioral therapy. For a patient to have the most effective results in treatment it is advised that both
interventions are done together, that is taking an oral antipsychotic medication and psychological
interventions with therapy. The parents will more than likely be deciding on the antipsychotic
medication offered by the mental health service specialist. The parents and patient should be aware
of the benefits and side effects of the drug such as metabolic changes, extrapyramidal effects,
cardiovascular, hormonal and other changes that may occur. Baseline overall health should be
recorded prior and during oral anti–psychotic therapy. Therapy sessions are in place to further
support the adolescent in treatment. Hospital care may be referred if a case becomes unavoidable. In
children psychosis is

Understanding Schizophrenia and Psychosis
Schizophrenia and Psychotherapy Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder differentiated by
degeneration of thought processes and of emotional reaction. It is characterized by auditory
hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech and thought process along with considerable social
or occupational dysfunction. Onset of symptoms is usually during early adulthood. Diagnosis is
based on DSM–IV criteria for diagnosis of Schizophrenia (PubMed, 2010). It mainly affects the
cognition but behavior and emotion can also be involved. Schizophrenics can have certain
coexisting conditions such as major depression and anxiety disorders. These cognitive, emotional
and behavioral problems can lead to secondary problems like unemployment, academic difficulties
and social issues. Schizophrenics have higher tendency to suicide than general population which
makes their life expectancy 15 years less than the general population. The average life expectancy
of people with the disorder is 12 to 15 years less than those without, the result of increased physical
health problems and a higher suicide rate (about 5%). Following are the classification of
Schizophrenia according to DSM–IV Manual Paranoid type: delusions, hallucinations without
affecting the thought behavior, and cognition. (DSM code 295.3/ICD code F20.0) Disorganized
type: Though disorder and flat affect (DSM code 295.1/ICD code F20.1) Catatonic type: Agitated,
purposeless movements, occasional immobility, catatonic stupor

ICU Psychosis
ICU Psychosis Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Psychosis is a syndrome of cognitive impairment in
critically ill patients that can be described in the following terms including ICU syndrome, acute
confusional state, encephalopathy, acute brain failure, and postoperative delirium. However, the lack
of terminological consensus has led authors to collectively term this syndrome of brain dysfunction
as 'delirium' (Bujar). Delirium is defined in the American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–V) as, "a disturbance of consciousness and
cognition that develops over a short period of time from hours to days and fluctuates over time"
(Girard). It is determined that the prevalence of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Environmental interventions that can be used to orient the client when they are in times of
confusion, stress or overstimulation can be to place calendars, clocks, and family pictures in the
client's room. Another possible intervention is for the caregiver to help orient and reduce possible
agitation. Sensory overload can also result in patient stress and anxiety, which may be due to
environmental noise levels that are particularly high in the ICU. Interventions can include limiting
noise in and around the client's room and helping the client understand noises that cannot be
prevented. Conversation can be stressful to hear for some patients, even more so if it is about the
client. Stress can be reduced by staff by finding a more appropriate place in the unit away from the
client for client related discussion. Decreasing or muting the noise of phones, setting alarms based
on client conditions and reducing unnecessary alarms can also help to limit noise. For example,
when assessing a client's blood pressure, making sure to silence the alarm when handling BP
devices or invasive lines and remembering to reset them when done help reduce noise levels for the
patient. It is useful to remember that pharmacological treatments given to improve delirium may
themselves cause delirium or increase sedation. Almost every medication prescribed in the ICU
setting can

CBT For Psychosis Case Study
CBT for Psychosis Introduction Psychosis (Psyche – Greek for the mind or soul; –osis referring to
abnormal condition) is a general umbrella term for mental states traditionally characterised by a loss
of contact with reality, during which sufferers may experience episodes of hallucinations and
delusional thinking, distorted thoughts or behaviours, even personality changes. Current criteria for
diagnosis includes experiencing one or more symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behaviour, negative symptoms; disturbed social
cognition and functioning, bizarre behaviour, emotional labiality (American Psychiatric Association,
1994). Traditionally treatment and conceptualisation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Work by several researchers (Bentall, 1993; Kendler, Gallagher, Abelson & Kessler, 1996; Freeman;
2006) showed that the difference between non–clinical and clinical populations was not in the
experience of hearing voices, seeing visions or even experiencing delusional thinking, but in the
frequency of the experience. Van O's & Verdoux (1999) demonstrated that experiences of psychotic
symptoms and/ or beliefs were common in non clinical populations, through clinical interviews of
non–clinical subjects. Tien (1991) found that life time prevalence of hallucinations in their cohort
(not related to organic illness), was between 10 and 15% in males and females respectively. Eaton
and his colleagues (1991) found that 10% and 5% of participants experienced paranoid symptoms
and hallucinations respectively, in a mental health survey. In a survey of over 8000 people in
Britain, Johns and colleagues in 2004 (2005) found that participants reported experiencing someone
following them or someone acting deliberately to harm them, 20 and 10% respectively. Freeman and
colleagues (2005) found a variation of paranoid ideation expressed in a survey of over 1200
students. Using the Paranoia Checklist, they found thoughts ranging from believing negative
comments were being circulated about them, to others wanting to harm them. While there may have
been some methodological issues in the studies mentioned, such as sample size,

Symptoms And Treatment Of Psychosis
Typical and Atypical Medication
The first major development in the treatment of psychosis was first generation antipsychotics, which
is known as typical antipsychotics (Guzman & Farinde, 2015). In essence, these medications are
used to treat schizophrenia and other associated psychotic disorders. In additions, some of the
medications of the first generation include Haldol, loxitane, orap, mellaril, navane, and trilafon to
name a few. Furthermore, these antipsychotics are considered cheaper than the second–generation
antipsychotics, which make them valuable when treating psychotic disorders. Lieberman, Stroup,
MsEvoy, Swartz, Rosenheck, Perkins, and Hsiao (2005) describe the first generation as the best
treatment for psychotic symptoms, because the dopamine receptors elevate similarity in antagonists.
The second–generation antipsychotics are consider more effective when it involves serotonin
blockers and construct different levels of blockade in dopamine (Preston, O'Neal, & Talaga, 2013).
In addition, second–generation antipsychotics, which are also called atypical, are prescribe to
clients, because they can tolerate them especially when they decrease certain side effects. Moreover,
atypical medication decrease neuroanatomical changes lessen symptoms that are negative, and
enhance cognition. Some of the second–generation medication includes ziprasidone, olanzapine,
paliperdone, and clozapine.
Severe Side Effects
One side effect of second–generation medications

Hamlet Faking Psychosis
William Shakespeare's Hamlet tells the interesting tale of a prince put in peculiar situation. After his
father has been murdered by his uncle, he watches as his uncle then marries his mother becoming
the king. As upsetting as this is, Hamlet does not act until given orders to kill his uncle by the ghost
of his father. After the meeting with his father's ghost, Hamlet starts to act crazy. Contrary to
published criticisms, Hamlet is faking psychosis throughout his journey to cover up his true plans.
Hamlet's "ordinary world" is his life before king Hamlet's death, his mother's re–marriage. Hamlet's
normal life is interrupted and forever destroyed when he comes face to face with his father's ghost.
Hamlet is angry over his mother's untimely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hamlet is tested when he first gets the chance to kill his uncle. He hesitates however because he
does not want his uncle to go to heaven. He believes that if his uncle has repented to god right
before he is killed that he will go straight to heaven even after all the terrible things he has done.
Hamlet kills Polonius instead of his uncle by mistake. However he seems to have no remorse for the
action and no fear of being reprimanded by god. In fact, he uses this as an opportunity to tell his
mother about his uncle instead: "A bloody deed – almost as bad, good mother, As kill a king, and
marry with his brother," (3.4 28–29). He is breaking one of god's top rules, yet he has more fear of
the fact that his suicide would be the cause of his eternal damnation instead of breaking the
commandments. Hamlet kills throughout the play. Many others also kill during to play including
Laertes and Claudius. We get to see the full effect of philosopher Immanuel Kant's "What if
everyone did that?" theory. We see the consequence is almost everyone dies, even those who are not
the direct targets of the actions but the loved one's of those who are completing the actions. The
actions of Hamlet, Claudius, and Laertes lead to the deaths of many others and themselves, thus
proving that it would be bad if everyone did the same things. During the play when Hamlet gets a
reaction from Claudius but is not able to expose him, Hamlet is just as frustrated as Claudius is
when he fails at his attempts on Hamlet's life. This is one of the hardest tests for Hamlet. Hamlet is
also tested during the attempt on his life by his uncle. Hamlet is quick to yet again throw out the ten
commandments to trade his life for Rosencrantz and Guildenstorn's. Perhaps Hamlet's biggest test is
when he is tested by the loss of Ophelia. This truly ruins his pursuit of happiness and breaks his
heart because Ophelia was his true love. We can see this by the fact that he

The Protest Psychosis Summary
Psychiatry and psychology have struggled in the past to contextualize the nature of mental illness.
Through this struggle, mental illnesses and their symptoms have been used as a means of controlling
deviance and pathologizing emotions felt by certain groups of people. Social, political, and
historical factors create the boundaries of sanity and insanity in which hegemonic, institutional
power control minority groups, however, the manner in which these boundaries manifest have
shifted over time. Jonathan Metzl in his book The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a
Black Disease explores the manner in which mental illness is used by institutions to control
deviance through his examination of how the anti–psychiatry movement, subsequence ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Metzl highlights, the misdiagnosing of schizophrenia was used as a tool of social control in the
1960s and 1970s. Racist bias structured in social and political institutions pathologized the unrest
and anger felt by African American communities and thus incarcerated disproportionally high
numbers of Black men under the guise of mental illness. Ultimately, this pathologizing of emotions
felt by African American communities persists today. The manner in which Black men and women
express anger is pathologized by society and it warps how the public perceives unrest in the Black
community, especially in interactions between protestors and

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for...
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis
Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia are not new in the research literature. Psychological
treatments have been previously used in the treatment of schizophrenia. For example in terms of
behaviour therapy, operant approaches such as token economy programmes were used in the 1960s
and 1970s to improve the behaviour of patients in long stay hospitals. However, the evidence
suggests that the clinical gains were limited and did not generalise beyond the therapeutic setting
and also did not address delusional convictions (Alford 1986; Himadi et al 1991). Other
psychological treatments for schizophrenia can be traced to early ... Show more content on
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These interventions are also beneficial to relatives, and are effective in improving the quality of the
family environment (Penn & Mueser 1996). Psychosocial interventions are aimed at empowering
patients, and, as Slade & Haddock (1996) have pointed out, 'since the 1980s, the task of the therapist
was no longer to "change the behaviour of the patient" but rather to "help the client to change their
own behaviour, if they wish to do so"'.
This chapter provides an overview of family interventions and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
for psychotic symptoms. There has been a lot of research and clinical interest in the effectiveness of
CBT for patients with psychosis. Unfortunately, the provision of family interventions in routine
services has been disappointing, despite vigorous training programmes. Notwithstanding some
notable exceptions in the UK, such as Bath (Smith & Velleman, 2002) and Somerset (Stanbridge et
al, 2003), increasing the availability of family work remains a challenge for most service providers.
The aim is not to provide a comprehensive academic review of family interventions and CBT for
serious mental illness. Instead, it is to give the reader an overview of the state of research and
developments of recent research studies. This chapter also tries to condense the available

Psychosis Research Paper
Psychosis is a symptom or feature of mental illness typically characterized by radical changes in
personality, impaired functioning, and a distorted or nonexistent sense of object reality. When
dealing with psychosis you have to understand that the patient will have impaired reality testing,
meaning they are unable to distinguish personal substantial experiences from the real world reality.
psychosis patients will also have hallucinations and be delusional that he or she will believe are real.
physical reactions, physical changes that make the body react as if danger is present this could mean
the body is constantly on the lookout for danger, having anger, difficulty falling asleep and staying
asleep, also difficulty paying attention.

Family Therapy For Psychosis
Answer: Psychosis Psychosis is most commonly associated with schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric
condition that may cause an ongoing loss of contact with reality. Other mental health conditions that
may sometimes cause psychosis include major depression and bipolar. Substance abuse and
chemical withdrawal have also been known to lead to psychosis, as have some medical conditions
such as Parkinsonâ€™s disease and Alzheimerâ€™s. Severe infection that has spread to the brain,
epilepsy, stroke, and the late stages of AIDS also have the potential to cause psychotic episodes,
although psychosis is not characteristic of these illnesses. Individuals experiencing symptoms of
psychosis may find it helpful to seek treatment from a mental health professional ... Show more
Some residential treatment facilities offer longer–term strategies to those in treatment, teaching
things such as life skills, conflict management, stress management skills, and other tactics for
coping with psychosis. Therapy for Psychosis Therapy for psychosis often works best when
combined with medication, although this is not always the case. A therapist can help a person who is
experiencing psychosis recognize their condition, employ coping strategies, and stick to a treatment
plan. Family interventions, where families participate in therapy sessions along with the person
experiencing psychosis, have been found to reduce the relapse of psychotic episodes. This type of
therapy aims to improve family relations, and the family is encouraged to become a type of
therapeutic agent to the person in treatment. Family members may have the opportunity to see the
therapist in individual sessions as well. Unfortunately, the false beliefs associated with psychotic
episodes can often act as barriers to treatment. People with psychosis may refuse medication or stop
taking their medication, and in some cases, they must be hospitalized before treatment can

Is There a Real Difference Between a Neurosis and a...
Is There a Real Difference Between a Neurosis and a Psychosis
A major part of clinical psychology is the diagnoses and treatment of mental disorders. This can
often be difficult and controversial due to the fact that many of the disorders can be confused with
others; there aren't always clear guidelines in which to follow. An example of this confusion can be
seen in the disorders Neurosis and Psychosis.
Neither neurosis nor psychoses appear as major categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders (DSM–III). The main reason for this is that both categories were fairly broad
and included a number of mental disorders with quite dissimilar symptoms. Consequently, mental
health professionals did not always agree ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people will not walk under a ladder; a few would be really worried if you asked them to do
so. They are obsessed by the thought that it is unlucky. Some people feel compelled to throw spilt
salt over their shoulders.
If a person is obsessed by a thought to such an extent, or compelled to perform certain actions so
frequently that he/she is unable to lead a normal life he/she is suffering from obsessive–compulsive
neurosis. The obsessions and compulsions take many different forms. The patient knows that they
are unreasonable but are unable to control them. One of the most common compulsions is the need
to wash time and time again another is extreme tidiness.
The one thing all of the above disorders have in common is that all arise from external factors. So a
neurosis occurs when the mind is affected by factors arising in the environment.
A psychosis however, differs in that it is a mental illness arising in the mind itself. The psychosis
can be divided into those in which physical disease plays a major part and those in which it does
not. These subdivisions are called organic psychosis and functional psychosis.
Dementia and Infective–exhaustive psychosis are the main organic psychoses. The main functional
psychoses are Schizophrenia and Manic–depressive psychosis.
Dementia is the mental illness associated with decay or

Efficacy And Psychological Interventions For Psychosis And...
Reference Stafford, M. R., Mayo–Wilson, E., Loucas, C. E., James, A., Hollis, C., Birchwood, M.,
& Kendall, T. (2015). Efficacy and safety of pharmacological and psychological interventions for
the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia in children, adolescents and young adults: A
systematic review and meta–analysis. PLoS One, 10(2)
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117166
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness and safety issues surrounding
pharmacological and psychological interventions as treatments for psychosis and schizophrenia in
children, adolescents, and young adults. This study contrasted different medications and their
impacts on patient outcomes – both positive and negative. Furthermore, head–to–head comparisons
between medications were made; highlighting which medications had better significant impacts on
patients. Also, contrasting psychological interventions taking in to consideration the benefits of
family and individual cognitive behavioural therapy were examined in this study.
Design/Method
The design of this study was a systematic review and meta–analysis. The authors conducted
research of several different databases analyzing randomized controlled trials comparing:
pharmacological, psychological, or combined interventions for psychosis, and schizophrenia in
children, adolescents and young adults.
Sample/Setting
Twenty–seven randomized controlled trials including 3067 participants reported in 52 published

Psychosis and Other Psychology Terms
Psychosis is a loss of contact with reality, it usually characterized with hallucinations and delusions.
A Hallucination is a disorder in the way things are sensed. One may hear voices, see things, or smell
things that are not present. Auditory hallucinations are most common. A delusion is a disorder in the
way one thinks; the most common delusions are those of grandeur and persecution, these are when
one thinks that they very important or that someone is out to get them when in reality there is no
good reason to think this. When patients experience psychosis, they may be confused, depressed,
disorganized, delusional, hallucinate, and be paranoid. Some who suffer from psychosis have
difficulty with everyday things in life such as having a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A substance is a chemical compound that is ingested in order to the alter mood or behavior of the
person. These may include alcohol, nicotine, prescribed medications, marijuana, stimulants, and
even caffeine. Substance abuse involves problems associated with using these drugs that alter the
patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving on a regular basis. Substance D was not classified as any
type drug. It seemed to have been a mixture, and each character had a different experience on it but
they all experienced paranoia. Barris became homicidal and tried to kill Luckman with a chainsaw.
Freck hallucinated bugs crawling on him, this is called delusional parasitosis. It is often caused by
stimulant drug abuse. He is the only character that experiences this and also the only character to
have been known to use cocaine. He attempted to commit suicide but was given hallucinations
instead of tranquilizers. Luckman seems to have lost all of his independence over of his thoughts
and actions. As the movie goes on, he seems to mimic Barris. Arctor talks about himself in third
person, probably because he watches himself on surveillance and has to believe it is not him. He
eventually develops a split personality and does not know that he is also Fred. This splitting of
Arctor's personality points to Dissociative Identity Disorder, not schizophrenia, this is a common
misconception. It is implied that this splitting is due to the drug splitting the

A Critical Evaluation of the Engagement and Psychosocial...
INTRODUCTION This assignment is a critical evaluation of the engagement and psychosocial
assessment of a client living with psychosis in the community. It provides a critical and analytical
account which encapsulates assessments, psycho education, problem solving, implementation and
evaluation of strategies used. I will also use Gibbs (1988) model of reflection to reflect on my
assessment process and how learning can be taken forward in terms of my own practice
development and that of the service setting. My client l shall call Emily a pseudo name used to
maintain confidentiality in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) 2002 Code
of Professional Conduct that outlines ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I met with Emily to set the agenda and explained to her that she was free to terminate the session
anytime should she feel it necessary. It was also vital to ensure that the sessions were neither
confrontational and totally compliant with Emily's view of the world ( Kingdom & Turkington,
1995) I encouraged Emily to describe her current problems and to give a detailed description of the
problems and concentrate on a more recent problem. l was directive, active, friendly and used
constructive feedback, containment of feelings to develop the relationship(Tarrier et al,1998).l used
her interest in Christianity to engage her and because l showed an interest this became a regular
point of conversation and strengthened the connection. I also demonstrated some flexibility in
response to Emily's needs and requirements at different stages of the treatment and intervention. It is
not possible to maintain a sound collaborative therapeutic relationship without constant attention to
the changing situation and requirements of a patient (Gamble and Brennan, 2006). Since the
development of antipsychotic medication and dominance of biomedical models during the 1950`s
mental health care has changed and evolved. The dependency on the sole use of medication was
found to have left patients with residual symptoms and social disability, including difficulty with
interpersonal skills and limitation with coping

Early Psychosis Intervention ( Epi ) Program Essay
Once hospitalized, SC was enrolled in the Early Psychosis Intervention (EPI) Program. This pilot
provides timely treatment for individuals under 25 who are newly diagnosed, or have untreated
psychosis (Vancouver Coastal Health, 2016). SC met these criteria. EPI is based on the idea that if
psychosis is recognized and treated early, interventions can limit the potential for ongoing negative
consequences (BC Early Psychosis Intervention Program, 2016). Although this was SC's fourth
hospitalization, this was her first time on the EPI. By not being treated effectively on her first
admission, her chances of success were reduced. A substantial barrier for EPI is a client's delay, or
refusal to access services (BC Schizophrenia Society, 2012). SC had not been ready to accept
treatment during previous admissions. Lappin et al. (2016) also argue that there needs to be
available services specifically for young adults early in their illness that also have particular
interventions for drug related psychosis. This addictions component is not specifically addressed in
the current EPI model. However, it specifically targets young adults.
As well as additional monitoring of EPI, SC was being stabilized through medications. Her
pharmaceutical interventions included suboxone to treat substance dependence, gabapentin as a
mood stabilizer, olanzepine for psychosis and zopiclone for insomnia (Vallerand, Sanoski, &
Deglin, 2015). However, only offering abstinence rather than a harm

Postpartum Depression And Postpartum Psychosis
Postpartum Depression vs Postpartum Psychosis
1. Postpartum Depression vs Postpartum Psychosis
2. Faith Williams
3. Comp 1
4. Abstract
Ongoing sleep deprivation, the intense experience of birth, radical role shifts, and hormonal
fluctuations all collide to produce mood swings, irritability, and feelings of being overwhelmed in
the majority of mothers. While as many as 80% experience some form of the "baby blues," a smaller
percentage experience Postpartum Depression, with even fewer moms that experience Postpartum
Psychosis. Treatments vary depending degree and intensity of symptoms, and can include talk
therapy/psychotherapy (individually or group), antidepressants, electroconvulsive therapy, and other
modalities. Awareness encompasses knowing and recognizing signs and symptoms. In order to
minimize the harmful effects of this disorder, we should know our risk factors, conduct regular
screenings, engage recent moms in expressing feelings, and sustain postpartum support groups.
5.
What is Postpartum Depression (PPD)? How would you know if you had it? Is it unavoidable,
something you just have to endure? Fortunately, Postpartum depression is more akin to a temporary
condition that can be managed and counterbalanced with insight, sensitivity, and support. What
begins as the "baby blues" is estimated to affect as many as upwards of 80% of women after a birth.
Although some purport it is caused by hormonal changes, there remains a lack of consensus as to

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Psychosis And Its Association...
HIGHLIGHTS
Medication adherence rates in first–episode psychosis and its association with psychopathology is
assessed in the present study.
Poor medication adherence rates were increased from 3.2% at 1–month to 32.2% at 12–month
assessment period.
Positive and negative symptoms and global functioning at 12–months were found to be significantly
different in the poor medication adherence group.
Further research is needed to identify predictive factors of medication adherence and strategies to
address these factors to improve medication adherence in first–episode psychosis.
ABSTRACT
Background
The purpose of the study was to follow–up the individuals with first–episode psychosis for a period
of one year to assess their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first line of management is low dose antipsychotics; treatment with atypical antipsychotics in
low doses have exhibited high remission rates (Crespo–Facorro et al., 2016; Karson et al., 2016).
Here, it must be stressed that medication adherence is one of the most important factors
independently affecting the remission in first–episode psychosis (Leclerc et al., 2015). Medication
adherence improves the outcome through reducing the risk of relapse and fewer hospitalizations. In
the other hand, poor medication adherence is associated with poor symptom improvement, higher
level of residual symptoms, higher relapse and hospitalization rates and poor quality of life
(Lambert et al., 2010). Despite the importance of medication adherence in FEP, many patients do
not adhere to the medications. The rate of medication non–adherence varies from 26%–53% for
complete discontinuation at the end of first year to 33%–63% of inadequate medication adherence
(Lai–Ming Hui et al., 2015).
Various factors have been identified to influence medication adherence such as age, symptom
severity, insight, support from the family members, cost of treatment and availability of treatment
services in the proximity (Leclerc et al., 2015). But, most of the studies that have explored the
factors influencing the medication adherence in FEP have been from the high–income countries but
similar kind of a study is

Benefits Of Psychosis And Drug Use
It is with great importance that psychosis and drug use are looked at closely within the mental health
setting and that strategies are put in to place to enable the recovery of affected persons.
Amphetamine use in Australia has increased over the last decade, the use of these drugs can cause
periods of acute psychosis and heighten preexisting symptoms (Burgess, Gin, Grant & Whiteford
2011). When working in an acute setting and with clients experiencing psychosis it is important to
use the environment around the clients to ensure they have the best possible chance at recovery. A
strategies that can be used is milieu therapy, this is where the hospital environment is changed to
enable the client to receive the best therapy possible. "The key ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Chanu & Shine (2013) states that "Within this therapeutic setting the client is expected to learn
adaptive coping, interaction and relationship skills that can be generalized to other aspects of their
life." This therapy also helps with reducing the intake of medication and potentially using
medication as a last resort. Instead of providing Ben with benzodiazepines to help reduce stress and
anxiety, nurses could provide him with a low stimulus, lighting controlled room so he can have time
to relax and be calm, before medication may be considered.
Clients may not be fully open with the nurse or may not comply with the help that is being given to
them and this remains one of the biggest challenges to the treatment team. Serobatse, Plessis &
Koen (2014) states this could be due to lack of knowledge, limited support, low quality therapeutic
relationship, having a intricate treatment plan, feeling embarrassed or not seeing any improvement
from their treatment. Forming a therapeutic relationship in the acute setting is vital to correct many
of the above obstacles for the client. Ben may have little insight into his diagnosis of psychosis as he
is a compulsory client under the Victorian Mental Health Act and may not be willing to participate
in his recovery. It is important to form a relationship to ensure Ben feels comfortable and connected
enough to the

Neurosis Vs Psychosis
Mental illness is any disease of the mind or brain that seriously affects a person's thoughts,
emotions, personality, or behavior. A mental ill person has severe symptoms that damage the
person's ability to function effectively in everyday activities and situations. Mental illness has
different forms, and it affects people in all nations. About 3% of the United States population is
affected by a severe mental illness. But 40% will experience a mental illness at some point in their
lives. There are two types of mental illnesses Neurosis and Psychosis. Neurosis is a mild disorder
that causes distress but does not interfere greatly with a person's everyday activities. Psychosis is a
severe mental disorder that prevents an individual from functioning ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Disturbance in sleep appetite and mental processes are common with this illness. Everyone
experiences feeling of unhappiness and sadness occasionally. When these depressed feeling start to
take over your life and there isn't a recent loss or trauma that happened then it is known as
depression. Each year the United States, depression affects an estimated 17 million people. One to
four women are likely to experience an episode of severe depression in their lifetime. The average
age that you might experience your first episode of severe depression is in your mid–twenties. Long
term depression symptoms may be feeling of worthlessness, or guilt, loss of concentration, memory
loss, ability to make decisions, loss of interest in activities, fatigue, weight loss or gain, insomnia or
oversleeping, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, and slow speech and movement. The cause behind
depression are complex and not fully understood. While an imbalance of certain neurotransmitters,
the chemicals in the brain that transmits messages between nerve cells, is believed to be the
determined cause of depression. External factors such as how the child was brought up or where the
child grew up the environment is an important factor too. There are two types of depression. Major
depressive disorder is a moderate to severe episode of depression lasting two or more weeks. People
experiencing this major

Essay on COCAINE-INDUCED PSYCHOSIS
Cocaine–Induced Psychosis
Cocaine– A Short History Coca is one of the oldest, most potent and dangerous stimulants of natural
origin. It was first extracted from its leaves and isolated into cocaine in 1859. The drug rapidly
became popular. But it took over 20 yrs. before it was popular in the medical community. Then, in
1886, coca leaves were an added ingredient Coca–Cola. Sigmund Freud, who used the drug himself,
was the 1st person to promote cocaine as a tonic to cure depression and sexual impotence calling it a
"magical" substance. He promoted the drug to friends, one of whom ended up suffering from
paranoid hallucinations from it. He also had a patient die from a high dose that he had prescribed.
In1905 snorting cocaine became ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eventually, the body is unable to make enough of this "feel–good" chemical. His body is unable to
replenish this chemical as fast as it is being used, making it impossible for the user to feel the same
euphoria that he did when he began using the drug, even though he still feels the initial drug "rush"
upon ingestion. Because the supply and demand of these chemicals don't match, the user will begin
having a different effect from the drug beginning with less euphoria and a progression of paranoia,
hallucinations and delusions. The ill–effects subside as the effect of the drug wears off and the
body's demand for dopamine slows. The abuse of cocaine can cause psychosis in a non–psychotic
person. The use of certain drugs including cocaine seems to be associated with greater risk for
psychosis. Abused substances act on specific neurotransmitter systems and the mechanism by which
they impact produce psychosis and/or psychotic disorders. It has been known for decades that abuse
of cocaine and related stimulants is associated with the development of psychosis with
schizophrenia–like symptoms. In one study, over 80% of regular cocaine users who had used the
drug at least twenty times a year and had no psychotic symptoms before they started using,
experienced paranoia and hallucinations. The psychotic state usually lasted for less than a month
following abstinence of those afflicted. However,

Early Psychosis Intervention
Addiction impacts the entire person's well–being and the holistic approach enabled the individuals
to create a balance between their physical, emotional and spiritual self. The Tri–fold Model is in an
effective treatment approach integrating these three components. Another consideration relevant to
the treatment approach is the gender of the clientele. Capuzzi & Stauffer (2016 p. 410) report that
"the relationship between gender, alcohol and addiction is a complex affecting by the moral, legal
procedures and gender roles." However the majority of the treatment program utilized the male
dominant approach for providing services whereas limited attention is paid to the needs of women,
transgender, lesbians, gays and bisexual persons.
Pardin, Plante, Sherman, and Stump (2000) that until recently the spiritual piece of treatment was
rarely considered in the treatment process. However, within the aforementioned research study,
findings indicated that individuals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The obstacles women face for participating in treatment are numerous. . Early Psychosis
Intervention (2015) has identified the following factors: lack of collaboration among social service
systems, limited options for women who are pregnant, lack of culturally congruent programming, a
few resources for women with children, fear of loss of child custody, and the stigma of substance
abuse.
Women experience stigma when faced with addiction issues and this affects both the emotional and
spiritual health. The ascribed roles and expectations for their gender impact their self–esteem,
especially if they are unable to separate their value from societal imposed standards of behavior. The
spiritual piece is also negatively affected due to purity standards set–in place of religious
organization. However, separating religion from spirituality may enhance their ability to enhance
their spiritual

Early Intervention Of Psychosis : A New Paradigm
SSU 6: Early Intervention in Psychosis – a new paradigm
10/11/14 91031967 BMBS words
An overview of multidisciplinary and multi–agency teamwork in the management of psychosis in
children and young adults.
All patient and staff names/places have been changed.
Introduction
The holistic needs of patients with chronic and debilitating mental illnesses, including psychosis, are
some of the most complex of any patient group. This is especially the case for young patients who
require large amounts of support from many different professionals and organisations within a very
specialized multi disciplinary team. Many of these young or pediatric patients are managed not just
across Cornwall, but when necessary and particularly for inpatient treatment, across the UK. (1) The
complex nature of these patients is illustrated by the case review of Amy, a now adolescent female
who has undergone psychiatric treatment, both in the community and as an inpatient, by multiple
services across the UK. By reviewing a case and relevant literature I aim to examine the role of a
care coordinator in the management of pediatric patients being treated for psychosis within the
current model of care in the UK.
Psychosis in Children and Young Adults
Psychosis is broadly defined as "loss of contact with reality", (2) with continued debate still on–
going to explain the exact mechanism.
One viewpoint is that the mechanism behind psychosis is multifactorial, and results from an
interaction of a

Schizophrenia/Psychosis/Life Span
Schizophrenia and Psychosis and Life Span Development
Paper
Shanda Walton
University of Phoenix
October 20, 2008
Schizophrenia translates as split mind and the psychological changes can be so profound that the
affected individual is thrust into a world that bears little resemblance to everyday experience. The
person with schizophrenia lives in an internal world marked by thought processes that have gone
awry; delusions, hallucinations, and generally disordered thinking become the norm.
Hansell and Damour (2005) states:
Psychosis is a state of being profoundly out of touch with reality. Psychotic individuals may
experience hallucinations and/ or delusions (p.393). Psychosis can occur in many mental disorders,
and is most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mental retardation is one of the few disorders that is usually present at birth and persists throughout
life" (Hansell & Damour, 2005, p.441).
Learning disorders involves individuals suffering from trouble with a specific kind of academic
skill.
Pervasive developmental disorders are severe impairments in several areas of development.
"Attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorders include three diagnoses: attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder. All three of these
disorders are characterized by externalizing behaviors in which children "act out" and fail to
conform to the behavioral standards of their homes, school, and communities" (Hansell & Damour,
2005, p.454).
Oppositional defiant disorder involves consistently negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior that is
very disruptive with behavior.
Separation anxiety disorder involves excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or
attachment figures, usually parents.
The disorders that affect old age include delirium and dementia. "Delirium is an acute cognitive
disorder involving disruptions in attention, and changes to cognitive capacity such as memory loss,
disorientation, or language problems. Dementia is a progressive cognitive disorder usually seen

Summary Of American Psychosis
America seems to be trapped in the illusion of believing that it is the most powerful country and "
continue to embrace the illusion of inevitable progress, personal success and rising prosperity(
American Psychosis)." However, in reality American continues to engage in war, augment its debt
and millions of Americans rely on food stamps to survive. While a good percent of America is
struggling from day to day, the rest of the general public are trapped in a psychosis and concerned
with the next voted–off contestant of "America's next top Model", or "Survivor" rather than the
adverse current events transpiring today. In Chris Hedges article "American Psychosis" all these
points are emphasized through use of strong language and pathos. Hedges

Psychosis
Summative Assessment One: Case Study There are several key issues apparent for Belinda, one of
which is social isolation. Belinda has withdrawn from her family and no longer spends time with her
friends. In becoming socially isolated, Belinda is at risk of disruption to her social development
leading to an increased likelihood of failure to achieve in the future (EPPIC, 2001). This is
evidenced by the fact that Belinda's grades have dropped significantly over the past six months. For
the purpose of this essay, three differential diagnoses will be offered, however in clinical practice it
is preferable to refrain from diagnosing a client early in treatment due to the stigma associated with
being 'labelled' (EPPIC, 2001). The first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As previously stated, ANRED (2008) have identified several potential physical implications of
sustained malnutrition. To avoid these, interventions would be best directed to improving Belinda's
nutritional intake. Offering the option of preparing her own food, or the use of sealed, pre–packaged
meals and drinks, would allow Belinda to gain nourishment and avoid the distress of confronting her
delusional thinking (see Appendix B). While successful interventions are an important part of the
treatment process, there are also legal and ethical issues to consider. According to Elder et al.(2005),
as Belinda is only 15 years of age she must have her parent's consent to receive any form of medical
intervention. In this case Belinda's parents have sought help for their daughter and she is not
currently being treated under the Mental Health Act 1992. In the pursuit of a therapeutic relationship
with Belinda, the concept of confidentiality between patient and nurse and its implications would
need to be discussed (EPPIC, 2001). EPPIC states that anything discussed between patient and nurse
must be kept strictly confidential unless consent for disclosure is given by the patient. However, it
would need to be made clear to Belinda that should she disclose any information that led the nurse
to have immediate concerns about the potential safety of Belinda or others, then the nurse is morally
obliged to pass that information on. Elder et al. (2005) assert that within the bounds of the

Essay On Postpartum Psychosis
Postpartum Psychosis
Once a woman has a child, her life is changed forever. Some women react differently during and
after their pregnancy. Postpartum psychosis is something they can develop after childbirth which is
harmful for both the mother and the child. With no true meaning as to how one develops postpartum
psychosis, not many people are aware of the psychosis and how difficult it can be to deal with.
Postpartum psychosis or PPP does not affect many women, according to the article "Depression
During & After Pregnancy: You Are Not Alone", 1 or 2 in 1,000 women suffer from this
("Depression During", n.d.). Typically, more mothers have what is known as "baby blues", which
include symptoms of irritability, tiredness, and mild confusion (Jackson–Best, F., 2016). Once ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once Sarah began having the illness, she started acting out. She accused her husband of cheating on
her, yelled about abortions in a store, and started to question her families trust (Fields, 2012). As the
days went on, she kept going without sleep, that is when the delusions worsened. Sarah explains that
she walked down the highway in the freezing cold without the proper clothes because she thought
she saw a friend (Fields, 2012). Her family was always watching her so she did not get hurt but she
was not in her right mind. She was later admitted into a hospital where she had outburst toward the
nurses, claiming they were trying to kill her (Fields, 2012). The doctors prescribed her antipsychotic
medication before bed so her body would calm down, she also insisted on breastfeeding her
daughter while in the hospital which they allowed as long as her husband was present (Fields,
2012). Luckily for Sarah, she had plenty of close supervision to prevent her from harming herself or
the baby. Not everyone suffering from PPP has the family or support to turn to, leading to horrible,
unfortunate

Postpartum Psychosis Essay
Postpartum Psychosis: A Rare but Serious Occurrence Postpartum Psychosis (PP) is a severe and
debilitating psychiatric illness with acute onset in the days following childbirth (Heron, J., Gilbert,
N., Dolman, C., Shah, S., Beare, I., Dearden, S., Ives, J. 2012). Psychosis following childbirth
affects 1–2 mothers per 1000 deliveries (McGrath, L., Peters, S., Wieck, A., & Wittkowski, A.
2013). Onset is rapid and functioning is severely affected (Mcgrath, L., et.al.,2013). The typical
presentation of postpartum psychosis is a complex mixture of mood disorders (ranging from mania
to depression), psychotic symptoms, and confusion (Fassier, T., M.D., Guffon, N., M.D., Acquaviva,
C., D'Amato, Thierry, MD, PhD,

“Psychosis and delusional states and their relationship...
According the fourth edition diagnostic manual of mental disorders (American Psychiatric
Association, 2000), the category psychotic disorders (Psychosis) include Schizophrenia, paranoid
(Delusional), disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual type. Other clinical types include
Schizoaffective Disorder, Bipolar Affective Disorder/Manic depression, mania, Psychotic
depression, delusional (paranoid) disorders. These are mental disorders in which the thoughts,
affective response or ability to recognize reality, and ability to communicate and relate to others are
sufficiently impaired to interfere grossly with the capacity to deal with reality; the classical and
general characteristics of psychosis are impaired reality testing, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When a false belief involves a value judgment, it is regarded as a delusion only when the judgment
is so extreme as to defy credibility (Willem 2007). Delusions are generally accepted to be beliefs
which are held with great conviction; defended and reinforced; automatic; defy rational counter–
argument/irrefutable; and would be dismissed as false or bizarre by members of the same socio–
cultural group.
According to Freeman (2008, pp. 24–26) delusions are multidimensional. In addition to mentioning
the main characteristics of delusions such as being unfounded, firmly held, and resistant to change
but also preoccupying and distressing, he also mention that they interfere with the social dimension
of a person's life. The author described the types of delusions as Functional versus organic,(
'organic' if it was the result of brain damage and 'functional' if it had no known organic cause and
was explained primarily via psychodynamic or motivational factors.) ,Monothematic versus
polythematic, (polythematic in that they extend to more than one theme, where the themes can be
interrelated and ,monothematic where apart from the content of delusion itself, no other (unrelated)
bizarre belief needs to be reported by the same person.), Circumscribed versus elaborated, (A
delusion is circumscribed if it does not lead to the formation of other

Postpartum Depression And Postpartum Psychosis
Postpartum Depression and Postpartum Psychosis are two different yet related disorders that have
plagued women all over the world for centuries. Postpartum Depression is depression and/or anxiety
after pregnancy, otherwise known as the "post baby blues." Around fifteen percent of women
experience Postpartum Depression, and the numbers are higher for teen pregnancies and for women
who are pregnant and living below the poverty line. Postpartum Psychosis is rare and only occurs in
one to two out of every one thousand deliveries. It's a more severe form of Postpartum Depression,
and it can happen within the first few days postpartum or within the following weeks.
The study of Postpartum Depression/Psychosis began with Hippocrates in 400 B.C. ... Show more
Postpartum Depression is undermined as "post–baby blues", but it's much more complex than just
sadness. Mothers cannot sleep, eat, or enjoy their lives as they did before. They are constantly
paranoid as to if the baby is alright, or may completely separate themselves from their newborn
child. There are many risks for Postpartum Depression, which include a history of depression,
inadequate support in caring for the newborn, financial or marital stress, complications during
pregnancy, a major life even, mothers of multiple children, women with diabetes, etc.
Postpartum Psychosis can take only a few days to start showing symptoms, though the average time
is approximately two weeks. Symptoms can include delusions, strange beliefs, hallucinations,
irritation, hyperactivity, sleep deprivation, paranoia, mood swings, and difficulty in communication.
The biggest risk factor in developing Postpartum Psychosis is having a family history of bipolar
disorder or already having psychotic episodes. With the diagnosis of Postpartum Psychosis, there is
a 5% suicide rate, and a 4% infanticide rate, which is extraordinarily high. Many hallucinations and
illusions attributed to Postpartum Psychosis are often religiously based, and they feel as if their
delusions make sense. Though having Postpartum Psychosis does not always mean that the woman
will be violent or destructive in

Law Abiding Citizen: Psychosis
In 1999, a home invasion occurs where two burglars break in and kill Clyde Shelton's wife and
daughter. A terrifying incident that happened simply by Shelton opening the door without checking
for who was entering. He and his wife were tied down while being stabbed, and their daughter was
taken away (we assume she is killed as well). Shelton seeks justice from prosecutor Nick Rice, but
Rice is unable to find any evidence against the two robbers. Rice is a high ranked prosecutor with a
high conviction rate. He wishes to keep his stats high by making a deal with one of the robbers,
Clarence Darby, to a lesser charge if he testifies against his partner in crime, Rupert Ames. Shelton
gains knowledge of this deal for Rice's career and feels as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The movie ends with a depressing look on Shelton's face as he has one last look at the bracelet his
daughter gave him. The bomb goes off clearing out the entire cell in an instant. Shelton's
psychological condition in this movie is known as Psychosis. Psychosis is a mental condition where
a someone becomes delusional or hallucinating. Delusional means to come up with random ideas or
falsehoods and is acting upon them while hallucinations are when a person senses things that do not
exist ("PubMed Health: Psychosis" 1). Psychosis is a disease unlikely to occur in someone who has
not abused any drug, gone through over any traumatic experience, or is going through a mental
aging condition ("PubMed Health: Psychosis" 1). It can be caused by another personality or mental
condition, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorders ("PubMed Health: Psychosis" 1). People who
are at risk of psychosis or a psychotic disorder are people who have great environmental stressors.
Their brain is under so much stress that it breaks to a point where its sensory and thinking is altered.
Some of the symptoms of psychosis can include acting on impossible beliefs or hallucinating.
Psychotic people can have a scatter brain method of thinking by not having related trains of thought
and can have ADD or ADHD like thinking patterns that skip from one thought to another. There are
other signs that can be detected and monitored in case someone is acting seemingly

The Pathway to Psychosis
"How all occasions do inform against me" is a line from act IIII, scene IIII of
William Shakespeare's Hamlet. This line, spoken by Hamlet, expresses his emotional state as he
is currently overwhelmed by the death of his father, the king of Denmark, and the situation
surrounding it. After Hamlet learns of his father's death he finds out that his mother has married
Claudius, Hamlet's uncle. On top of all of that, Hamlet soon after discovers that Claudius
murdered his father in order to become king, and he takes it upon himself to avenge his
father's death. Throughout the play, the severe stress of the situation seems to take its toll on
Hamlet putting him in a depressed state, and eventually over time he grows ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
28–29). Following, childhood trauma
was assessed with a questionnaire (Lardinois , Lataster , Mengelers, van Os , & Myin–Germeys,
2011, pp. 28–29). The findings of the study show a strong "interaction" between stress and
childhood trauma, thus showing that childhood trauma is associated with "sensitivity
to stress" (Lardinois , Lataster , Mengelers, van Os , & Myin–Germeys, 2011, p. 28). While this
does not prove a cause–and–effect relationship between childhood trauma and an "emotional and
psychotic" reactivity to stress, it strongly points to the possibility that a history of childhood
trauma can lead to an individual reacting emotionally and psychotically to stress (Lardinois ,
Lataster , Mengelers, van Os , & Myin–Germeys, 2011, p. 28). Clearly, there is stress associated
with childhood trauma and therefore it is possible that that childhood stress lead these subjects to

develop psychosis.
A study published in the journal of Psychological Medicine entitled COMT Val158Met
moderation of stress–induced psychosis takes a biological approach to the question at hand. This
study sought to examine the question of high reactivity to stress seeming to "represent part of the
vulnerability for psychosis" (Stefanis, et al., 2007, p. 1651). The study's objective was to
determine whether a "functional polymorphism in the

Psychosis: What It Really Is Essay
People have many different opinions on what psychosis really is. Many define it as crazy or not
normal, but really, the illnesses vary. It could be schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, hallucinations and
delusions, anxiety, even Alzheimer's and Dementia. It is characterized in all of these illnesses.
Psychosis is usually genetic and passed down through different family members. It is an illness that
distorts the brain, making thinking unclear. The main question is what really causes someone to be
psychotic? What really defines psychosis? Psychosis is a state of severe mental impairment, which
causes the person not to view the real or unreal correctly. (Lecture) People with psychosis often
have problems with delusions and hallucinations. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason being is they both have similar symptoms, and being Schizophrenic can causes a lower
diagnosis of Psychosis. Just like Psychosis, one cause of Schizophrenia is by abuse from other
people or done to one's self. For example, like alcohol abuse and drug abuse. The reason these
diseases can cause these illnesses is that drugs and alcohol can ruin brain cells. The main symptom
of these illnesses is disordered thinking (Bernheim and Lewine). Psychosis can also be associated
with bipolar disorder.
Bipolar disorder is determined by manic highs and manic lows. This means someone can be
extremely happy and then all of a sudden become extremely depressed within minutes of each other
or vice versa. Psychosis is very similar to bipolar disorder because psychiatric patients can have
manic depression, manic anger, manic happiness, and then can seem completely fine. These are
common symptoms of each other, and all of these illnesses are linked to each other in some way
(Lecture). Many with the diagnosis of bipolar disorder have prescribed to medication called mood
stabilizers.
The main reason Psychosis, and other mental illnesses, are so important is because anyone can have
mental issues and not be aware of it. This is the main reason that the illnesses become out of control.
People that have Schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are diagnosed with Psychosis. Even if it is not a
severe case of Psychosis, it can be more severe as he or

Psychosis Case Studies
Overview of the major developments in the treatment of psychosis
The complexity of treating psychosis is very delicate, as there are many contributing factors to this
mental disorder. As theories continue to evolve through research, today's evidence of biological and
psychopathology disturbances support the complication and treatment psychosis (Preston, O'Neal,
& Talaga2017). Although anti–psychotic drugs have revolutionized in treatment of psychotic
disorders, positive results in treatment of psychosis was noted in first–line drugs. However, due to
the extreme side effects, a second–generation of antipsychotic drugs was developed, with fewer side
effects and less seditative, and a greater effectiveness in patient treatment (Preston ,O'Neal, ... Show
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In psychosis clients have a disorganization of their thoughts and focus. Therefore, when working
with clients that have this disorder counselors, psychologist, and other team members should be
mindful of the disorder and the appropriate treatment. The autonomy of patients with schizophrenia
and or psychosis may be in conflict with the values of doing well or avoiding harm Howe, (2008).
Examples of these ethical concerns are persuading patients or clients with Schizophrenia to involve
their family members and truth telling; withholding information from a patient regarding his or her
likely psychodynamics (Howe,

Schizophrenia And The Psychosis State

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Schizophrenia And The Psychosis State