The Onset Of The Disease

The Onset Of The Disease
"The onset of the disease usually occurs when 90 % or more of both adrenal cortices are destroyed" (Griffing & Khardori, 2014). Several hormones
function are compromised due to the impairment of the adrenal cortex. This hormones are glucocorticoids that are essential in cell metabolism,
aldosterone & mineralocorticoids which are the main regulator of sodium and potassium levels in the blood as well fluid balance in our body and
androgens the sex hormones are all affected with Addison's disease. This explain why Ms. Thomas cortisol level, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood
sodium, are all low and her blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood potassium are all high. In addition she is showing classic symptoms of the disease
crisis.
Since the lab results, vital signs and the diagnosis are available, she will be prepare for the treatments and possible further tests. An IV access with a
size number twenty gauge catheter and IV pump should be ready for IV infusion. According to NIDDK, the standard treatment therapy involves
immediate IV injections of corticosteroids and large volumes of IV saline solution with dextrose. Her cortisol will be replaced with a corticosteroid,
such as hydrocortisone, prednisone or dexamethasone depending on the physicians order. Aldosterone is replaced with oral doses of a
mineralocorticoid hormone such as fludrocortisone acetate commonly known as Florinef. (NIH, 2014) Ms. Thomas will be on heart monitor due to her
hypotension, mild tachycardia and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Geochromocytoma Research Paper
A pheochromocytoma is a rare, usually benign adrenal tumor. It is approximately five to six centimeters in diameter and fifty to two hundred grams
and occurs equally in both men and women between the ages of twenty and forty. The adrenal glands are small endocrine glands that distribute the
hormones cortisol and adrenaline. Cortisol is responsible for stress response, homeostasis restoration, glucose restoration, and for countering insulin.
Adrenaline is responsible for keeping heart rate balance. Though the exact cause of developing a pheochromocytoma is unknown, mutations in genes
that are involved in cell growth such as VHL and NF–1 have been linked to the development. Pheochromocytomas secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine,
and dopamine.

Addison's Disease Research Paper
Addison's Disease is a rare disease that attacks the endocrine system, it is also known as Hypoadrenocorticism. There are many different
pathological reasons that Addison's disease can occur. The most initial sign that Addison's disease has occurred is a colored pigmentation of the oral
cavity. The symptoms of this disease will progress over time. The condition can worsen if the patient is involved in any form of an accident. If an
accident occurs, it can be life threatening. Addison's disease typically affects 1 in 100,000 people. This disease does not discriminate, it affects all
ages, genders, and races equally. The predominant cause of Addison's disease remains to be tuberculosis. This disease was named after Thomas
Addison a doctor... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As for a patient in Addisonian crisis this treatment will be conducted by injecting a potent form of steroid through a needle directly into a vein. As
for dehydration and salt loss these will be treated with a balanced solution through an IV. For patients with the lowered blood pressure symptoms they
will be taken care of with special medications to elevate the blood pressure until the steroids are in full effect. Patients with this disease will need to
take hydrocortisone which is a steroid preparation as well as a replacement of aldosterone by mouth for the rest of their

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Addison 's Disease
Addison's disease is a disorder that occurs only when your body doesn't produce enough of the certain hormones that you need from the adrenal
glands. In this type of disease, the adrenal glands don't produce much of cortisol and the levels of aldosterone also have the lack of producing in our
bodies. This disease can also be called adrenal insufficiency. This disease can happen in all the age groups and affect both of sexes. The Addison's
disease can be a life threatening thing to our bodies. You start seeing symptoms slowly during the months passing by like having muscle weakness and
feeling fatigue, you're going to see weight loss and your appetite is going to be decreased, your skin can darken (hyperpigmentation) which is a harmless
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the darkening begins it starts when an excess of melanin, the brown pigment that makes our normal skin color, it forms deposits in the skin.
You can also have low blood pressure, you can even faint, you can have salt cravings, you can have hypoglycemia, this is a deficiency of the
glucose in the blood stream in our body. You can also have nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, you can also experience muscle or joint pains, it can also
put you in a depressed mood, and you can also have loss of hair in your body or sexual dysfunction in women. If you have an acute adrenal failure
these would be some of the symptoms. You would have pain in your lower back, abdomen or even in the legs; you would also experience a lot of
vomiting and diarrhea leading to dehydration in your body, also having low blood pressure. Those would be some of the symptoms, there are couple
more but these are the major ones. The cause of this disease is when your adrenal glands are damaged, and not producing enough of the hormones
cortisol and aldosterone. These glands in our body are located just above our kidneys. The endocrine system in our body what that does for us that they
produce the hormones that gives instructions to virtually every organ and tissue in our body. Our adrenal glands are composed into two sections. The
interior is the medulla, what that does is that it produces adrenaline like in the hormones. The outer layer is called the cortex and what that does is that it

Adrenal Crisis Of A Pediatric Patient : A Case Review Essay
Title Page
Adrenal crisis in a pediatric patient: A case review
400 W Mineral King Ave, Visalia, Ca 93291
Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kaweah Delta Health Care District
Adrenal crisis in a pediatric patient: A case review
1) Why is this topic important? It is important to rapidly identify adrenal crisis to correct the underlying deficiency and treat the patient's symptoms to
prevent further deterioration.
2) What does this study attempt to show? It attempts to highlight the importance of rapid correction of cortisol to treat the underlying disorder of
adrenal crisis and treat symptoms.
3) What are the key findings? This case of adrenal crisis was recognized by common signs and symptoms of severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting,
and fatigue. It was managed with fluids and replacement of cortisol.
4) How is patient care impacted? If the signs and symptoms of adrenal crisis are recognized, patients can be stabilized to prevent further deterioration.
Additionally, management of chronic disease can prevent continued decreases in function.
Abstract
Background
Addison's disease is a rare endocrine disorder caused by deficiency of cortisol that presents in a chronic or acute course. Primary adrenal insufficiency
is most often a result of autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands and can lead to an acute crisis. Common symptoms of addisonian crisis are
sudden abdominal pain, pain in legs, or lower back, nausea,

Renal Regulation of Blood Osmolarity
Abstract: The experiment was done to demonstrate the effect of ADH on the volume and concentration of urine in order to demonstrate the control of
ADH over blood plasma osmolarity. Since non–invasive methods were preferred the volume and concentration of urine was used in place of drawing
blood. The results that we our anticipating are that ADH levels in the group of subjects that ingested the 6 gm. Of NaCl would increase over time in
response to the increased osmolarity of the blood from all of the salt. Urine output would decrease and eventually the body would stabilize.
Purpose: In this experiment, renal regulation of osmolarity will be demonstrated through the use of urinalysis.
Materials and Methods: In this experiment, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of executing this experiment was to essentially illustrate our body's compensatory mechanisms via hormone regulation to maintain
homeostasis. Osmolarity of bodily fluids need to be in their appropriate "normal ranges" in order for the body as a whole to maintain "normal or
healthy" functions. A disruption of homeostasis will eventually lead to disease whether acute or chronic if the compensatory mechanisms within our
bodies are not working appropriately. Although the kidneys are the focus of the action, renal regulation of osmolarity goes well beyond the kidneys.
The hormones involved in the process are ADH, aldosterone, and the few involved in the renin–angiotensin system. Due to the fact that ADH was the
target of our experiment, we will begin with the anatomy and physiology involved with ADH. The cell bodies of the supra–optic nucleus of the
hypothalamus are the site of synthesis of ADH, and the site of the osmoreceptors that detect changes in blood osmolarity. The posterior pituitary is the
site of release for ADH. When the osmoreceptors detect a change in osmolarity the number and intensity of the action potentials fired will change. An
increase will cause an increase in action potentials fired from the supra–optic nucleus to the posterior pituitary via the infundibulum. Likewise, a
decrease in osmolarity will decrease the action potentials fired. The synaptic vesicles of the posterior pituitary will then secrete the appropriate

A & P Case Study on Addisons Disease Essay
Unit 1 Case Study
Addison's disease is from a result from damage to the adrenal cortex. These two
adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys, where they are enclosed in a
fibrous capsule and a cushion of fat. . The have an outer portion, called the
cortex, which is a glandular tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm. The inner
portion called the medulla, which is more like a knot of nervous tissue than a gland
and it is part of the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal cortex synthesizes
over two dozen steroid hormones called corticosteroids. The Adrenal medulla is part
of the autonomic nervous system. They are often referred to as the suprarenal
glands. That damage causes the cortex to produce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Treatment with
replacement corticosteroids will control the symptoms of this disease, and this
usually will require the patient to take these drugs for life. It is receive a
combination of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. The provider may increase

the dose in times of infection, injury and stress. With adrenal crisis patients will
need an immediate injection of hydrocortisone, either IM, or IV. If the blood
pressure is extreme low IV fluids will be helpful. Complications can occur if you
take too much or not enough of the adrenal hormone supplement. This
complications can arise due to related illnesses such as diabetes, chronic thyroiditis,
hypoparathyroidsim, ovarian hypofunction or testicular failure, thyrotoxicosis and
pernicious anemia. Low sodium with Addison's should be carefully corrected, if
done to quickly it can lead to brain damage, this is noted in a 2004 article in
"American family Physician" they require immediate but slow administration of
saline, which is basically salt water, composed of sodium chloride in water. They list
a second step which then be finding the underlying cause. Primary adrenocortical
insufficiency is not a common disorder. It's incidence in western populations are
near 50 cases per 1,000, 000. However with the widespread corticosteroid use
secondary adrenocortical insufficiency due to steroid withdrawal

Primary Adrenal Insufficiency ( Pai ) Essay
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Aryan Dastaghir, Lai Nam Chan, Nate Maisel, Rejvan Pourasad, Wendy Walker. LQB181 School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, QUT.
Introduction
Primary Adrenal insufficiency (PAI) or Addison's Disease, as it is more commonly known as, is defined as an insufficient production of
glucocorticoids (cortisol). Cortisol is a regulatory hormone which is secreted and synthesised by the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands (1).
Cortisol is vital in maintaining bodily homeostasis. Some roles of cortisol include, maintaining blood pressure, slowing down the immune system 's
inflammatory response and helping the body to respond to stress.
Consequently, Addison's disease is said to affect approximately 1 in every 10,000 people and if left untreated, may be fatal (2). Pathophysiology
PAI results from disease intrinsic to the adrenal cortex, which is the outer layer of the adrenal gland, found on the top of each kidney (Fig.1) (3).
During an autoimmune attack, patients will have their adrenal cortex gradually damaged by cell–mediated immune mechanisms, resulting in
autoimmune adrenalitis. Autoimmune adrenalitis accounts for roughly 80–90% of PAI cases in developing countries.
The zone vulnerable to autoimmune attack is called glomerulosa, where aldosterone is synthesized. Therefore, inadequate aldosterone levels are seen
followed by a phase of hormone abnormalities including cortisol deficiency (5).
Cortisol plays an essential role in response to

Anthrophysiology Of Stress
Stress is what happens when the body responds to a threat. When the brain feels that the body is being threatened or the brain feels pressure the
brain causes the nervous system to release stress hormones and "awakens" or alarms the body to create stress. Stress can also be explained as
when you are mentally or emotionally strained or tired from difficult or very demanding tasks. Another way to define stress is when you feel as
though something or someone is making you feel like everything is very hard to overcome. Stress can create various threats such as raising blood
pressure, can cause stomach aches, shut down the immune system or slow it down, and it can also put you in more risk or either having a stroke or a
heart attack in a later period... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the body feels as though you are being approached with a challenging situation the adrenal gland produces this hormone which then goes to the
adrenal cortex and then that causes your brain to be notified of this act of stress and causes your brain to react to it, this process with the adrenal
gland can react in just seconds. The adrenal glands are located in the area where the kidneys are they are actually connected and after the Adrenal
glands there is the adrenal cortex which is what makes the signal go to your brain to make you feel stressed.
Adrenaline
Adrenaline is a hormone that is created in the adrenal glands especially in a condition of stress, increasing the rate of the blood's circulation,
breathing and is preparing the body or the bodies muscle for exertion (exertion also known as preparing for a stressful or a very difficult decision or
a difficult task). Adrenaline may be also explained as an exhilarating feeling when you feel as though you are at the edge often felt when either one is
very happy, or a very stressed unreal feeling when you are very tensed by a certain scenario.
What Causes Body Temperature to Change
There are many reasons why one's body temperature can either rise or decrease but some of the reasons that have been searched for, they may be
strange but true. One example is if you were to lie your nose heats

Ncidentaloma Research Paper
ncidentaloma is a tumor that does not show any symptoms until it is discovered by some types of examinations that were not previously planed.
Adrenal cortex, a part of the adrenal gland, is where most of the adrenal tumors develop. Adrenal cortex tumors can have either benign or cancerous
properties.
Usually patients accidentally come across diagnostics of the disease. For example, a change in female hormone levels can be a good indicator for
whether a person has an adrenal tumor. One would investigate whether an incidentaloma was influencing adrenal cortical hormone levels by
performing numerous tests and diagnostics. The first step is the collection of urine or blood samples to be tested for adrenal gland hormone levels. If a
suspicious ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different tests are usually performed to quantify the levels of cortisol, such as treating patients with dexamethasone. Dexamethasone acts like cortisol
for the patient's body. Upon delivery to a patient who does not have adrenal tumor, the production of the cortisol will decrease. On the other hand if a
patient has an adrenal tumor, then hormone levels will stay high even after receiving dexamethasone.
Another test that one can perform to measure the effect of an adrenal tumor is performing an ACTH test, which measures the level of
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood. ACTH is a hormone that is produced from the pituitary gland in the brain. Thus by performing the
test one can get information about its concentration in the serum. Usually if adrenal mass is influencing the corticosteroid levels the test will show a
higher level of cortisol while giving a lower level of ACTH levels.
Another diagnostic method to diagnose adrenal tumors is cortisol saliva testing. In this test, the amount of cortisol in the saliva at or near midnight is
normally very low. Multiple repeats of the test to confirm elevated cortisol levels can diagnose Cushing's syndrome. Cushing's syndrome is excess
cortisol levels, possibly due to the body secreting too much

Adrenoleukodystrophy Research Paper
Adrenoleukodystrophy, or ALD, is a deadly genetic disease that affects 1 in 35, 000 people. It most severely affects boys and men. It knows no
racial, ethnic, or geographic barriers. ALD is currently not curable, but doctors can help slow progression. Symptoms of ALD include weak muscles,
poor appetite, weight loss, paralysis, seizures, developmental delay , mental retardation , and vision and hearing impairment. Treatment methods differ
depending on the type of ALD one has. Steroids can be used to treat Addison's disease. Other treatments include: physical therapy to loosen muscles,
medication to relieve seizures, or taking Lorenzo's oil to help lower elevated VLCFA levels. This can harm one's spinal cord,brain, adrenal glands, and
testes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their bodies don't make enough ALDP. In ALD there is a deficiency in the enzyme that breaks down VLCFAs, which then accumulate in myelin and
the adrenal glands. ALD is an inherited metabolic storage disease whereby a defect in a specific enzyme results in the accumulation of long–chain fatty
acids (VLCFA) in all tissues of the body. These VLCFA are harmful for cells and tissues. For reasons that have not yet been resolved brain, spinal cord,
testis, and the adrenal glands are primarily affected. In the central nervous system the buildup of VLCFA eventually destroys the myelin sheath that
surrounds the nerves causing neurologic problems. VLCFA are toxic to adrenal gland cells and their malfunction causes Addison's disease (adrenal
insufficiency). Though there is no actual treatment to curing ALD, there are many ways that one can lessen the progression of the life–draining
disease. Because VLCFA are toxic to myelin, the adrenals and testis, several attempts were made to lower the plasma concentrations of VLCFA.
Dietary restriction of VLCFA intake alone has no effect on plasma VLCFA levels. VLCFA are primarily synthesized via chain
–elongation of shorter
fatty acids. Addition of mono–unsaturated fatty acids to the culture medium of ALD fibroblasts reduces the VLCFA concentrations, probably by
competitive inhibition of the endogenous elongation system of saturated fatty acids. This formed the basis of a dietary therapy.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Test Research Paper
Why am I having this test? The adrenocorticotropic hormone test, also called an ACTH test, is a test that evaluates the functioning of the pituitary
gland in your brain. Your health care provider may order this test if you have symptoms of either too much or too little ACTH. For example, too much
ACTH can be seen in Addison disease, where symptoms include being tired (fatigue). Too little ACTH can be seen in Cushing syndrome, where
symptoms include being overweight, having acne, and having more hair on your body. What is being tested? The ACTH test measures the level of
ACTH produced by your pituitary gland in the brain. The test examines a part of the pituitary gland in your brain called the anterior pituitary gland, and
it measures how much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) that gland is producing.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These changes during the day are called diurnal variation. What kind of sample is taken? How do I prepare for this test? Do not eat or drink
anything after midnight on the night before the test or as directed by your health care provider. You may have this test both in the morning and in
the evening. This checks for diurnal variation. How are the results reported? Your test results will be reported as a range of values. Your health care
provider will compare your results to normal ranges that were established after testing a large group of healthy people. Reference ranges may vary
among different people, labs, and hospitals. For this test, reference ranges are: Children, male or female: 1 week to 9 years: 5–46 pg/mL. 10–18 years:
6–55 pg/mL. Adults, age 19 and older: Female: 6–58

Adrenal Exercise
Dwight Ingle noticed the relationship between adrenal cortices and cortin; however, administration of adrenotropic principle had shown to prevent
deterioration in the adrenal cortex. He then conducted a study on the effects of cortin on adrenal cortices of normal and hypophysectomized rats. This
to the hypothesis that cortin is mediated through the anterior lobe of the pituitary, which may regulate the adrenotropic principle activity. He analyzed
the data by comparing the combined weights of adrenal glands between groups–this indicated the severity of atrophy. The first control group of ten rats
were normal, they didn't receive any treatment in diet or cortin. This collection of rats showed no change in weight of adrenal glands, and were used to
compare.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ingle observed that hypophysectomized rats ate less and have smaller adrenals, so a restricted diet was included to observe if hypophysectomy resulted
in reduced glandular size. A small change was seen in the glands, but it wasn't significant. Next the third group endured a hypophysectomy, but received
no additional treatment. A restrictive diet was observed, and the weight of the adrenal glands was significantly lower compared to the other samples.
This indicated atrophy in the adrenal glands due to removal of the pituitary, resulting in dysregulation. The final control group only received 10mL of
cortin daily, and this test group had a voluntary restriction of diet. Furthermore, the adrenal glands were observed to have been highly atrophied, which
indicates that cortin triggered adrenal atrophy. The first experimental group underwent a hypophysectomy along with 0.5mL adrenotropic principle. A
restricted diet was also implemented, and the necropsy the adrenal glands appeared normal. This suggested that adrenotropic principle in
hypophysectomized prevented adrenal

Addison's Disease Analysis
What's going on in my liver? What is Addison's disease? Will I live? Are there any treatments? Let me explain what is Addison's disease, it also
known as Hypoadrenocorticism or Adrenal insufficiency. It's one of the most common diseases that occur in the dogs. This disease can make the
diagnosis very difficult; when it's treated then dogs can live a normal life. Addison's Disease is associated with the adrenal glands releasing organs
which mean it only has one on each side of the small gland of kidney that will create amount of layers which is cortex and the medulla. What is
cortex? Cortex is the outer area that will secrete corticosteroid hormones like cortisol or aldosterone. Medulla is part of the inside area where it controls
the sympathetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Veterinarians are treating your dog for this type of disease, you would want to give mineralocorticoid that replace aldosterone where
hormones regulate the electrolyte levels. There are in pills form or injection forms. With replacing aldosterone, cortisol will secrete by adrenals
which is also need to be replaced. Adrenals to replace, you will need prednisone or hydrocortisone which is done by orally medicine. Dogs having
this disease will be on lifetime medicine to treat and monitor. It's very important to watch their behavior changes to avoid their trigger. There are
therapy options as well, to reduce their medication, which will substitute to herb, which has a lot of beneficial for the dog's life. This herbs medicine
purpose are calls Western Herbs, its humankind and softer natural medicine. With Addison's disease will experience stress, stomachache, increase liver
enzymes, laziness, joint stiff and vomit. This herb will help individual symptoms or any of the side

Cortisol Concentration Saliva
Assessment of cortisol concentration saliva as alternative to blood has been validated and several species. Salvia collection is noninvasive and more
convenient then blood or urine. Another important point is that the direct measurement of the free biologically active fraction of glucocotrcoid
hormones is possible without further laboratory work therefore concentrations are less affected corticosteroid proteins and plasma values. Activation
of the HPA access is affected by a variety of factors. Stressors may last for short or long periods. Nevertheless some of the disadvantages of saliva
collection such as contamination with plasma proteins conversion of the saliva glands a Free cortisol Cortizone see article Page 429 In greater variation
of saliva ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But sampling is not only labor–intensive and expensive sampling method that is sometimes a counterproductive method and stress research is a
procedure can be stressful itself. The benefits of saliva that is noninvasive and provide stability to obtain samples and short intervals from subjects
without raising ethical problems. Because cortisol is small and highly lipid soluble molecule unbound hormone 10 pass easily through the lipid by
later membranes of nucleated cells. This allows free cortisol to appear in all bodily fluids including blood spinal fluid gear and sweat semen and
saliva. Could result on the carriers is usually excluded from these bodily compartments. Correlations between salivary and unbound blood cortisol
levels usually explain more than 80% of the total variance observed. This higher agreement is due to the fact that cortisol enters the south end of the
oral cavity mainly by passive diffusion. It therefore independent of transportation mechanisms and saliva flow rate which is in contrast to other
components also found in saliva. Just like in blood Saldanha cortisol levels follow us are Katie and rhythm that has been studied only in awake

Addison's Disease : Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Diagnosis Of...
Have you heard of diseases that destroy the body from within its self? I'd like to take this time to tell you about one called Addison's disease.
Addison's disease can be a minor illness or, if not treated, it can be deadly. Addison's disease was named after "Thomas Addison who was born in
April of 1793 and he died June of 1860". In 1812, Thomas became a medical student at the "University of Edinburgh". In August of 1815, Thomas
became an M.D. with his thesis of "Concerning Syphilis and Mercury". In 1837, Thomas became a full physician to Guy's Hospital. In 1838,
Thomas was elected a "Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians". Addison's disease was first discussed in 1714, when he wrote a short article in the
"London Medical... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Addison's disease can sometimes be referred to as "Adrenal Insufficiency". Addison's disease is so rare "only 1 in 100,000 (have) it". This disease can
be present in men or women and can happen at any age. Before I explain what we are going to see in people that have Addison's disease, I would
like to elaborate on what causes it. The number one cause or most common cause is "Idiopathic autoimmune adrenocortical insufficiency". This
results from autoimmune atrophy, fibrosis, and lymphocytic infiltration of the adrenal cortex. This usually spares the adrenal medulla. Of the
reported cases, this accounts for 80%. The kidneys or the adrenal glands are another reason for the lack of production of the hormones. With the
autoimmune disorder, the body mistakenly attacks the adrenal glands, destroying the outer layer of the glands. Long lasting diseases, or infections,
such as TB, HIV, and some fungal infections can cause Addison's disease. If a patient has cancer somewhere in their body and it spreads to the
adrenal glands, it could also cause Addison's. Prolonged or improper use of steroid hormones, such as prednisone, can cause secondary adrenal
insufficiency. Less common causes can be caused by pituitary tumors or damage to the pituitary gland during surgery or radiation. In some cases,
hereditary predisposition has been found to be the cause. Wrapping up the causes, the main causes are, adrenal dysgenesis (the glad has not

Pathophysiology Of Addison 's Disease
Pathophysiology
Addison's disease is also known as Adrenocortical Insufficiency, which means the adrenal cortex does not produce enough hormones (Understanding
Medical Surgical Nursing, 2015). Addison's disease occurs when the adrenal glands, above the kidneys, don't make enough hormones that are essential
to normal body functions (Understanding Addison's Disease, n.d.). The most common cause of Addison's disease is due to theadrenal cortex being
abnormally small or atrophied. This causes the adrenal cortex to not produce as many hormones (Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 2015). If
the disease is primary, the pituitary gland may be sending out elevated levels of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) to try to get the adrenal cortex
to produce more hormones. When the disease is secondary, the ACTH does not stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce more hormones
(Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 2015). Only 1 out of 100,000 people actually have Addison's disease; making it very rare. Addison's disease
occurs in men and women of any age (Understanding Addison's Disease).
Etiology, Causes, and Risk Factors
Some people believe that Addison's disease is autoimmune disease. They think the gland sort of "terminates" itself. Diseases such as tuberculosis,
AIDS, cancer, and fungal infections are thought to cause the self–destruction of the adrenal cortex. Hashimoto's thyroid and bilateral adrenalectomy
may also cause Addison's disease. Secondary Addison's disease

The Effects Of Pets On The Health And Physical Activity...
It is widely believed that pets can have a positive impact on the health and physical activity levels of their owners. These three articles take a deeper
look at the health effects pets have on their owners in terms of physical activity, blood pressure levels, stress levels, and risk of allergy sensitization.
This study conducted by Allen, Shykoff, and Izzo evaluates the effect of social support intervention (pet ownership) in relation to stress before and
while undergoing ACE inhibitor therapy. This study hypothesized that having a pet would help to lower blood pressure, heart rate, andrenin responses
to psychological stress. The study had 48 participants, equally distributed between male and female, with stage II hypertension and in a high–stress
profession (stockbrokers). Participants were randomized to either a control group (without pets) or an experimental group (who acquired pets
subsequently). After 1 month of observation, all participants completed, at–home, baseline mental stress sessions. These sessions consisted of
participants doing psychologically stressful tasks while their systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and
plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured and recorded. After the first baseline session was completed, all participants from both groups began
lisinopril therapy (20 mg/d). At the same time, participants in the experimental group were also instructed to get a pet cat or dog. Six months later,

Addison's Disease
Anatomy & Physiology
Gerald McGraw
January 27, 2012
Addison's Disease
A disorder that takes place when your body produces an insufficient amount of certain hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands is called
Addison's disease. With Addison's disease, the adrenal glands do not produce enoughcortisol and often times an insufficient amount of aldosterone as
well. Doctors sometimes refer to Addison's disease as the illness of chronic adrenal insufficiency, or also called hypocortisolism. "In 1855, Thomas
Addison first described adrenal insufficiency, which was subsequently named after him. The basis of Addison disease has dramatically changed since
its initial description. Originally, the disease usually resulted from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A person should visit their doctor for the diagnosis of this disease if they have severe fatigue, muscle or joint pains, salt cravings, unintentional weight
loss, and gastrointestinal problems, such as vomiting and abdominal pain and nausea. The cause of Addison's disease is the result of the adrenal
glands being damaged and producing insufficient amounts of cortisol and aldosterone as well. The adrenal glands are located just above the kidneys.
Being part of the endocrine system, the adrenal glands produce hormones that give instructions to almost every organ and tissue in the body. The
adrenal glands are made up of two different sections. The interior (medulla) which produces hormones similar to adrenaline. The (cortex) outer layer
has the role of producing a group of hormones that are called corticosteroids; these include mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and the male sex
hormones known as (androgens). Addison's disease takes place when the cortex is damaged and does not produce hormones in adequate quantities.
Doctors often refer to this condition that involves damage to the adrenal glands as a primary adrenal insufficiency. When the adrenal glands fail to
produce adrenocortical hormones it is commonly a result of an autoimmune disease where the body is attacking itself. For an unknown reason the
immune system sometimes views the

Adrenal Gland Essay
Adrenal gland
In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangular–shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys. They are
chiefly responsible for releasing hormones in conjunction with stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and
adrenaline (epinephrine), respectively.
Anatomy and function
Anatomically, the adrenal glands are located in the retroperitoneum situated atop the kidneys, one on each side. They are surrounded by an adipose
capsule and renal fascia. In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra. Each adrenal gland is separated into two
distinct structures, the adrenal cortex and medulla, both of which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The suprarenal veins may form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins.
The adrenal glands and the thyroid gland are the organs that have the greatest blood supply per gram of tissue. Up to 60 arterioles may enter each
adrenal gland.[4]
Terminology
The adrenal glands are named for their location relative to the kidneys. The term "adrenal" comes from ad– (Latin, "near") and renes (Latin, "kidney").
Similarly, "suprarenal" is derived from supra– (Latin, "above") and renes. Colloquially, they are referred to as "kidney hats".
Adrenal cortex
Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and
glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. Contents * 1 Layers * 2 Hormone
synthesis * 3 Production * 3.1 Mineralocorticoids * 3.2 Glucocorticoids * 3.3 Androgens * 4 Pathology * 5 See

Case StudyCushings Essay example
Case Study 78 Cushing's Syndrome
Scenario
You graduated 3 months ago and are working with a home care agency. Included in your caseload is J.S., a 60–year–old man suffering from chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) related to (R/T) cigarette smoking. He has been on home oxygen, 2 L oxygen by nasal cannula (O2/NC), for
several years. Approximately 10 months ago, he was started on chronic oral steroid therapy. Medications include ipratropium–albuterol (Combivent)
inhaler, formoterol (Foradil) inhaler, dexamethasone (Decadron), digoxin, and furosemide (Lasix). On the way to J.S.'s home, you make a mental note
to check him for signs and symptoms (S/S) of Cushing's syndrome.
Clinical Presentation
Centripedal (truncal) obesity or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prednisone can cause upset stomach. It can have serious side effect with vision problems. If it's not helping with joint pain then the dose may need
altering.
8. Differentiate between the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid effects of prednisone.
Mineralocorticoids= вЂЁThe name mineralocorticoid derives from early observations that these hormones were involved in the retention of sodium, a
mineral. The primary endogenous mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, although a number of other endogenous hormones (including progesterone and
deoxycorticosterone) have mineralocorticoid function. вЂЁвЂЁAldosterone acts on the kidneys to provide active reabsorption of sodium and an
associated passive reabsorption of water, as well as the active secretion of potassium in the principal cells of the cortical collecting tubule and active
secretion of protons via proton ATPases in the lumenal membrane of the intercalated cells of the collecting tubule. This in turn results in an increase of
blood pressure and blood volume. вЂЁвЂЁвЂЁ
Glucocortiocoids= вЂЁGlucocorticoids (GC) are a class of steroid hormones that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor, which is present in almost every
vertebrate animal cell. вЂЁвЂЁGCs are part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system that turns immune activity (inflammation) down. They
are therefore used in medicine to treat diseases that are caused by an overactive immune system, such as allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases and
sepsis. GCs have

Addison 's Disease : Lauren E. Brown
Addison's Disease
Lauren E. Brown
Central Carolina Community College
Alongside with organs, bones, and tissues, the human body also functions through hormones. Some of these hormones are produced by the adrenal
glands which are located right above the kidneys. Adrenal glands produce hormones that give vital instructions to almost every organ and every tissue
in your body. When someone's adrenal glands do not produce enough amounts of certain hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone, this often leads to
Addison's Disease. The adrenal glands are composed of two sections, the medulla and the cortex. The medulla part of the gland is what produces
adrenaline–like hormones. The cortex produces a group of hormones called corticosteroids ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case, not enough adrenocorticotropic can lead to inadequate production of hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands. Signs and
symptoms are the first steps into identifying if one has this autoimmune disease. Symptoms include the following; extreme fatigue, weight loss,
decreased appetite, hyperpigmentation, hypotension, fainting, hypoglycemia, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, pain in the abdominal region, muscle/joint
pains, body hair loss, and sexual dysfunction. To receive a diagnosis from a doctor, he or she will conduct the following. First, a blood test will
measure the levels of sodium, potassium, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic in your blood stream. The test will tell the doctor if adrenal insufficiency
may be causing the signs and symptoms a patient may be associating with. An adrenocorticotropin stimulation test will measure the level of cortisol in
your blood before and after an injection of synthetic adrenocorticotropic is put into the body. If the adrenal glands are damaged, the andreocorptropic
test wil will show that the cortisol in the patient 's body is limited or that there is none. The third type of test is an insulin–induced hypoglycemia test.
If a doctor suspects that pituitary disease is a cause of adrenal insufficiency, he or she will perform a test involving checking blood sugar and cortisol
levels at certain times after insulin is injected into

The Negative Effects of Steroid Use
Steroids can affect an athlete's physical health. Developing breasts from steroid use is very common. Breasts develop because when high doses
of steroids are used for prolonged periods, they shut down certain hormones such as testosterone. Studies show that estrogen is what causes breast
tissue growth; progesterone needs to be available in order to keep breast size down. Shrunken testicles can also occur because when a person uses
steroids, they introduce a new hormone from outside their body at higher levels than their body can produce. The body signals itself to slow
down making its own hormones because there is already enough to make the body operate correctly. This leads to smaller testicles while on a
steroid cycle. Along with testicles getting smaller, your sperm count can be dropped a long way! This is called oligospermia. "Your sperm count is
considered lower than normal if you have fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen."(Myoclonic)Low sperm count lowers the chance of
him being fertile enough to get a girl pregnant. Most men will recover their sperm production 3 to 12 months after they stop taking steroids. If you
have taken steroids for more than two weeks, even if you then stop, your body may have a decremented ability to respond to physical stress – because
your adrenal glands may not react as they should customarily. This effect can last as long as a year after steroid discontinuation. If you have a surgical
procedure, develop an incipient solemn

Primary And Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency
Adrenal Insufficiency This paper describes the differences between primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency. As health care providers it is
important to be able to distinguish between the two and to know how to treat the patient. It is also imperative that an acute adrenal crisis can be
recognized. This paper will discuss how to recognize and treat adrenal insufficiency.
Primary adrenal insufficiency Primary adrenal insufficiency occurs when the adrenal glands fail to release glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids,
despite the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary, and may be fatal if untreated (Griffing, 2015). Margulies (2015)
describes primary adrenal insufficiency, also known as Addison's disease, as... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
& Hamrahian, A.H., 2010). Other clinical and laboratory manifestations of primary adrenal insufficiency are presented in Table 1.
Evaluation
A medical history is very important if the patient has any symptoms mentioned above, especially hyperpigmentation of the skin or gums, it is often
enough to raise a strong suspicion, prompting the appropriate tests. The following tests are appropriate to order to diagnose adrenal insufficiency:
Serum chemistry, abnormalities are present in as many as 56% of patients. Hyponatremia is common although not diagnostic; hyperkalemia, metabolic
acidosis, and hypoglycemia also may be present. However, the absence of laboratory abnormalities does not exclude the diagnosis of adrenal crisis.
Serum cortisol, less than 20 mcg/dL in severe stress or after ACTH stimulation is indicative of adrenal insufficiency. ACTH test which is diagnostic,
determine baseline serum cortisol, then administer ACTH 250 mcg intravenous push (IVP), and then draw serum cortisol 30 and 60 minutes after
ACTH administration. An increase of less than nine mcg/dL is considered diagnostic of adrenal insufficiency. CBC, anemia mild and nonspecific,
lymphocytosis, and eosinophilia highly suggestive may be present. Serum thyroid levels, assess for

Addison's Disease
Running head: ADDISON 'S DISEASE 1
Addison 's Disease
ADDISON 'S DISEASE 2
Abstract Addison 's disease is a disorder that occurs when a person 's adrenal glands produce insufficient amounts of certain hormones. When
Addison 's diseased was first discovered the endocrine system was not yet completely understood therefore the disease itself was for the most part fatal.
After years of research and medical breakthroughs Addison 's disease is now a disease in which someone can live a normal life as long as a daily dose
of replacement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The other hormone that can be affected if diagnosed with Addison 's disease is aldosterone. Aldosterone belongs to a class of hormones known as
mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone is used to maintain blood pressure and water and salt balance in the body by helping the kidney retain salt or release
potassium (MedicineNet, 2011). If the aldosterone levels fall too low the kidneys are unable to regulate sodium and water levels that result in a drop
of blood volume and blood pressure. Failure to produce sufficient levels of cortisol can happen for a couple of reasons. One reason might be due to a
disorder of the adrenal glands. When the adrenal glands
ADDISON 'S DISEASE 5
themselves are malfunctioning that is called primary adrenal insufficiency. Another reason that cortisol production is lacking might be because not
enough ACTH is being generated by the pituitary gland. The second order effect of inadequate levels of ACTH being secreted results in cortisol not
being produced. When this is the case it is called secondary adrenal insufficiency (MedlinePlus, 2011). Addison 's disease affects about 1 in 100,000
people. Most diagnosed cases are caused because the adrenal cortex has been damaged over time by a person 's own immune system. Autoimmune
disorders happen when the immune system produces antibodies in order to attack the

Agiotensin And Aldosterone Case Study
It also stimulates the thirst center, and increases the secretion of anti–diuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland to help increase blood volume
through cellular osmosis.
If the concentration of sodium is low, the osmoreceptors activate the mechanisms to increase blood volume by decreasing the amount of Antidiuretic
hormone ,which causes sodium to be retained , less urine is produced. https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal–and–metabolic–disorders
/electrolyte–balance/overview–of–sodium–s–role–in–the–body (http://www.hammernutrition.com/knowledge
/electrolyte–replenishment–why–its–important–and–how–to–do–it–right/ https://en.wikivet.net/Renin_Angiotensin_Aldosterone_System Chloride (Cl)
Chloride is the major anion present in the extracellular fluid.. Chloride plays an important part in keeping ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequences of Magnesium deficiency on the enhancement of stress reactions; preventive and therapeutic implications (a review). J Am Coll Nutr,
1994;13(5);429–446 https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/26–3–electrolyte–balance/ Potassium (K)
Potassium is the main cation present in the intracellular fluid. Its essential to establish the resting membrane potential in neurons and muscle fibers
after membrane depolarization and action potentials. This electrolyte contributes in the effective maintenance of the excretory, muscular and nervous
system.
According to the website Symptomfind.com, the average amount of potassium in the blood should be between 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L. (Symptomfind.com,
2017)
An increase of the potassium levels stimulates the release of aldosterone from the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone mechanism or by directly releasing it
from the adrenal cortex cells
In case of a decrease of the potassium level, the amount of secretion and excretion is kept to a minimum level due to the low osmotic pressure of this
electrolyte which contribute in its self–regulation of the concentration both outside and within the

Adrenal Proficiency Syndrome
Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is an impairment in cortisol/aldosterone production.(1) Common manifestations of the disease include hyperpigmentation,
hypoglycemia, lethargy, fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, dizziness and hypotension.(2) Biochemical criteria for AI diagnosis include very low
serum cortisol levels (200 pmol/l).(2, 3)
AI can be produced either by congenital or acquired pathologies.(4) Congenital causes include congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) (caused by
defects in STAR), P450 side chain cleavage syndrome (by mutations in CYP11A1), 3ОІ–hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency (by mutations in
HSD3B2), 21–hydroxylase deficiency (by mutations in CYP21A2), 11ОІ–hydroxylase deficiency (by mutations in CYP11B1), 17–hydroxylase ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This splice site variant destroys the canonical splice donor site in intron 2. It is predicted to cause abnormal gene splicing resulting in an in–frame
protein product with an abnormal message. The c.425+1G>A variant was not observed in approximately 6,500 individuals of European and African
American ancestry in the NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project, indicating it is not a common benign variant in these populations. We interpret
c.425+1G>A as a pathogenic variant. To our knowledge, the c.425+1G>A pathogenic variant in the CYP11A1 gene has not been reported previously
as a pathogenic variant nor as a benign variant. This splice site variant destroys the canonical splice donor site in intron 2. It is predicted to cause
abnormal gene splicing resulting in an in–frame protein product with an abnormal message. The c.425+1G>A variant was not observed in
approximately 6,500 individuals of European and African American ancestry in the NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project, indicating it is not a common
benign variant in these populations. We interpret c.425+1G>A as a pathogenic

Aldosterone Research Paper
While RAAS can be good for blood pressure maintenance there are some drawbacks. Angiotensin II can cause structural changes of the heart and
blood vessels. It can be implicated hypertrophy and remodeling within the heart. Aldosterone also has adverse effects. Like angiotensin II, aldosterone
can cause cardiac remodeling as well as a decreased reuptake of norepinephrine in the heart. This can increase the chances of dysrhythmias (Burchum
472). In a healthy heart these adverse effects would not be seen, but in a heart already in dysfunction, it can cause further complications. The
mechanism of action several drugs is to control the outcome of this system.
ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin II receptor blockers bother work to halt the process of

Aldosterone Heart Failure
Aldosterone is the mineralocorticoid steroid which is release from the adrenal gland, situated superior to the kidney. Aldosterone play a major role for
the retention of water and sodium in the nephrone (10) in the patient with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and nephrotic syndrome (25). The level of
the Aldosterone will increase in the patient of heart failure when angiotensin I receptors is activated by Angiotensin II leading to fluid overload (10).
Mineralocorticoid/aldosterone receptor antagoists are the useally recommended in all heart failure patient with reduce left ventricular ejection fraction
<35%. Precution should be taken before giving MRAs to the patient with reduce renal function (24). ACEi supress the secretion of adlosterone
transiently. So, the treatment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It inhibits Na+K+ ATPase active transport raising cytosolic Na+ concentrtion and leading to the increasement of Ca2+ concentration in the
sarcoplasmic reticulum by the reversival exchange of Na+ and Ca2+ in the myocardial cell. This increase in the contraction of the heart (32) and
improve cardiac outpur , left ventricualr ejection fraction, stroke volume, pulmonary capilary wedge pressure and exercise tolerance (33). Secondly,
digoxin produce vagus activation showing negavite chronotropic action in SA node and negative dromotropic action in AV node. This lead to a shift
in automatic balance by dominating the positive iontropic action of the drugs digoxin (33). In this way digoxin is cosinder as a only available
inotropic drug which increase cardiac output and decreae pulmoary capillary wedge preure with our increasing heart rate and without decreasing blood
pressure

How Addisons Disease Affects People's Everyday Life
The introduction to Addison's disease. It is basically when your body doesn't produce enough of the hormone cortisol, which pretty much means that
you don't have adrenaline, because cortisol is what produces adrenaline. I believe that Addison's disease is a terrible disease. Your body does not get
the adrenaline rush during sports, or whenever your body gets one, at the time when you need one. Addison's disease is a very rare disease. Cortisol
comes from your adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of your kidneys.(One gland on each kidney) So, if you are ready to learn about
how Addison's disease affects people's everyday life?
Medical issues with addison's disease. Addison's disease is unable to be cured, but treatment may help. It requires a medical diagnosis, meaning a
doctor has to tell you you have the disease. The doctors find out that you have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to http://www.webmd.com/, "the adrenal glands don't make enough of a hormone called cortisol, or less often, a related hormone called
aldosterone." That's why doctors sometimes call the illness ''chronic adrenal insufficiency,'' or hypocortisolism. "most important function is to help the
body respond to stress. It also helps regulate your body's use of protein, carbohydrates, and fat; helps maintain blood pressure and cardiovascular
function; and controls inflammation." Aldosterone helps your kidneys regulate the amount of salt and water in your body –– the main way you
regulate blood volume and keep your blood pressure under control. When aldosterone levels drop too low, your kidneys cannot keep your salt and
water levels in balance. This makes your blood pressure drop. "There are two forms of Addison's disease. If the problem is with the adrenal glands
themselves, it's called primary adrenal insufficiency. If the adrenal glands are affected by a problem starting somewhere else–– such as the pituitary
gland –– it's called secondary adrenal

Addison 's Disease : An Autoimmune Disorder Of The...
Addison's disease is an autoimmune disorder of the endocrine system. It is a hormonal insufficiency of adrenocortical due to the dysfunction of the
adrenal glands. It effects men and women of all ages and races. Delay in diagnosis or treatment can be life–threatening. Treatment requires life–long
hormone replacement therapy. Addison's is predominantly found in Western countries then developing ones though it is unknown if individuals are
more resilient or are dying undiagnosed. Higher education worldwide about this disorder could improve diagnosis and ultimately save lives.
Addison's Disease
Addison's disease was first detected by Thomas Addison in 1855, it is a disorder caused by insufficient levels of hormones produced by the adrenal
glands such as adrenocortical. It is caused by damage or dysfunction of the whole adrenal cortex and can be referred to as adrenal insufficiency. This
failure to produce adequate hormone levels results in the body attacking itself known as an autoimmune disorder. It occurs in both men and women at
any age and has no racial preference. Addison's is predominantly seen more in Western countries than developing ones. Although it is not known if it
is less common in these areas or if people are dying undiagnosed. This concern was the topic of the journal review, Diagnosis and Management of
Addison's Disease. This article focused on Addison's in South Africa.
Deficiency in glucocorticoid (hydrocortisone), mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

Biology & Immunology Case Study 3005.2
BIOCHEMISTRY & IMMUNOLOGY CASE STUDY 3005.2
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
A female patient aged thirty–one years old was admitted to a surgical ward with a 48 hour history of emesis and abdominal pain in an unspecified
quadrant. There was no account registered regarding the possible existence of headaches, blurred vision, loss of consciousness or change in bowel
habit. Her arterial blood pressure was measured at 110/65 mmHG and her pulse 88 beats per minute and regular. A provisional diagnosis of intestinal
obstruction was originally made, however upon later reviewing the patients background, it was ascertained that she had a history of both weight loss
and anorexia, hyperpigmentation of the skin was also observed, which is more suggestive of a primary adrenal insufficiency. The patient was managed
overnight with the intravenous administration of 1500 ml of 0.9 per cent saline, and by the following morn her manifestations had resolved.
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
On admission, initial testing showed:
Na+ K+ Clв€’ HCO3в€’ Urea
Creatinine
Patient 128 6.1 92 18 10.8 180 mmol/ L Ојmol/ L
Reference
135–145 3.4–4.9 95–105 21–28 2.5–8.0 40–130
Laboratory investigations revealed the presence of hyponatraemia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis and uraemia; with creatinine being in excess of 38
per cent greater than the upper reference limit. After intravenous

Addison's Disease Essays
Addison's disease
Addison's disease is a disorder of the endocrine system. It is a hormonal disorder that can strike anyone, any gender at any age. Addison's disease has
also been called Adrenal Insufficiency (hypocortisolism) because the root of the disease is in the adrenal gland not producing enough of the hormone
cortisol, or sometimes not enough of the hormone aldosterone to satisfy the body's needs. Cortisol is in the class of hormones called glucocorticoids and
affects almost every organ in the body. One of the most important functions of cortisol is to help regulate the body's response to stress. Cortisol is also
responsible for other necessary functions including: helping to maintain blood pressure and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some symptoms that can also occur in some patients are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The previously mentioned symptoms are fairly common with
many different disorders however some of the most defining symptoms of Addison's disease are low blood pressure that drops when standing, and skin
changes or hyperpigmentation that is most visible on areas of the body such as scars, knees, elbows, knuckles, lips, and skin folds. Patients can also
suffer from depression, irritability, and a craving for salt, and amenorrhea in female patients. Diagnosing Addison's disease is most accurately done
with biochemical laboratory tests which consist of an injection of ACTH then monitoring the ACTH output in a patient's urine and/or the levels of
ACTH in the patient's blood to see how the person's body reacts to the injection. Physicians can also detect Addison's disease by an insulin–induced
hypoglycemia test, which monitors how the adrenal glands, the pituitary glands, and the hypothalamus respond to stress. In this test the patient's levels
of blood glucose and cortisol are measured over an hour and a half following an injection of fast acting insulin. Physicians may also use test such as
x–rays of the adrenal glands to check for calcium deposits that may indicate TB. Physicians my also use different imaging tools such as a CT scan to
compare the size and shape of the patient's pituitary gland.

Case 10 Nicholas Mysterious Suntan 1 Essay
Student's Name: Marylene MosburgDate: 11/31/2014
BIO169Case_10: Nicholas's Mysterious Suntan
This case study presents a clinical situation related to the endocrine system. The questions at the each segment of the case will test your understanding
of the endocrine system.
Nicholas T., age 32, is a busy systems analyst for a computer manufacturer. Working his way up the corporate ladder, he travels extensively, putting in
many hours without much sleep. Nicholas has a tendency to be overweight but continues to eat fatty foods and does not have an exercise program. He
craves salty pretzels and potato chips. ? In recent months, however, he has often felt weak, and occasionally experiences dizziness when moving from
a lying down to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He experiences severe pains in his abdomen, back, and legs. ? Feeling extremely weak, he catches a flight home, and contacts his family physician,
Dr. Ortega. Dr. Ortega measures his blood pressure at 70/50 and then orders a series of laboratory tests. ? He asks Nicholas how long he has had the
"tan" and the other symptoms he describes. Nicholas indicates he only noticed them within the last year.
Q. What might cause the pain in the abdomen, back and legs? Electrocytes imbalances and/or dehydration.
Q. The viral infection poses a kind of stress. Why might Nicholas have such a severe reaction? He is already in a compromised state; people who are
not "healthy" have bodies that are not equipped to handle additional stressors.
Results of the lab tests on Nicholas are summarized below: low serum Na (<130 mEq/l) high serum K (>5 mEq/l) ? ratio of serum Na:K (<30:1)
elevated hematocrit ? low WBC count decreased plasma cortisol and aldosterone urine ? shows increased excretion of Na and decreased excretion of K
low levels of hydroxycorticosteroids in the urine
Q. How do the abnormal Na and K levels relate to adrenal function?
The mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) is normally released by the adrenal cortex in response to decreased sodium and increased pottasium levels; the
hormonally acts to promote the retention of Na and the excretion of K. It isn't working; hence the abnormal serum levels.
Q. What does the high hematocrit means?
The ratio of the percentage of

Aldosterone Research Paper
Also produced by the adrenal glands is aldosterone. Aldosterone belongs to a class off
hormones called mineralocorticoids and it helps maintain blood pressure as well as water and
salt balance, by helping the kidney excrete potassium and retain sodium. When the production
of aldosterone falls too low, the kidneys cannot regulate salt and water balance, resulting in the
drop of blood volume and blood pressure.
Failure to produce enough cortisol can happen for different reasons. The adrenal glands
may be the problem (primary adrenal insufficiency), or the pituitary gland is not secreting
enough ACTH (secondary adrenal insufficiency).
In primary adrenal insufficiency the majority of cases are caused by the destruction of
the outer layer of the adrenal glands by the body's immune system. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lack of ACTH
can cause the adrenal glands to produce less cortisol, but not aldosterone. This can happen
when someone is taking glucocorticoid hormones and suddenly stop. Glucocorticoid hormones
stop the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and ACTH. CRH tells the pituitary

gland to release ACTH. If the CRH gets low it prevents the pituitary from releasing ACTH,
causing the adrenals in failure to secrete enough levels of cortisol.
The surgical removal of a benign ACTH producing tumor of the pituitary gland is another
cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency.
Symptoms to Addison's disease usually develop gradually and may include:
п‚· Irritability
п‚· Nausea, diarrhea or vomiting
п‚· Extreme fatigue
п‚· Weight loss and decreased

Taking a Look at Addison's Disease
Autoimmune diseases are very common. There are over 23.5 million Americans who suffer from such diseases. Women of child bearing age and
people with a family history of autoimmune diseases are more likely to be affected by these diseases. Addison's can also occur in dogs. This type of
disease is one that is caused by the attack of healthy cells and tissue. The immune system can't tell the difference between the healthy tissue and the
bad one and it attacks the normal one creating an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune disorders can destroy body tissue, change the function of an
organ, or cause abnormal growth in an organ. Parts of the body that are usually affected by these disorders are joints, muscles, blood vessels,
endocrine glands, or other organs. There is a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. More than 80 kinds of diseases have been discovered.
One common autoimmune disease is Addison's disease. Addison's occurs when your body creates antibodies which attach onto youradrenal cortex and
destroys the cells which create cortisol, and aldosterone. This may not seem to be a big deal but, it is life threatening. Cortisol is a hormone which
responds to stress, increases blood sugar, and suppresses the immune system. . It also helps regulate the metabolism. When there is a lack of cortisol
you can have symptoms such as diarrhea, inability to handle stress, vomiting, loss of appetite, and much more. Aldosterone works with blood pressure,
and helps regulate the salt and water

The Common Disease Of Addison 's Disease
Abstract Addison's Disease goes unnoticed in a lot of people. Addison's is sometimes called the uncommon common disease because people are
walking around with it but the symptoms are so closely associated with other illnesses, go undetected. Knowledgeable professionals are even hard
to find. People knowing living with Addison's Disease are constantly in fear not knowing if they were to go in a crisis, who would have enough
knowledge about the disease to assist. Yes, most first responders, ER staff, physicians' offices, are clueless. There just isn't enough information to
about this disease to help people with it which is why I chose to be an advocate. My wife has the uncommon common disease and immediately our
lives would change. I won't say it was for worse nor will I say for good, it's just changed. There are all kind of foundations out there trying to raise
awareness of this disease but they are mainly in the larger areas and major hospitals. I want as many people as possible to know about this disease
that really does makes it "impossible" to get out of bed, to know about this disease that makes you feel "sick as a dog". I hope to help at least one
person know more about this disease each day. Let's raise awareness. Understanding Addison's Disease and its impact Of all the things too hear the
doctor say, why Addison's Disease. I felt numb. I didn't know if I should cry or run. I was confused, again I asked why then I asked how. I was angry
for a moment but it later

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Analysis
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) is the system that regulates blood pressure in the body. When the body detects low blood pressure
(low fluid/low salts), the liver releases angiotensinogen (Bayer pharma, 2015). The release of the angiotensinogen is the beginning of the signal
transduction pathway (Bayer pharma, 2015). The angiotensinogen and renin react together to form angiotensin I, then angiotensin–converting enzyme
(ACE) converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II (Bayer pharma, 2015). Angiotensin causes vasoconstriction in the blood vessels, secretes the
water–retaining hormone vasopressin (AVP) from the pituitary gland, and also releases adrenaline, noradrenaline, and aldosterone from the adrenal
gland (Bayer pharma, 2015). Overall blood pressure is most prominently regulated by the peptide angiotensin II. The angiotensin II controls
vasoconstriction through the regulation of water and salt balance (Lopez 2003). The RAAS is an essential pathway for the body to regulate blood
pressure in the body, but this pathway ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ATRAP is found in many organ systems of the body but the highest concentration of ATRAP is found in the kidneys (Giani 2013). With the advances
of gene targeting technology, the physiological role of ATRAP has been better defined (Giani 2013). For example in the experiment Angiotensin II type
1 receptor–associated protein: a novel modulator of angiotensin II actions in the nephron they eliminated ATRAP from the system it showed an
elevation in blood pressure by about 8mm/Hg in mice (Giani 2013). In the experiment Giani found that mice with ATRAP knockout had elevated
plasma and blood volume, which means the absence of ATRAP caused increased sodium and water retention by the kidneys (Giani 2013). Through the
experiment Giani concluded that ATRAP was a blood pressure modulator based on ATRAP's negative effects on proximal tubular ATR function (Giani

Metabolism Research Paper
The human body consists of many different systems which work together for one ultimate purpose; to keep the body functioning properly. For years
scientists have studied the components of the body, but sometimes research only leads to more questions. One of those questions being, What if people
were born without adrenal glands? With the different mutations discovered in the human genes throughout the recent years, this could be possible. In
fact, if this occurred, the body would not be able to regulate metabolism or maintain an internal balance between salt and water. This would also hinder
a woman's ability to become pregnant. Metabolism is a single term used to explain the complex steps the body takes in turning the food person eats
into the energy they need to function during the course of their day. This includes big tasks such as running and jumping, but also small things we do
not think about such as... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During stressful situations the adrenal glands release cortisol to get our body out of the "fight or flight" stage. If a person is constantly under loads
of stress the body will be overproducing cortisol. One may ask how this involves pregnancy and the answer is quite simple. The body was created
to depend on different parts of itself to work together to carry out one function. When it comes to conception; progesterone, the pregnancy hormone,
is vital to becoming pregnant. This hormone works to get the uterus to the point where it can maintain a zygote, or fertilized egg. How are these
related? Progesterone is used to make cortisol. If your body is constantly trying to produce a sufficient amount of cortisol to lower your adrenaline
from too much stress then that will leave little or no progesterone left to conceive. This is also a factor in why women have miscarriages; their bodies
are not producing enough of hormones necessary to complete a full–term

The Onset Of The Disease

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