Harm Reduction Essay

Harm Reduction Essay
According to the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCDC, 2013), harm reduction aims to keep people safe and minimize death, disease,
and injury from high risk behaviour. Harm reduction involves a variety of support services and strategies to improve the knowledge, skills and
resources for individuals and their families to create a healthier and safer community (BCDC, 2013). This paper will discuss the applicability of
community health standards to harm reduction practice, as well as the determinants of health which increase the incidence of harm to the targeted
audience. COUNTERfit, a women's harm reduction program will be discussed in terms of significance to the aggregate population and evaluated
through an examination of epidemiological data, prevalence data, and best practice. According to the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA, 2015), harm
reduction is a public response, in which nurses have a vital role in by highlighting safety promotion to prevent death, injury and disability, as well as
treating clients respectfully and in a non–judgmental manner, despite drug use or engagement in other high–risk practices. Nurses who are involved in
a harm reduction strategy provide essential health services to a highly demoted population, using a comprehensive nursing framework that focuses on
client–centered relationship building and primary nursing care activities that are facilitated by a harm reduction theory with the core principles of
health promotion (Lightfoot,
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Needle Exchange Programs, Safe Injection Sites And Address...
Needle exchange programs have long been a controversial subject with both the general population and government lawmakers. The primary objective
for needle exchange programs (NEPs) is to prevent the spread of blood–borne disease and is very successful in doing so. But, issues of morality due to
the perception of drug enablement and the stigma of intravenous drug users (IDUs) and their potential effects on the decline of society are continually
used as arguments for those against NEPs. It has been proven through many studies that these programs not only reduce harms associated with
intravenous drug use, they are also cost effective and reduce the circulation of used syringes to the general population. Beyond epidemiological efforts,
NEPs also provide a de–stigmatized center for gathering and offers health services such as HIV testing, counselling and referrals to treatment for drug
addiction. This paper aims to highlight the efficacy of needle exchange programs, safe injection sites and address the social and political issues
associated with them.
Intravenous drug users are some of the individuals most susceptible for contracting and transmitting blood–borne diseases such as the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and hepatitis C. In Canada, there was an estimated 71,300 cases of HIV at the end of 2011 with an
incidence of approximately 2,250 to 4,100 cases. IDUs account for 13.7% of Canadians living with HIV. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HVC) is
currently

Injection Drug Users Lower Risk Of Transmitting Infectious...
Needle Exchange Program
Group 9
Austyn Bolander, Chelsea Dugger, Catherine Hoover,
Chris Giles, Cassandra Brown, Skiveta Rivera
Indiana University East School of Nursing
Literature Review
Several studies have shown that injection drug users lower their risk of transmitting infectious diseases when there is a needle exchange program
available. There has not been a valid study of whether or not the amounts of time needles are returned to the exchange programs are harmful to
communities. The Journal of Public Health, conducted surveys, evidence from needle exchange sites, jails, and institutions that needle exchange
programs are effective in reducing illnesses such as HIV and AIDS (Burt & Theide, 2016). Furthermore, Reepalu, Blome, Bjork, Widell, & Bjorkman
(2012), researched the same individuals for 20 years, with no breaks. Their studies concluded that injection drug use, not only heightens the risk for
HIV and AID's, there is also an increase in Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. However, there studies showed that there is not an increase rate of cancer
diagnoses due to injection drug use. In a study conducted by Bonar and Rosenberg (2014), they wanted to see if self–initiated harm strategies, such as:
proper needle sterilization techniques, proper disposal of needles, and cleaning of the pre injected skin, could help improve the health of those that use
drugs intravenously. Their study was conducted over an eight–month period, results showed that their

Drug Lesson : Club Drugs
Club Drugs Lesson
Club Drugs are drugs that are normally abused by teens and young adults at bars, nightclubs and concerts and parties.
Examples of club drugs:
GHB (Xyrem)– affects the Central Nervous System. It is a depressant that was approved in the United States for medical use with sleeping disorders.
Rohypnol– Began in the 1990's and can't be imported into the United States. It passed no medical tests in the US and is illegal.
LSD– a drug that can create vivid hallucinogens. These hallucinations can last anywhere from 8–12 hours. Life threatening side effects can be expected
if drug is used with other substances such as alcohol and other drugs. This drug puts deadly chemicals in your system.
Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)– Also known as "like magic", "vanilla sky" and "meow meow". This drug is very closely related to cocaine.
People who are looking for increased energy are most likely to take it. This drug is among one of the most addicting.
Methamphetamine(meth–am–fet–A–me) also known as crystal meth. Can be taken through the nose, injected or orally. Rushes of confidence and
energy are expected for 6–24 hours.
Mephedrone is a drug that can give you alertness and a sense of confidence. This drug is similar to ecstasy or cocaine.
Ecstasy is also known as "The Love Drug". This drug can knock you unconscious and make you forget any events that may have happened. Ecstasy can
cause poor memory.
Effects of club drugs:
GHB results in deep unhealthy sleep,

4.Profile Of Scott County. Located In The Beautiful Rolling
4.Profile of Scott County
Located in the beautiful rolling hills of Southern Eastern Indiana, Scott County has suffered from decades of generational poverty with its associated
problems like drug abuse. As of 2016, the population of the county was estimated to be 23,730, with about 97.9% of the residents being whites. The
county ranks last among Indiana's 92 counties on several fronts. It has the lowest life expectancy, 9% of the population is unemployed, 19% live
below the poverty line, and 21% have not finished high school (Conrad et al, 2015). With such low economic and health indicators, it is not difficult for
one to predict that Scott County was sitting on a time bomb for something bad to happen.
4.1Epidemiologic Profile of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Injection drug use in the county is a multigenerational activity, with as many as three generations of a family and multiple community members
injecting together. According to Conrad el al (2015), the reported daily numbers of injections ranged from 4 to 15, with reported number of injection
partners ranging from one to six patients. The sharing of needles because of the non–availability of these needles is the major contributing factor to the
HIV infection epidemic among IDUs in the county.
4.2HIV infections among IDUs is Scott County
Starting from December of 2014, the Indiana State Department of Health began documenting an alarming high number of new and suspected cases
of HIV in Scott County. At the end of April 2015, the number of newly confirmed HIV infections had raised risen to epidemic proportions from 30,
in late 2014, to 135. Of the 135 people found to be HIV positive, 114 (84.4%) were co–infected with HCV. The average age was 35 years and just over
half were male (54.8%). Those mostly affected people were white. The health officials report indicated that no infants were tested positive, although a
small number of pregnant women had. Ten women in the cluster were identified as sex workers. Each affected person typically reported nine other
individuals he or she had shared needles with, had sexual contact with, or knew might be at risk for HIV (Indiana State Department of Health, 2016).
The Scott County HIV epidemic is the worst outbreak in Indiana's

Lethal Injection Drug Case Study
This case is about the new found lethal injection drug that they have been working on. This drug is being fought by three inmates saying that if the
drug isn't injected properly hat it doesn't cause unconsciousness. THey also state that if the person isn't unconscious that they are gasping for air and
that they are inhumanly put to sleep. The court's ruling that it is human and the only way viable without use of harsher drugs that a person can be laid
to rest for a crime committed.
The three inmates that are fighting the case said that one of their close friends that were sentenced to the death penalty. Gasped for air and basically
struggling in front of the viewers when the first drug to induce sleep was in properly injected. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This drug basically numbs the body and forces the person to sleep leading to a quiet death. This is the most humane drug that is currently being used
and there is no other way. They have evolved and tried using other drugs but they cause physical pain instead of trying to help.
I agree with the court system. If this is the most human way of doing things and other ways have been tested. There is no other way. If the person
committed a crime that involves slaughtering many people they should be sentenced to death because then they're not leeching off the system for 3
hot meals a day and a warm place to stay when there are so many other people in this world that don't have any of that. It makes me sick.
I Agree with everything the courts are saying the government doesn't like death penalty as much as the other guy but it's cheaper than letting them stay
and live for free. Our country and many others have a death penalty the exact same as ours and theirs is effective and working. People shouldn't kill
others if they didn't want the death penalty. Lethal injection is the same way we put down animals why not do the same to

The Agent For Optum Health Behavioral Program
Roger Turner, an agent for Optum Health Behavioral Program (OHBP) alleges Dr. Arturo Taca over utilizes drug screen services, opened a
substance abuse rehab facility under a different TIN, known as "Insynergy" which operates as cash only or by providing "member's" financing in the
form of signing them up for credit cards. Mr. Turner also alleges Dr. Taca failed to notify OHBP of his affiliation with Insynergy, submits claims for
injections for upwards of $2200 per injection as an Out of Network expense and therefore member liability, has three TIN's operating registered for
the same or similar addresses, and is not contracted by OHBP to administer injectable's to OHBP members, however an audit shows 11 members
received services (billed as injectable) from Insynergy.
Dr. Arturo Taca denies Mr. Turner's allegations noting he and Insynergy staff doctors utilize the American Society ofAddiction Medicine (ASAM)
criteria for drug screening in outpatient facilities. Insynergy accepts payments from insurance providers, as well as cash payments, also noting there are
financing groups available for treatment cost but neither he nor his staff advocates one over the other.
Dr. Taca has a personal TIN assigned to his practice when he first opened his practice, he later moved his private practice to an LLC standing with
the state and applied for a new TIN. His original TIN has not been active for ten or more years. Application for a third TIN was made when the
Insynergy group was

The Effects Of Drug Abuse On The United States
According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 669,000 Americans reported using heroin in the year of 2012. The number of people using
heroin for the first time is dramatically high, with 156,000 people starting in 2012, doubling from the year 2009 (National Institute on Drug Abuse,
2014) Those using heroin are typically adults aged between 18–25 years old. The impact of heroin is felt all over the United States affecting many
people. Heroin is identified as one of the most important drug issues, therefore this is a social problem that is becoming typical, and more people are
coming across negative health effects due to it. In the United States, there are many negative health effects of syringe drug abusing that are worrisome
to the public. Fears such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS) are just one of the few. Unlike many virus's once a person has contracted
HIV, they have it for life. HIV will attack T cells in the body which are used to fight off infections; over time HIV can destroy many of these cells
leaving the body unable to fight off infections (AIDS, 2016). There is no cure for HIV/AIDS; therefore, once a person is infected with the virus only
medication can be used to control it. Symptoms of this virus can be vague, similar to flu like symptoms therefore it can be difficult for one to know
they have the virus. Being unaware of the diagnosis can increase the spreading of the HIV virus through sharing syringes.
Hepatitis C is another negative

Meth Effect On Society
What is methamphetamine?
Methamphetamine has been around for many years and was developed early in the 20th century. Meth in different countries are called different things
but for New Zealanders its called 'P'. It takes the form of a white, odorless, bitter–tasting crystalline powder that easily dissolves in water or alcohol
making it easy for it to be consumed as well as to be sold giving it a powerful and highly addictive stimulant that affects the central nervous system.
Crystal meth can also be seen as a shiny blue–white "rocks" or fragments of glass of varying sizes, hence its name "crystal". We are studying
methamphetamine because the effects Meth have on society can have negative outcomes causing the society to be put into danger.

Essay On The Injection Of The Drug
Figure 23 [67]. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the drug to a mouse which is fixed in a stereotaxic frame. The drug will be injected to the
right lateral ventricle of a mouse. For an alternative administration of the antiGAD–SHNNC–GAD–RITC, intrathecal (IT) injection allows delivery of
the drug into the subarachnoid space. After anesthetizing the GAD65 –/– mouse, near the base tail hairs need to be shaved. The drug will be injected
into the groove of L5 and L6 vertebrate by inserting a polyethylene (PE–10) catheter without injuring the spinal cord (Fig. 24) [68]. The mouse will be
recovered after the pharmacological process. The same experiment will be implemented on the group of GAD67–/– and GAD65 & 67–/– mice to
compare the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, in a different set of negative control experiment a solution of free GAD65 and GAD76 will be administered after IN administration of
antiGAD antibody as a negative control experiment. After one time IN administration of antiGAD–SHNNC–GAD–RITC, mice will be monitored for a
period of 6 weeks to quantitatively investigate the drug sustainability. Figure 25 [72]. Intranasal (IN) administration of the drug to a mouse. The drug
will be administered into the olfactory mucosa of a mouse. To determine whether the antiGAD–SHNNC–GAD is active after administration, the motor
unit activity of all mice will be recorded by electromyography (EMG) device. EMG will demonstrate a higher rate of involuntary motor unit firing as
well as continuous motor unit activity in control GAD65–/– mice due to lack of synaptic vesicular GABA as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. However,
drug administered GAD65–/– mice will show normal motor unit activity (predicted result). In addition, to determine in vivo activity of
antiGAD–SHNNC–GAD, mice need to be sacrificed and the amount of GABA can be determined by LCMS as described before (Fig. 26). We will
also monitor neural activity and seizure development in GAD65–/–, GAD67–/– and GAD65.67в€’/в€’ mice with electroencephalographic (EEG)
recordings (telemetry system, IMT–100E, Star Medical, Tokyo Japan) following by analysis of their GABA–dependent emotional behavior, in

Medical Injection
Traditional injection uses a syringe to insert liquid into body. The purpose of medical injection is to pierce the material into the suп¬ѓcient depth of
skin. This kind of injection needs to use large number of syringe needles, and according to [62],clients reported that an average of 8.7% of
injections employed shared syringe needles. Data from the Coalition for safe Community Needle Disposal showed that in the year of 2011, 13.5
million people in the United States produced 7.8 billion used sharps(needles, syringes, etc.) outside the traditional healthcare, and 1 million to 1.5
million of needles were used for illegal drug injections. Since blood borne infections, like HIV, HBV, and HCV, can be commonly spread by sharing
intravenous syringes, huge number of substandard and illegal use of needles compares to share rate of 8.7%, the potential spread of these infections
cannot be ignored. Meanwhile, on the other side, the application of micro needle can to large extent avoid this from its source. Micro needles, which
are recently developed by the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) [63, 64], are small patches
that can be administered by untrained users. Small needles are placed on the patch of about a square centimeter.... Show more content on
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Spectral element method used in computational п¬‚uid dynamics is explained in [15] and [46]. For spectral element models of micro needle, the
process is divided into two parts, the model of п¬‚ow in micro–needle and the model of solution п¬‚ux inside human skin. Incompressible
NavierStokes equations with slip boundary condition are solved inside micro–needle. And the human skin is treated as porous media, so
Darcy–Brinkman equation is solved to simulate this process. At the same time, the output data of micro needle are taken as initial conditions of
Darcy–Brinkman

Advocacy For Syringe Exchange Programs
Advocacy for Syringe Exchange Programs in Canada
Sylvia R. Beliveau
A00372691
Drugs and Behavior
Saint Mary's University
Abstract
Syringe exchange programs seek to provide drug injection users with sterile syringes in order to prevent the user from contracting blood–borne
diseases such as HIV/AIDs, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. These programs are often controversial because they provide injection drug users with the
means to use illicit drugs. Syringe exchange programs are based on the concept of harm reduction. It would be beneficial to advocate for syringe
programs within Canada because they provide Canada with important services needed to protect public health. Syringe exchange programs can help to
decrease the number of HIV infections among drug injection users within Canada and around the world.
S
yringe exchange programs are a very necessary service within Canada for which we should advocated. Syringe exchange programs help to reduce
HIV infection rates among injection drug users while at the same time do not facilitate an increase in drug use (Wodak, A., 2006, p. 837). Syringe
exchange programs provide injection drug users with sterile syringes for little to no cost (Zhang, S., Yan, P., Archibald, C., 2004). Contracting
blood–borne diseases from sharing and using infected needles contributes to the overall epidemic and can spread to populations outside of injection
drug users (Zhang, et al. 2004).

Treatment Of Intravenous Drug Use
Abstract
Intravenous drug use is a dangerous, yet increasing activity around the world. Persons who inject themselves with illicit drugs are at risk for several
complications such as infection caused by contaminated needles. These infections can be serious and often lead to hospitalization as well as other
health–related complications. A situation that often arises is determining the best type of treatment for IVdrug users who are being discharged from the
hospital. Physicians and pharmacists are commonly faced with choosing outpatient IV antibiotic therapy versus oral antibiotics when treating infections
caused by IV drug use. This presents an ethical dilemma, particularly concerning the ethical principles of beneficence and ... Show more content on
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Unfortunately, the trend in intravenous drug use has increased in recent years. Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health show
that of individuals aged 12 or older in America, current users of cocaine and heroin were approximately 1.5 million and 289,000 respectively (Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014). As the number of intravenous drug users continues to rise, so does the risk of dangerous and
potentially fatal complications that are associated with illicit drug use. In this population, death rates are higher due to overdose, AIDs–related
mortality, and other blood–borne viruses (Mathers et al., 2013). Mortality rates remain high even though precautions have been taken to reduce them.
According to Lavender & McCarron (2013), "Mortality in injecting drug users is up to 22 times higher than for the age–adjusted population, despite
increased provision of needle and syringe programs, reduced needle and syringe sharing, and higher uptake of hepatitis B vaccination" (p. 511).
In addition to higher rates of mortality, intravenous drug users are at increased risk of infection. Mertz, et al. (2008) stated, "Malnutrition,
immunodeficiency, homelessness, and needle–sharing contribute to a high infection rate in these patients" (p. 2). Common infections range from
simple cutaneous abscesses and cellulitis to more serious infections such as

Insite Film Analysis
The short film on YouTube "Insite" shows behind the scenes action at North America's only legal injection facility, located in Vancouver, Canada. This
facility, which opened in 2003, has promoted the harm reduction ideology and fought hard to keep its doors open for this long. Initially, the site was
only granted a three year exemption, allowing users to inject drugs at the site legally, because under Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act,
there is an exemption which allows drug using if it to conduct medical or scientific research. Insite collects data about the users who visit, which allows
the site to qualify for this exemption. The Canadian federal government took Insite all the way to the Supreme Court to fight its right to extend... Show
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They record their name, ages, what drugs they are using, etc., and are available for assistance or conversation. While the staff does judge or pressure
the users to seek help for recovery, one of the staff members said in the film that it happens naturally– often after several visits to Insite to use drugs,
people begin to inquire about better housing and the detox and recovery wings upstairs. These relationships and the understanding but no–pressure
nature between the staff and users at Insite is "what works" in helping people slowly recover; they are treated like people who deserve a chance at a
better life. Insite promotes camaraderie between the addicts as well, with a room for them to "chill out" in after using their drugs, so they can be
safely contained and not stumbling around near traffic outside if they get too high. Here, people may hang out just to chat with one another, play card
games, and develop friendships. There are other programs available to promote the overall well–being of addicts visiting the recovery floor, such as
yoga, meditation, massage therapy, and acupuncture. Addicts can stay on the recovery floor for anywhere from a week to eight weeks. The residents
of the recovery floor can also find work in the Downtown Eastside Central Kitchen, which delivers 1,000 healthy meals a day to malnourished, low
income residents throughout Vancouver, many of whom are

A Number Of Public Health And Safety Concerns Arise From...
A number of public health and safety concerns arise from injection drug use, including: HIV transmission (Mathers et al., 2008), hepatitis C virus
(HCV) transmission (Alter, 1997; Lake and Kennedy, 2016), overdose (Lake and Kennedy, 2016; Sherman et al., 2007), abscesses and infections
(Binswanger et al., 2000; Salmon et al., 2009), and improperly discarded syringes (Buchanan et al., 2003). Supervised injection facilities (SIFs) –also
called drug consumption rooms (DCRs), safe injection sites (SISs), and medically supervised injection centers (MSICs)–have attempted to address
these concerns by providing legally sanctioned, safer environments for people to inject pre–obtained drugs under medical supervision (Broadhead et al.,
2002). To date, more than 90 SIFs have been opened in 8 countries (Australia, Canada, Germany, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and
Switzerland) (Hedrich et al., 2010). Although there are different SIF models, these facilities typically aim to provide clean injection equipment,
education for safer injecting, medical response in the event of an overdose, and treatment referrals (Broadhead et al., 2002). Many facilities offer a
comprehensive array of health and social services, including counseling, medical care, and legal assistance (Kimber et al., 2005; Small et al., 2009).
Over the last decade, the public health impacts of SIFs have been researched extensively. SIFs have been associated with reductions in a number of
health and behavioral

Oklahoma Execution Clayton Lockett Using A Three Drug...
On April 29, 2014, Oklahoma execution Clayton Lockett using a three–drug lethal injection procedure. The procedure went poorly; Lockett awoke after
the injection of the drugs that were supposed to render him unconscious and did not die until about 40 minutes later. Oklahoma suspended all
subsequent executions until the incident could be be investigated and subsequently adopted a new protocol that place higher emphasis on making sure
the injection was done properly. The new protocol is also allowed for four alternative drug combinations, one of which used midazolam as the initial
drug, as the did the the protocol used in the Lockett execution.
Charles Warner and 20 other death row inmates sued various state officials and argued that the use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Glossip and the other two death row inmates petitioned the Court again.
This time, the Supreme Court granted the writ of certiorari, but held that Oklahoma's use of midazolam as the initial drug in the execution protocol, the
same drug used in Clayton Lockett's execution, did not violate the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. Justices
Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan dissented, and Breyer's strong 41 page dissent seemed to invite a facial challenge to thedeath penalty.
Glossop 's attorneys have decided to try one more time. They petitioned for a rehearing before the Supreme Court and the justices have again granted
Certiorari. This time, rather than arguing that the drug midazolam is cruel and unusual, Glossop 's attorneys are making the death penalty, on its face,
violates the Eighth amendment.
Breyer Supreme Court Opinion on Glossip V. Oklahoma
The issue at hand in this hearing is that of the constitutionality of the practice of the death penalty. The death penalty is unconstitutional because the
consensus of society is not reflecting a view in favor of the death penalty, the death penalty does not follow the theories of punishment and is also
much too arbitrary and discriminatory to be used by a democratic society such as the United States of America.
There is indeed a national consensus against the death penalty. As shown on deathpenaltyinfo.com, a 2010 poll conducted by Lake Research Partners,
indicated that 61% of

Introduction . In The Early 2020вЂ™S An Oral Medication Was
Introduction
In the early 2020's an oral medication was developed to treat HIV/AIDS, eventually this medication came to be the new 'cure' for the infection. In the
following years, HIV was no longer an issue or a cause for concern, as health professionals declared an HIV/AIDS free world. Nine years later, in 2031
a new strain of HIV emerged. This new strain has become resistant to the original oral medication that 'cured' HIV/AIDS years before. In addition, the
virus has mutated to a point in which that it is spreading at twice the pace as the original strain. The virus is more aggressive and no course of previous
treatment has proved effective in mitigating the effects. Thus, individuals have come under greater risk of being infected ... Show more content on
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Interest
This prevention study will work towards discovering if social changes in the lives of drug users and sex workers will act as a form of prevention
in being infected with HIV. Through social programming such as, HIV education courses, economic opportunities through small businesses, and
safe injection sites this study will look towards a correlation between these attributes and a decline in 'high risk' behaviors thus preventing the risk
of HIV infection. The concept of "risk environment" plays a role in the increase in risk of infection as it is regarded as "the space, whether social or
physical, in which a variety of factors exogenous to the individual interact to increase vulnerability to HIV" (Roy et. Al, 2011). Many studies of
vulnerable individuals such as injection drug users, sex workers, and the homeless have shown that these factors have a significant influence on their
health since they shape daily risk taking (Roy et. Al, 2011). Thus, due to said situations reports of individuals having traded sex for money, drugs, or
other commodities for survival, increases HIV incidence of this high–risk behavior (Roy et Al, 2011). Therefore this study will work towards
mitigating the situations that put individuals as risk of HIV infection, as a form of prevention.
Idea
This prevention study will create public social service programs in order

Substance Abuse And Mental Health Association
Reported heroin use in the United States is rising. Recent data suggest that almost 700,000 Americans consumed heroin last year, which represents an
almost 40% increase from 2007 (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Association, 2014; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Association, 2008). An
overwhelming increase in the dependence on prescription opioid analgesics over the last two decades combined with a supply heavy market of high
quality–low cost heroin imported from South America may be concurrent factors driving this trend (Cicero, Ellis, Surratt, & Kurtz, 2014; Mars,
Bourgois, Karandinos, Montero & Ciccarone, 2014; Lankaneau et al., 2011).
While precise estimates of the relative prevalence of different drug administration routes are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Skin and or soft tissue infections often occur following a break in normal skin integrity from either trauma or skin disease (Brown & Ebright, 2002).
The vast majority of these infections are caused by the gram–positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, part of the normal flora existing on the skins
surface. Abscess has been found to be the most commonly found SSTI in PWID (Brown & Ebright, 2002). Symptoms of abscess include pain and or
tenderness at and around the site of infection, swelling, and redness topped with a pustule. If left untreated, spread and progression of the SSTI
leading to tissue ischemia and death, gangrene, sepsis and death can occur (Brown & Pieper, 2002). Hospital treatment of a SSTI is costly. Analysis of
the Nationwide Inpatient Sample by the Agency for Healthcare research estimated that in 2009, costs associated with hospital treatment of SSTI
reached an estimated $4.8 billion, which is approximately $11,000 per patient (Suya et al., 2009).
A prospective study of people who inject drugs (PWID) recruited from a neighborhood with high prevalence of injection drug use in San Francisco in
2000, found that 32% of participants reported having an injection–related SSTI at the time of interview (Binswanger et al., 2000). Results from
surveillance data of PWID in the UK between 2006–2008 found that

The New York City Aids Housing
INTRODUCTION "Everyone practices harm reduction, whether they see it or not. When you put on a seat belt...You are practicing harm reduction,"
said Evelyn Milan pointedly as we started our interview. Evelyn works for Vocal–NY which is, at its base, an Advocacy organization for those who
have a history of AIDS. Vocal
–NY was once New York City AIDS Housing Network. Their formation was at a time when addressing root causes like
homelessness and poverty was going out of style and incrimination was becoming the focus. Vocal–NY's mission has remained true to the original
intent. The original focus was on progressive housing that assured that all people living with AIDS could find affordable homes. Their advocacy has
come out of this and focuses on assuring that affordable housing is a focus of the state and city administration. Evelyn's role is as the Director of
Services. Vocal–NY provides this direct service through grant funding and private donations, with the intent of assuring that those who aren't prepared
or willing to stop their drug use have access to clean syringes. With the risks associated with sharing or reusing needles, this helps prevent the spread
of diseases. One of Evelyn's most poignant statements exemplifies this: "Dead addicts don't recover." This is one of the most basic tenants of harm
reduction, assuring the person has the capability to make the best choices. I chose Evelyn because I think that the provision of this service inside of an

Needle Exchange Programs Essay
One of the major problems of our society nowadays is the rapid growth of drug addicts. This is because people misused and abused drugs, which can
lead to addiction and dependent on drugs. In addition, the most abused drugs are psychotropic drugs such as cocaine and heroin, which can change the
way people thinks, acts and feels. Today, there are many programs that are established to helpdrug users and prevent the spread of diseases. Needle
exchange program (NEPs) is one of the programs, which has goal to reduce harm to drug users and innocent people. Moreover, implementing of needle
exchange programs has become an argument because it cannot help drug users but instead it encourages them to use more drugs. In fact, ... Show more
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Moreover, NEPs will provide sterile needle and syringes to avoid exchanges of used injections between drug users. Since NEPs are implemented, the
number of HIV cases and other diseases are declined. In Saskatchewan, distributing needles reduces the total costs for health care because needle
exchange programs reduce the transmission of HIV by one–third and accommodate a return of four thousand dollars investment in health care costs.
(Thompson) Needle exchange program provide safety not only in drug addicts but also provide safety in the community. Many of needle exchange
programs perform a one–for–one basis to decrease the exposure of contaminated needles in streets and playgrounds so that children and other people
are away from needle sticks accident. (Franciscus) On the other hand, people who are against of needle exchange programs claim that the needle
exchange programs don't save lives but instead it can cause drug–related deaths. Even though NEPs help reduce the transmission of HIV and other
diseases, they still encourage people to use more drugs, which could lead to death. Addicts are prone to death, perhaps not from HIV, but from
overdosed, collapsed veins, poisoned dope, or the violence and criminality that go along with the illicit drug trade. According to the Centers for
Disease Control (CDC), there are more than 33,000 people who died from drug overdose in 2005. As a result, drug overdose become the second

Essay On Border Injection Drug Use
In cities along the U.S.– Mexico border injection drug use is a rising problem, and users are at high risk of blood–borne infections, hepatitis C virus
(HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Syphilis due to increased rates of unprotected sex (Frost et al., 2006). Patterson reported 75% of
female sex workers in Ciudad (Cd.) JuГЎrez, Mexico were injection drug users (IDUs) (2006). Those who trade of sex for compensation tend to
engage in injection drug use, thus increasing risk of STIs, like syphilis (Frost et al., 2006). These STIs increase the risk of HIV infection in those who
are HIV–negative and increase the risk of infecting others in those who are HIV–positive (NAM Publications, 2017). Cd. JuГЎrez and Tijuana border
cities that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Log–linear models were used to investigate the association between the status of the recruiter and those they referred. Syphilis population estimates
were obtained using RDS–based estimators of personal network size to correct biased sampling (Frost et al., 2006).
The prevalence of HCV was 96.6% and 95.3% in Tijuana and Cd. JuГЎrez respectively; HIV was 1.9% and 4.1% respectively in Tijuana and Cd.
JuГЎrez respectively, and in Cd. JuГЎrez HBV prevalence was 84.7%. The estimated syphilis prevalence ranged from 12.4–26.8% in Tijuana and
2.9–15.6% in Cd. JuГЎrez. The variance was due to that the pattern of recruitment model chosen and how much network size was assumed to affect
sample probability. Results showed syphilis prevalence was increased in women and Tijuana in comparison to men and Cd. JuГЎrez. The results show
that network size and gender are both potential confounders. The qualifiers for network size are subjective thus relate to the recruitee and syphilis
level. Because female prostitutes are more likely to be IUD users, gender also relates to IDU and syphilis level. In conclusion, there was a low HIV
prevalence, high syphilis prevalence, and the syphilis proportions may be underestimated due to RDS (Frost et al., 2006).
One strength the study didn't elaborate on was confirming the recent drug use with inspection of injection stigmata ('track marks'). This way someone
didn't falsify data. One limitation the study

4. IV Drug Use
4.IV drug use is one of the major and highest causes in HIV infection all over the world, mainly because HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and
the easiest way to transmit it other than sexual fluids is by blood transmission. Since the health department and the WHO figured out the main cause,
prevention measures were in place to stop the widespread of the disease.
In the film we saw that from blood transfusion in hemophiliacs, people could be infected by HIV, so using needles that go into your veins will do the
same too. We have proven that further when people were infected with HIV during pox vaccination because they were using the same needle .40%
of new HIV infection comes from IV drug users in the United States, the film showed us a couple more places where people were infected with HIV
as well, for example Thailand, Russia and Africa. Therefore in places like Britain where it is populated needle exchange programs were created and
administered to people, which immediately declined the number of people getting AIDS through IV drug use. In America, it didn't work as well
because the people were not getting federal funding and that the needle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the articles we can tell that the needle exchange method is more effective than in bleach programs and that bleach programs are only suitable
when prevalence rate of HIV is low and the frequency of injection is low , this is due to the fact that we cannot completely sterilize the needles
completely without any equipment and the fact that the assumption that bleach is only effective 85% of the time, but in the case of needle exchange
since the needle is completely new and the fact that it was sterilize in factories using high–tech machines we are sure that they are 100 % not
contaminated with

Case Study: Vancouver Injection Drug User Study
Nurses have played a critical role defending Insite 's program and services (Keepnews, 2011)
The Canadian Nurses Association, Registered Nurses Association of Ontario and the Association of Registered Nurses of British Columbia, all support
Insite (Bard, 2011). Nurses are placed in a difficult situation when caring for IDU 's and are given constitutional protection, without which, they would
expose themselves and other staff to criminal charges simply for caring for their patients (Bard, 2011). Not only has Insite provided access to
community support services such as addiction treatment and mental health programs, it has also been productive reducing the fatalities from
overdosing and the spreading infectious diseases (Bard, 2011).
Inmates study Vancouver InjectionDrug User Study (VIDUS) is a project that gives a prospective study and has over 1500 IDU 's enlisted to assist
since 1996 and gathers data on drug use, health, sexual activity, etc. Some of the topics discussed included: prison culture, availability and price of
drugs and equipment, drug use, VIDUS shows that the risk of HIV infection indicated that incarcerated injection drug users were associated with a
greater risk of 2.7 times (Small, Kain, Laliberte, Schechter, O 'Shaughnessy & Spittal, 2005). Topics discussed included: life in prison, prison culture,
prison economy, the availability and price of drugs, drug use, syringe availability and access to bleach, sexual activity and methadone maintenance

Non-Injection Illicit Drugs In Efv
According to the guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV–1–infected adults and adolescent, St John's Wort should not be used with EFV,
ETR, NVP, RPV because it lowers specifically NNRTI concentration in the body. In addition, the guideline says that," non
–injection illicit drug use may
facilitate sexual transmission of HIV. Injection and non–injection illicit drugs include the following: "heroin, cocaine, marijuana, and club drugs (i.e.,
methamphetamine, ketamine, gammahydroxybutyrate [GHB], and amyl nitrate [i.e., poppers]" (Council, 2011,p.I–16). Generally illicit drugs are
listed with HIV infection are such as heroin and stimulants; Illicit drug use also is associated with depression and anxiety when the person is in ... Show
These strategies should include in care plan by PCPs (Council, 2011, p.I–16).
Methadone and Antiretroviral Therapy Methadone is an opioid agonist and the most common used treatment for opioid addiction. Its use causes
decreased heroin use and it improves quality of life in people with HIV. It effects gastric emptying and it is a substrate for CYP enzyme, there will be
drug–drug interactions with ARTs. Since we have Efavirenz (EFV) in our case which decreases methadone levels due to it induces the enzymes in the
liver. Therefore, PCPs and substance abuse treatment facilities should be notified that there is a drug interactions and co–administration should be
managed by increasing the methadone dosage such as usually from 5–mg to 10–mg daily until the desired effect is achieved (Council, 2011, p.I–16).
PCPs should realized these side effects including the increased risk of toxicities. Nursing interventions should be taken such as to have ARV agents that
have a lower risk of hepatic and neuropsychiatric side effects, simple dosing schedules, and minimal interaction with methadone. In contrast to
Methadone, Suboxone (buprenorphine) also reduces cravings and eliminates withdrawal symptoms and it is associated with detoxification with less
side effects. Using Suboxone allows patients to detox from

Educating Public Health : Needle Exchange Programs
Educate on Public Health
Needle exchange programs are considered in the public's eye as controversial topic. The major public fears involve that these needle exchange
programs will propagate the drug problem even more. Another fear is the spread of diseases such as HIV that will spread more rapidly than before
among users. These two issues unify where the use of intravenous drugs not only creates disease risk from injection with tainted needles, but also
increases risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases through promiscuous sex, possibly related to drug use. However, with the local
health departments allowed to offer needle exchange programs give access to drug users to prevent contaminating the major population. "A ... Show
With drug use and needle sharing comes the issue of promiscuous sex, for the prevention of contamination users must be aware of their health and if
contaminated must inform the optional individual(s).
"The administration today has recognized that needle exchange programs work to protect the health of the American people" said Dr. Akhter. "In the
face of such overwhelming scientific evidence, not releasing federal funds gives the impression that politics takes precedence over saving lives".
(Needle exchange, 2003) "Concept of the "risk environment." A social science approach that "enables harm reduction," the risk–environment
framework also resonates with earlier critiques in its contention that drug harms are produced not (only) by individual behaviors, but also by larger
sociopolitical structures."(Rhodes, 2009)
Provided below are important to the development of needle and the public's wellbeing.
Services provided by health departments:
Provide clean needles
Adequate STD examination with diagnosis and treatment services
Face–to–face counseling for suspected infection, confirmed infection, and/or a contact to infection
Rapid follow–up of positive laboratory results
Rapid follow–up for contacts to STD or HIV
Provide professional and public information and education
Provide clinical support on drug rehabilitation

Target:
Persons who use illegal drugs

A Brief Note On Drug Injection Migrant Workers
Tajikistan is also the most remittance dependent country in the world, with inflows from Russia accounting for an estimated $4.1 billion per year or
48% of its GDP (World Bank 2013). According to the International Organization for Migration, nearly half the working–age Tajik men are in Russia,
with the majority being illegal migrants which precludes them from accessing many services including health care (IOM, 2013).
IDUs often migrate to other regions or countries for reasons including employment, security and access to narcotics. Like other migrant workers, IDUs
are often faced with great adversity resulting from social marginalization, legality of migration status, and disruption of social networks. Drug injection
migrant workers in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eritsyan et al (2013) reported that up to 60% of IDUs in two Russian cities have sexual partnerships with non–IDU populations and engage in unsafe
sexual practices with these partners. Other experts have argued that the effect of epidemiological bridging may be mitigated by sexual and needle
/syringe serosorting amongst egocentric networks although the underlying mechanism for this is complex (Mizuno et al, 2010, Yang et al 2011).
Knowledge of HIV serostatus is generally low among drug users. For example, Rhodes et al (2002) estimated that only 26% of HIV positive IDUs
were aware of their status in Togliatti, Russia. Similar findings have more recently been published, with Niccolai et al (2010) reporting that 24% of
IDUs in St. Petersburg knew their status. The estimated HIV prevalence among injection Tajik migrant workers is estimated to be much higher due to
increased social exclusion which enhances their chances of joining riskier egocentric networks (Mahbat and Levy 2013).
Poor health outcomes among IDUs are further aggravated by high prevalence of co–morbid conditions like viral hepatitis, multi–drug resistant
tuberculosis, poor nutrition and alcoholic hepatitis. Viral hepatitis is a major source of concern with various experts estimating that between 60% and
90% of the IDUs in Russia have concurrent Hepatitis C Virus infections (Beyrer et al, 2011).
The illegal migration status, criminalization of drug use, violent street

Illicit Drug Use And Safe Injection Sites
Illicit Drug Use and Safe Injection Sites: A Risk or a Benefit?
Heroin, methamphetamine, and opioids have been around for centuries and the use of these drugs is not a new phenomenon. The use of injection drugs
causes individual's serious harm and have placed large expenses on the health care system. "Heroin, cocaine and other drugs kill around 0.2 million
people each year, shattering families and bringing misery to thousands of other people" (United Nations iii); Because of–these incidents harm reduction
strategies have been put in place to create a safer and more educated population, but it has only been a start. 'Safe injection sites' has become a well
talked about term in the last decade. The term itself refers to a physical place ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
202). SIS provides an upstream approach thanks to investing in solving the current complications of IDUs. Overdoses are one of the high–risk
problems when working with IDUs. Marshall et al. recorded that "[b]etween Jan 1, 2001, and Dec 31, 2005, 290 accidental illicit drug overdoses
occurred within the city boundaries of Vancouver–an average of 1В·1 per week" (1432). With SIS, the lack of understanding can first be addressed,
followed by the precautions and knowledge the individuals can take away to prevent an overdose occurring personally or to another individual.
Resources and support are available from the staff working at SIS, which would be lost without these injection sites creating relationships with health
care workers. With the capability for healthcare providers to interact with this population, the ability to directly improve individual lives, and progress
quality of life is researched and argued by authorities on the matter to occur.
Sites such as 'Insight' were originally opened because of the growing awareness surrounding the high rates of diseases intravenous drug use is known
to cause, such as HIV and the Hepatitis C virus. With these sites leveraged as a harm reduction strategy, the purpose is to provide education about safe
drug injection practices and the ways to prevent avoidable diseases and health threatening outcomes. SIS provides clean needles which reduce the risk
of reusing needles

Stigma In Dallas Buyers Club
Erving Goffman maintained that negative labels are often stigmatizing. He believed that stigmas result in a "spoiled identity." Goffman coined the
term stigma to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups (pg. 107). He identified three categories or types of
stigmas: abominations of the body, blemishes of individual character, and tribal. When a person became aware of a certain stigma they had been
labeled to, Goffman noted three ways to manage it: hide the stigma, distance themselves from the stigma or try to correct it, and embrace or accept the
stigma. The movie Dallas Buyers Club offers a chance to see several stigmas brought to light, and the way that each was handled. For instance there
are examples of HIV/AIDS, homosexuality, feminism, and criminal activity that are prevalent and shape the way the movie is organized. Dallas
Buyers Club is based on a true story of Ron Woodruff, a Texan redneck, who is outspokenly homophobic, works as an electrician, and lives in a
small unit in a trailer park. Ron first appears at the Rodeo, where riding and gambling seem to be his favorite pastimes along with promiscuous sex,
consuming copious amounts of alcohol and snorting cocaine. One day at work, he suffers a substantial injury that mandates his blood be drawn. He is
diagnosed with HIV (and later contracts AIDS), sending his life into a downward spiral of isolation and dilemma. The doctors inform Ron that not
only is he HIV positive, he

Benefits Of Using Needle Exchange Programs
Are drug users people too? The health and safety of all people is crucial. It's important keeping drug dependent people free of HIV this prevents its
spread to their partners and their children. In order to provide necessary care, free sterilized needles should be given to drug users. The public should
be advised of positive effects of needle exchange programs and warned of the risks of not supplying adequate syringes. The provocative idea of giving
drug addicts clean needles to help slow the spread of HIV/AIDS was first broached in 1985. This concept has been under research ever since. Harm
reduction approaches for those who inject drugs, including the distribution of clean needles and syringes, are proven interventions to prevent
transmission of HIV and other blood–borne viruses, and are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other leading public health
agencies.
Much examination has been undertaken to prevent the spread of these deadly diseases. In the meantime, AIDS has spread more rapidly among
intravenous drug users than any other group. Needle Exchange programs have been set in place all over the world to test its effects. A needle
exchange program is defined as: Any program intended to slow the spread of AIDS (andhepatitis C) among IV drug abusers (IVDAs), in which a
governmental or charitable agency exchanges sterile needles for dirty, potentially contaminated needles used by IVDAs when injecting ("shooting")
heroin or other substances. Small

Needle Exchange Programs : Vancouver
Needle Exchange Programs in Vancouver
Vancouver is a city with multiple "claims to fame". Known to be one of the worlds most livable, expensive, and beautiful cities, it is also well known
for its large population of drug users, and the detrimental effects intravenous drugs have had on the Downtown East Side community. One of the major
concerns connected to intravenous drug use is the large proportion of users who report a history of needle sharing, greatly increasing their chances of
contracting HIV, Hepatitis B or C, and other injection related infections (Strike, Myers & Millson, 2004). With an estimated 15000 intravenous drug
users (IDUs) currently residing in Vancouver, and up to an estimated 125000 nationally, the Canadian government has taken a proactive "Harm
Reduction" stance allowing the implementation of controversial Needle Exchange Programs (NEPs) throughout most of the country (Weekes &
Cumberland). Canada's first NEP opened in Toronto in 1987, with Vancouver following suit in 1989. While it was still considered an offence to
possess drugs under the Canadian Criminal Code, section S.462.2 stated that it was "not an offence [...] to distribute needles to prevent the spread of
HIV infection" (Weekes & Cumberland). The goal of these early NEPs was to supply IDUs with injection equipment to eliminate the necessity for
needle sharing between users, operating on a strict "one for one" model. For each used needle returned, it would be replaced with a new, sterile

Essay Lethal Injection
Executing condemned prisoners by lethal injection is cruel and unusual punishment and should not be legal. Lethal injections are the most common
procedure of capital punishment in the United States today, but it does not mean that it is the most civilized. Several states use the three–drug protocol,
with sodium thiopental, pancuronium bromide, and potassium. The other method is by injecting a large dose of barbiturate. Several problems can
occur with these methods and cause excoriating pain and torcher. Physicians stand under the Hippocratic's Oath to save people lives, not to kill them,
often inexperienced technicians and orderlies carried out the injections of the drugs. It is cruel and inhumane to let untrained workers administer drugs...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Expert testimony, judicial orders, or recommendations from special state panels are involved (Public Library of Science, 2008). Data collected from the
bodies of the dead inmates are analyzed through biomedical research activities. The primary reason why inmates are analyzed through biomedical
research activities is because prisons are the new mental illness institutions. Whatever medical researchers are finding substantiates the concerns that
different chemical paralytics, dosages, and methods are used in lethal injections. Knowing the states keep changing their protocols on administering
lethal injections, these concerns have raised questions that certain parties, such as judges, correctional officers, and law–makers, are participating in
human experimentation on lethal injection. This theory points to another argument that lethal injection is currently improving for a cleaner
death–process for inmates. The California Medical Association, the American Medical Association (AMA), and the American Society of
Anesthesiologists (ASA) loudly opposed such physician participation in lethal injections as a clear violation of medical ethics codes (Massachusetts
Medical Society, 2006). The ASA's president stated, "Physicians are healers, not executioners." Physicians provide competent medical care, with
compassion and respect for human dignity and rights. Plus,

Essay On The Increase Of Disease Among Drug Users
The Increase of Diseases Amongst Drug Users
Tanishia Q. Cheatham
William H. Turner Technical Arts School
Abstract
Another method used to reduce the spread of HIV among injecting drug users is through needle exchange programs (NEPs). In these programs, users
can either exchange their used needles for an equal number of new, sterile needles or receive new ones without the requirement of an exchange. These
programs also offered a variety of other services in addition to syringe exchange, including HIV/AIDS education and counseling, condom distribution,
substance abuse, medical treatment referrals, or other social service referrals, distribution of alcohol swabs, on–site HIV testing and counseling,
screening for other infections, and some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Needle exchange programs are social services that allow injecting drug users to obtain intravenous needles/syringes and associated equipment at little
or no cost. It is based mainly on the viewpoint of harm reduction that attempts to reduce the risk factors for diseases such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.
Needle exchange programs are authorized by the 2015 National H.I.V./AIDS Strategy for the United States and the 2012 President's Emergency Plan
for AIDS Relief Blueprint. The increasing amongst drug users can be reduced with the help of needle programs and additional programs that provide
similar services.
Purpose for Needle Exchange Programs
Most people believe that if they approve of needle exchange programs to operate throughout their community, they will see an enormous increase in the
number of needles/syringes discharged on their streets as well as an increased rate in drug use. It doesn't only benefit individual drug users by helping
to prevent the transmission of blood–borne diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis C, but it also benefits the communities in which they operate by keeping
used needles/syringes off the streets, giving homeless or unstably housed drug users alternatives to street involvement, and serving as a gateway to
engage difficult–to–reach people in services such as mental health and

Injection Eye Drug Research Paper
CPT 67028 – Injection eye drug (Intravitreal injection of a pharmacological agent (separate procedure) – injection on one antibiotic. CPT 67028 –
Injection eye drug (Intravitreal injection of a pharmacological agent (separate procedure) – injection of a different antibiotic. The payment was denied
because the provider of service (Dr. V. C., MD) did not sign the medical record. The procedure billed was included as part of an evaluation and
management encounter signed by a different physician (Dr. R.T.D.). Per the QIC's letter, "Medicare requires that services provided/ordered be
authenticated by the author to indicate the service has been reviewed and authenticated by the provider. The method used shall be a handwritten or
electronic signature. Stamped... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was evaluated for the vision loss and changes in the appearance of her right eye; she was treated with injections of 2 different antibiotic
medications in the right

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) Or Acquired...
A major epidemic across the world is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Accredited with
10% of the HIV cases annually is injection drug use (AIDS.gov, 2014). A study done in 2010 showed that injection drug use affected nearly 47,500
new HIV infections in the United States. With 625 being males and 38% being female. Breaking it down even further, African Americans made up
50% of the newly affecting using injection drugs, Whites 26%, and Latinos/ Hispanics with 21% (CDC.gov, 2015). Injection drug use can spread the
HIV virus by any of the following acts: using blood–contaminated syringes to prepare drugs, reusing water, reusing bottle caps, spoons, or other
containers ("cookers") to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A basic response for injection users can be strategies that are aligned with all drug users such as: access to sterile injection and drug preparation
equipment; treatment for substance use and mental disorders; opioid substitution therapy; or counseling (CDC.gov/mmwr, 2015). Helping to provide
greater preventative measures for all drug users can potentially reduce the contraction of the HIV/AIDS virus.
The townspeople or community might be hesitant to provide assistance for injection drug users. Stigma exists around substance use and abuse
especially when it comes to needle–exchange programs. The belief that providing clean needles encourages drug use, rather than discourages needle
sharing. Studies done by the AIDS Foundation of Chicago (AFC) argues that this response can be dangerous since it ignores other studies that
demonstrate how clean needle exchange is an effective took for reducing HIV and hepatitis transmission. This program provides support for the
inflected. Through access to counselors, treatment options, or education about safer needle use are all provided all from one program (Sosin, 2012). It
can also benefit the larger community of drug users or those how suffer from hepatitis. A program in Rhode Island called ENCORE (Education, Needle
Exchange, Counseling, Outreach, and Referrals) is designed for outreach to those at–risk individuals who may not otherwise present for prevention,

Public Information Is The Dissemination Of Materials And /...
PUBLIC INFORMATION
Public information is the dissemination of materials and/or knowledge for one to become versed on the subject or to evoke advances in policy
outcomes (Weiss & Tschirhart, 1994; Weiss, 2002, p. 218; Campbell, 2016). This is accomplished by informing a target audience about a policy
concern or behavior pattern to influence thoughts, knowledge, and beliefs (Weiss & Tschirhart, 1994; Campbell, 2016). Public information covers a
wide spectrum from counseling, research evaluations and dissemination of research findings, to public campaigns, public hearings, trainings, press
releases, and most recently social media to provide the public with pertinent information, as rationality is often bounded by prior experience and
knowledge (which usually is not inclusive of all the necessary information) (Weiss, 2002; Campbell, 2016).
Public information enlightens people to act rationally for the greater public good and wellbeing. The versatility of the tool (both direct and indirect
forms) allows for strategic tailoring and framing for information to be processed (Weiss & Tschirhart, 1994; Weiss, 2002). The complexity of the tool
requires five functions – defining the audience, deciding on the most appropriate information to impact the audience, retrieving the information,
delivering and disseminating information, and mobilizing social and institutional contexts to support the use (Weiss, 2002, p. 225; Campbell, 2016).
The specific audience in this context varies from

Human Immunodeficiency Virus : An Example Of The Harm...
The American society is plagued by a deadly, incurable disease that is sweeping across the nation. Human Immunodeficiency Virus is an illness that
causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and it interferes with the body's ability to fight infections. Due to the fact that both of these afflictions
are incurable, many Americans who have disease suffer whilst transmitting it to their loved ones as well. Fortunately, the Needle Exchange Program
miraculously helps lower the risk of sharing needles and the spread of diseases between drug users, which in turn decreases the chances of intravenous
users obtaining HIV and other fatal diseases. It is a government funded program that allows intravenous drug users to receive clean needles and
exchange used needles in an orderly manner. Not only that, but the NEP also provides bleach bottles, cotton swabs, skin ointment, condoms, and
educational handout about HIV/AIDS. NEP is an example of the harm reduction philosophy, which is a set of practical strategies and idea aimed at
reducing negative consequences associated with drug use. Because of the NEP many drug users have less of a risk dying from overdose and
poisoning. Although, the program decreases the chances of diseases between users, the program may be encouraging more citizens to believe that
drugs are acceptable to use in our community. Instead of informing the people of the dangers of drugs and its negative effects, the program indirectly
approves the use of drugs. Especially,

Star Trek Research Paper
Communicator – A communicator gives the characters on Star Trek the ability to contact individuals or starships directly through a communication
system. It also serves as an emergency signaling device. A communicator could be either an intercom or a hand–held device. Prototypes of the
communicator inspired the creation of cellular phones. Now, cellular phones and smartphones apps become more vital to the medical field. Scientists
are using smartphones for medical purposes with the technology that already exists. For example, medical personnel can use the microphone and
camera flash as a medical tool. Applications are currently being developed so smartphones can become mobile laboratories. These apps would give a
smartphone the capabilities... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientist used this process and created dangerous, intelligent and prominent genetically–engineered superhuman Khan Noonien Singh. Khan becomes
Captain Kirk's nemesis and Khan's tyranny leads the Federation to ban genetic engineering for fear of creating others like him. I was interested in
learning that in 2016, Britain approved a license application to perform gene editing on human embryos. The license permits scientists to "study the
embryos for 14 days for research purposes only." It does not, however permit these embryos to be implanted into women. Scientist believe editing
embryos can boost the understanding of why in–vitro fertilization can be successful and how healthy human embryos develop. They can answer why
some women lose their babies before term using these embryos. Additionally, this research could possibly provide better clinical treatments for

Drug Users And Its Effects On America
According to the article, "Gender Differences in Social Support and Depression among Injection Drug Users in Houston, Texas", written by the authors
Jan Rousser, Alice Cates, Hafees, Reman and William Risser in 2010, there are many injection drug users in Houston Texas. Injection drug users are
frequently exposed to sexually transmitted diseases and also many different kinds of drugs. Injection drug users are also exposed to many sexually
transmitted diseases such as HIV and AIDS due to their risky behaviors in shooting galleries in Houston Texas. In 2007, there has been a ten percent
increase in new HIV diagnosis. Many men and women engage in risky sexual behaviors while they are under the influence o heroin, cocaine, or ... Show
The hypotheses, according to this article are there gender differences in Social support and depression among injection drug users in Houston,
Texas. Drug using men and women are definitely nine times more likely to share drugs than non drug user. These users are also less likely to share
needles or using equipment with anyone. The article states that there are low levels of social support and they are associated with depressive
symptoms. Do men and women have different social supports groups and do they use their support group in different ways? The article states that
their male partners introduce some women to drug injection and so they get inject drugs with them. According to the article women also have
differences in their social support and also they have depressive symptoms between males and women drug users in Houston Texas. The review of
prior literature in this article did give a good idea of how the study can make new contributions to society by using the CES–D and the MSPSS tools.
According to the article the theory that the researcher conducted test the hypothesis and the theory is supported by data from the research.
The way that the authors obtained their sample was "Form the Houston site of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) program." The
article also states that this program is funded and it aims to assess a proportion of the population that has a disease, such as HIV/AIDS. It is an also
testing

Needle Exchange Programs : Fighting The Hiv Epidemic
Needle Exchange Programs: Fighting the HIV Epidemic
Nicole Worthem
Lewis University
Introduction
Needle exchange programs (NEPs) are programs which provide sterile syringes to injection drug users (IDUs) in exchange for used needles (Strathdee,
2004). The theory behind these programs lies on the foundation of harm reduction and circulation theory (Strathdee, 2004). The principle of harm
reduction suggests that providing access to sterile supplies for injection of drugs, if the user "cannot or will not" quit using injection drugs, decreases
the risk of harm to the IDU and those in the surrounding community (Strathdee, 2004). Circulation theory proposes that NEPs decrease the amount of
time that used needles (potentially contaminated with blood–borne disease) are in the community (Strathdee, 2004). In addition to provision of sterile
injection supplies, NEPs provide many services that are essential to the health and wellness of IDUs in the community (CDC, 2005). According to the
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), some of these services include:
HIV/AIDS education and counseling' condom distribution to prevent sexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases; referrals to
substance abuse treatment and other medical and social services distribution of alcohol swabs to help prevent abscesses and other bacterial infections;
on–site HIV testing and counseling and crisis intervention; screening for tuberculosis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and other

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