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Free Trade Note - A-level & IB Economics
1.
Free Trade GCE A-LEVEL & IB ECONOMICS
2.
Lesson Structure Patterns of Trade oChanges in Relative Exchange Rates Restrictions on Free trade oTypes of Trade Barriers o Tariffs o Quotas o
Subsidies for Domestic Producers o Non-Tariff Barriers o Embargoes oReasons For Trade Protectionism oReasons Against Trade Protectionism
3.
Patterns of Trade THEME 4.1.3: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 4.1 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS: 4.1.3
4.
Changes in Exchange Rate An exchange rate is the price of a currency compared to another. When the exchange rate decreases, our exports will become cheaper, and imports will be more expensive. Hence, will we export larger quantities and import lower quantities. This will affect the trade patterns of imports/exports.
5.
Changes in Exchange Rate As imports/exports are generally considered price elastic, when export prices fall, there is a bigger % increase in quantity sold. Hence, this will increase total volume of exports sold. Hence, some countries tend to depreciate their exchange rate to increase their international competitiveness, and improve their current account. Note that this is not true for some developing countries that mainly exports inelastic goods (e.g. commodities like agricultural goods / iron / steel).
6.
Exchange Rate Example Assume the UK government uses GBP £1m to exchange into USD to buy US assets. This will increase supply of GBP in the global currency market as more GBP is available to be traded in the market. This will decrease the price of GBP in USD, as it is more abundant in the US economy and people can pay less to obtain it. Hence, the exchange rate of GBP to USD will decrease, and make UK exports more competitive. On the other hand, it will create a higher demand for USD in the global currency market as availability of USD becomes more scarce. Hence, the cost of buying USD will go up. This will increase the price of USD in GBP. Hence, the exchange rate of USD to GBP will increase, making US exports more uncompetitive.
7.
(Depreciation)
8.
Quartz – Currency Manipulators Government purchases of foreign assets/capital by foreign currency as a % of that economy’s GDP
9.
Quartz – Current Account Surpluses
10.
What Shifts Patterns of Trade? - Protectionist measures (E.g. Tariffs, quotas) - Trade agreements (International Relations) -
Regulation (E.g. Quality standards) - Changing technology patterns - Changes in factors of production & comparative advantage - Cost to transport - Shifts in exchange rate
11.
Shifting Trade Agreements International relationships can be fragile... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFMOF8IVi5I 4:03 – 8:15 min
12.
In the Hot-seat Will each one of you be able to name any factor or example that affects the pattern of trade between countries? Start from your left. You can call a friend to help if needed.
13.
Restrictions on Free Trade THEME 4: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 4.1 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS: 4.1.6
14.
A Life Without Imports What is your favourite imported product? Why? What will life be like without it?
15.
A Life Without Imports Why may the UK government stop or prevent importing these products? What measures can they take to do so?
16.
Tariffs Tariffs are taxes placed on imported goods into the country. - E.g. US tariffs on Chinese aluminum, steel
17.
Tariff Diagram Price Quantity Domestic Supply Domestic Demand To illustrate a tariff, we first draw the domestic demand & supply curves in the importing country.
18.
Tariff Diagram Price QuantityQ1 Domestic Supply Q4 P Domestic Demand After that, we draw a horizontal line for World Price. The World Price of the good needs to be below the domestic market equilibrium price. Otherwise there is no point in importing the good. Q1 is the amount which the good is supplied domestically. Q1Q4 is the amount of the good imported to satisfy high domestic demand. Imported Quantity Domestic Production World Price
19.
Tariff Diagram Price Quantity World Price Domestic Supply Q4 P Domestic Demand Finally, draw a higher horizontal World Price as the tariff will make importing the good more expensive. Because of the higher World Price P1, domestic production increases to Q2; and quantity of the imported good decreases from Q1Q4 to Q2Q3. Imported Quantity Domestic Production P1 World Price + Tariff Q2 Q3Q1
20.
Tariff Diagram Price Quantity World Price Domestic Supply Q4 P Domestic Demand Due to the tariff, domestic producer surplus increases by area A, and area C is the amount of government revenue from the tariff (Imported Quantity Q2Q3 x Tariff per Unit). As area B and area D used to be consumer surplus, but is now not gained by anyone as a result of the tariff, indicating welfare loss. Note that all areas used to be consumer surplus. Imported Quantity Domestic Production P1 World Price + Tariff Q2 Q3Q1 A B
C D Tariff
21.
Tariff Diagram Price Quantity Draw the tariff diagram and explain it to your neighbor! ... try not to peek.
22.
Quotas Quotas is a limit on the amount of imports for certain goods into the country. - E.g. Thailand’s import quota of corn from China A quota can be seen as a more stringent regulatory measure than a tariff given there is an absolute amount of the goods being imported, despite prices and cost. It does not generate tax revenue for the government, but can be effective and efficient in reducing imports.
23.
Subsidies for Domestic Producers Subsidies for Domestic Producers are government payments to local firms to reduce production costs and make them more competitive. - E.g. EU farm subsidies Subsidies tend to increase quantity of production of domestic producers and reduce the prices of goods provided by them. This comes at an opportunity cost of how the funds can be used. However, subsidies are useful in encourage the development of infant industries before they expand large enough to reach the minimum efficient scale.
24.
Non-Tariff Barriers Non-Tariff Barriers are other measures that countries can undertake/implement as an obstacle for imports. This can range from health and safety regulations, mandatory inspection of goods to product specification requirements etc. “Chinese customs officials
have begun to strictly inspect US lobster, requiring “all kinds” of new documents... US lobsters used to clear Chinese customs quickly, as an express product, which helped make sure they were still alive when they got to their final destination” Quartz Daily Brief
25.
Flamin’ Hot Cheetos Banned in UK!
26.
Types of Trade Barriers Split into 4 groups, each responsible for one trade barrier. Take 10 minutes to research a good that the UK currently imposes a Tariff Quota Domestic Producer Subsidy Non-Tariff barrier ... on. Next, discuss the reason why a trade barrier is implemented on the good.
27.
Main UK Imports What do you think will happen if the UK gov happen to impose protectionist barriers on the top 4 products that we import?
28.
Why Protectionism? 1. Protect Infant Industries ◦ Developing industries are unlikely to be able to compete with MNCs due to their low cost production from large economies of scale. Hence, a country may strategically grow a particular industry and protect them from international competition. 2. Prevent Dumping ◦ Overproduction of particular goods from developing countries can disrupt supply of goods. Overseas producers may undercut domestic ones and force them out of the market. 3. Domestic Employment ◦
Trade barriers increase domestic production and local employment as labour is a type of derived demand for goods/services to be produced. However, one may question whether it is worthwhile to protect industries in structural decline (sunset industries).
29.
Why Protectionism? 4. Negative Externalities ◦ Goods imported may cause significant negative externalities for the country e.g. drugs, weapons and should be limited from domestic markets 5. Balance of Payments ◦ Protectionism should reduce the amount of imports and hence improve the current account 6. Political Reasons ◦
Politicians and MPs may be inclined to protect particular industries that may have funded their campaigns, or there may be long term strategic interests involved for a country to protect certain industries
30.
Problems with Protectionism 1. Economic inefficiency ◦ Trade barriers are fundamentally inefficient in theory as they restrict operation of the free market, causing allocative inefficiency. This can clearly be seen in the welfare loss from the tariff diagram. 2. Cost-push inflation ◦ Tariffs and other trade barriers tend to restrict supply of cheap imported raw materials in a developed economy. This will increase the cost to produce, leading to cost-push inflation. There may also be an increase in price for consumer products.
31.
Problems with Protectionism 3. Retaliation from other countries ◦ Other countries may impose the same trade barriers, leading to a vicious cycle and a tit-for-tat trade war (e.g. US and China) 4. Government reliance ◦ Domestic firms may become overly reliant on government protectionist measures and lack the incentive to develop international competitiveness through higher efficiencies. 5. Government failure ◦
The government is unlikely to be able to estimate tariffs correctly to ensure the desired impact is achieved, given the lack of information.
32.
Role Play Assume you are an advisor of Trump. Each of you have to come up with an advantage or disadvantage on the tariff I am about to impose on Chinese steel to keep your jobs. Start from the right!
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