5- Why is nondisjunction more likely to occur during meiosis in human.pdf
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5. Why is nondisjunction more likely to occur during meiosis in human females of advanced age than during meiosis of males of a similar age (or even older)? because it hapen during the seprat fon of the homelos hromosom and 1t happen by m 15 take. 6. Could nondisjunction during MII during sperm production result in an offspring with the karyotype XXY? res 3 because novi- disjunctim hapeon is it Fhil to Saparate. Also 7. Would nondisjunction during MI during sperm production result in an offspring with the karyotype XXY? 8. Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes occurs in a mother who is a carrier for the color blindness allele, an X-linked recessive trait. She has the genotype X D X d . If nondisjunction occurred in Meiosis I, what are the possible genotypes of the offspring, assuming that the eggs were fertilized with a normal sperm (containing either an X D or a Y chromosome)? Would any of the offspring be colorblind?.
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Assignment 4BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, July 24t.docx
Assignment 4 BIO 151 Summer 2016
Upload by Sunday, July 24th at 11:00 PM
CHAPTER 12: THE CELL CYCLE
1.Define genome:
2. What is the difference between DNA in the chromatin form and the chromosome form? What form is DNA in during most of the cell cycle?
3. What is the difference between the centromere and the kinetochore?
4. What happens during each of these phases of the cell cycle?
G1:
S:
G2:
M:
5. The mitotic spindle is mainly made of what type of protein fiber?
6. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?
7. Is binary fission truly mitosis? What type of organisms use binary fission for reproduction? Is this process sexual or asexual?
8. Draw/depict the phases of mitosis from prophase to the end of cytokinesis for an animal cell containing a total of six chromosomes.
9. What is the cell cycle control system and why is it important?
10. What happens to most mammal cells when they reach the G1 checkpoint?
11. Explain how MPF helps to regulate the cell cycle. (See Fig 12.16)
12. What is a growth factor? Provide an example from the chapter.
13. What does cancer have to do with the cell cycle?
14. Explain why each of the following would undergo mitosis:
An early embryo:
An amoeba:
Skin cells:
A broken bone:
15. How is prokaryotic DNA different from eukaryotic DNA?
16. Are the daughter cells produced by mitosis clones of the parent cell?
17. When mitosis is used for reproduction, is it sexual or asexual? What type(s) of organisms use mitosis for reproduction?
CHAPTER 13: MEIOSIS & SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES
1.Define:
Gene
Allele
Locus
Gametes
Somatic cells
2. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction (in terms of number of parents, and variation in offspring)?
3. What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids? (Where do they “come from”? Are they identical?)
4. What are autosomes? How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
5. Meiosis produces gametes.
What are gametes used for?
What is the union of gametes called?
The union of gametes creates what?
6. What is the difference between cells that are haploid and cells that are diploid?
Are gametes haploid or diploid?
Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?
7. Do the following eukaryotes primarily reproduce sexually or asexually?
Animals:
Plants:
Fungi:
8. How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?
Are they diploid or haploid?
Are they clones of the parent cell?
9. Draw/depict Meiosis Prophase I and Metaphase I for three pairs of chromosomes:
10. What happens during synapsis? Does synapsis happen during mitosis?
11. What are three things that happen during meiosis but not mitosis? (See P.260)
12. What is independent assortment of chromosomes? During which phase of meiosis does this occur?
13. If a cell undergoing meiosis has a haploid number of ...
Assignment 4BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 12t.docx
Assignment 4 BIO 151 Summer 2016
Upload by Sunday, June 12th at 11:00 PM
CHAPTER 12: THE CELL CYCLE
1.Define genome:
2. What is the difference between DNA in the chromatin form and the chromosome form? What form is DNA in during most of the cell cycle?
3. What is the difference between the centromere and the kinetochore?
4. What happens during each of these phases of the cell cycle?
G1:
S:
G2:
M:
5. The mitotic spindle is mainly made of what type of protein fiber?
6. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?
7. Is binary fission truly mitosis? What type of organisms use binary fission for reproduction? Is this process sexual or asexual?
8. Draw/depict the phases of mitosis from prophase to the end of cytokinesis for an animal cell containing a total of six chromosomes.
9. What is the cell cycle control system and why is it important?
10. What happens to most mammal cells when they reach the G1 checkpoint?
11. Explain how MPF helps to regulate the cell cycle. (See Fig 12.16)
12. What is a growth factor? Provide an example from the chapter.
13. What does cancer have to do with the cell cycle?
14. Explain why each of the following would undergo mitosis:
An early embryo:
An amoeba:
Skin cells:
A broken bone:
15. How is prokaryotic DNA different from eukaryotic DNA?
16. Are the daughter cells produced by mitosis clones of the parent cell?
17. When mitosis is used for reproduction, is it sexual or asexual? What type(s) of organisms use mitosis for reproduction?
CHAPTER 13: MEIOSIS & SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES
1.Define:
Gene
Allele
Locus
Gametes
Somatic cells
2. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction (in terms of number of parents, and variation in offspring)?
3. What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids? (Where do they “come from”? Are they identical?)
4. What are autosomes? How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
5. Meiosis produces gametes.
What are gametes used for?
What is the union of gametes called?
The union of gametes creates what?
6. What is the difference between cells that are haploid and cells that are diploid?
Are gametes haploid or diploid?
Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?
7. Do the following eukaryotes primarily reproduce sexually or asexually?
Animals:
Plants:
Fungi:
8. How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?
Are they diploid or haploid?
Are they clones of the parent cell?
9. Draw/depict Meiosis Prophase I and Metaphase I for three pairs of chromosomes:
10. What happens during synapsis? Does synapsis happen during mitosis?
11. What are three things that happen during meiosis but not mitosis? (See P.260)
12. What is independent assortment of chromosomes? During which phase of meiosis does this occur?
13. If a cell undergoing meiosis has a haploid number of ...
Sex Differentiation and Development
This document discusses sex determination and differentiation. It begins by explaining that sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. It then describes the process of sex differentiation in males and females both internally and externally. It discusses factors involved like Müllerian inhibiting substance and testosterone. It outlines several sex chromosomal abnormalities including Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and various types of pseudohermaphroditism. The document aims to explain the physiology of sex determination and differentiation and its abnormalities.
sex linked inheritance
The document discusses sex-linked inheritance in humans and other species. Some key points:
- Sex-linked traits are determined by genes on the sex chromosomes (X in humans). Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and one Y chromosome.
- Early work by Thomas Hunt Morgan in fruit flies established the first sex-linked trait (white eyes in males) and showed inheritance from father to daughter to grandson.
- Common human examples are color blindness and hemophilia, which are X-linked recessive traits mostly seen in males. Hemophilia is passed from carrier mothers to some sons.
- Genes on the Y chromosome in humans and the non-homologous region of the
Patterns of inheritance
This document discusses pedigree analysis and genetic inheritance patterns. It provides definitions of key terms like proband and describes the symbols and structures used in a pedigree. The main genetic inheritance patterns of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and Y-linked traits are explained. It notes that a pedigree can provide clues about a disorder's inheritance and help assess risk to family members.
Factors affecting fertilization in icsi
The document discusses factors affecting fertilization using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). It outlines sperm-related factors like abnormal morphology, DNA damage, and methods to select viable immotile sperm. It also discusses oocyte-related factors like abnormal morphology and maturation stages. The document emphasizes that low or no fertilization can occur due to few mature oocytes, oocyte activation failure, or lack of appropriate sperm, but repeated ICSI attempts can achieve fertilization in 85% of cases.
Hydatiform mole
A hydatidiform mole is a rare abnormal pregnancy where placental tissue grows abnormally instead of an embryo. It occurs in about 1 in 1,500 pregnancies in the US. Symptoms include abnormal uterine growth, vaginal bleeding, nausea, and sometimes hyperthyroidism. Diagnosis involves ultrasound showing abnormal placental tissue and very high hCG levels on blood tests. The tissue is examined under a microscope for definitive diagnosis. Complete moles have no embryo and risk developing into cancer if not removed, while partial moles may have some embryonic tissue.
Y-Chromosome Deletion
Y chromosome microdeletion (YCM) is a family of genetic disorders caused by missing genes in the Y chromosome. Y chromosome infertility is a condition that affects the production of sperm, making it difficult or impossible for affected men to father children. An affected man's body may produce no mature sperm cells (azoospermia), fewer than the usual number of sperm cells (oligospermia), or sperm cells that are abnormally shaped or that do not move properly.
Check out this video to know more about Y-Chromosome Deletion
Contact Us @ http://fertility-clinic.in/contact-us/
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Recommended
Assignment 4BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, July 24t.docx
Assignment 4 BIO 151 Summer 2016
Upload by Sunday, July 24th at 11:00 PM
CHAPTER 12: THE CELL CYCLE
1.Define genome:
2. What is the difference between DNA in the chromatin form and the chromosome form? What form is DNA in during most of the cell cycle?
3. What is the difference between the centromere and the kinetochore?
4. What happens during each of these phases of the cell cycle?
G1:
S:
G2:
M:
5. The mitotic spindle is mainly made of what type of protein fiber?
6. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?
7. Is binary fission truly mitosis? What type of organisms use binary fission for reproduction? Is this process sexual or asexual?
8. Draw/depict the phases of mitosis from prophase to the end of cytokinesis for an animal cell containing a total of six chromosomes.
9. What is the cell cycle control system and why is it important?
10. What happens to most mammal cells when they reach the G1 checkpoint?
11. Explain how MPF helps to regulate the cell cycle. (See Fig 12.16)
12. What is a growth factor? Provide an example from the chapter.
13. What does cancer have to do with the cell cycle?
14. Explain why each of the following would undergo mitosis:
An early embryo:
An amoeba:
Skin cells:
A broken bone:
15. How is prokaryotic DNA different from eukaryotic DNA?
16. Are the daughter cells produced by mitosis clones of the parent cell?
17. When mitosis is used for reproduction, is it sexual or asexual? What type(s) of organisms use mitosis for reproduction?
CHAPTER 13: MEIOSIS & SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES
1.Define:
Gene
Allele
Locus
Gametes
Somatic cells
2. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction (in terms of number of parents, and variation in offspring)?
3. What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids? (Where do they “come from”? Are they identical?)
4. What are autosomes? How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
5. Meiosis produces gametes.
What are gametes used for?
What is the union of gametes called?
The union of gametes creates what?
6. What is the difference between cells that are haploid and cells that are diploid?
Are gametes haploid or diploid?
Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?
7. Do the following eukaryotes primarily reproduce sexually or asexually?
Animals:
Plants:
Fungi:
8. How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?
Are they diploid or haploid?
Are they clones of the parent cell?
9. Draw/depict Meiosis Prophase I and Metaphase I for three pairs of chromosomes:
10. What happens during synapsis? Does synapsis happen during mitosis?
11. What are three things that happen during meiosis but not mitosis? (See P.260)
12. What is independent assortment of chromosomes? During which phase of meiosis does this occur?
13. If a cell undergoing meiosis has a haploid number of ...
Assignment 4BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 12t.docx
Assignment 4 BIO 151 Summer 2016
Upload by Sunday, June 12th at 11:00 PM
CHAPTER 12: THE CELL CYCLE
1.Define genome:
2. What is the difference between DNA in the chromatin form and the chromosome form? What form is DNA in during most of the cell cycle?
3. What is the difference between the centromere and the kinetochore?
4. What happens during each of these phases of the cell cycle?
G1:
S:
G2:
M:
5. The mitotic spindle is mainly made of what type of protein fiber?
6. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?
7. Is binary fission truly mitosis? What type of organisms use binary fission for reproduction? Is this process sexual or asexual?
8. Draw/depict the phases of mitosis from prophase to the end of cytokinesis for an animal cell containing a total of six chromosomes.
9. What is the cell cycle control system and why is it important?
10. What happens to most mammal cells when they reach the G1 checkpoint?
11. Explain how MPF helps to regulate the cell cycle. (See Fig 12.16)
12. What is a growth factor? Provide an example from the chapter.
13. What does cancer have to do with the cell cycle?
14. Explain why each of the following would undergo mitosis:
An early embryo:
An amoeba:
Skin cells:
A broken bone:
15. How is prokaryotic DNA different from eukaryotic DNA?
16. Are the daughter cells produced by mitosis clones of the parent cell?
17. When mitosis is used for reproduction, is it sexual or asexual? What type(s) of organisms use mitosis for reproduction?
CHAPTER 13: MEIOSIS & SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES
1.Define:
Gene
Allele
Locus
Gametes
Somatic cells
2. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction (in terms of number of parents, and variation in offspring)?
3. What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids? (Where do they “come from”? Are they identical?)
4. What are autosomes? How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
5. Meiosis produces gametes.
What are gametes used for?
What is the union of gametes called?
The union of gametes creates what?
6. What is the difference between cells that are haploid and cells that are diploid?
Are gametes haploid or diploid?
Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?
7. Do the following eukaryotes primarily reproduce sexually or asexually?
Animals:
Plants:
Fungi:
8. How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?
Are they diploid or haploid?
Are they clones of the parent cell?
9. Draw/depict Meiosis Prophase I and Metaphase I for three pairs of chromosomes:
10. What happens during synapsis? Does synapsis happen during mitosis?
11. What are three things that happen during meiosis but not mitosis? (See P.260)
12. What is independent assortment of chromosomes? During which phase of meiosis does this occur?
13. If a cell undergoing meiosis has a haploid number of ...
Sex Differentiation and Development
This document discusses sex determination and differentiation. It begins by explaining that sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. It then describes the process of sex differentiation in males and females both internally and externally. It discusses factors involved like Müllerian inhibiting substance and testosterone. It outlines several sex chromosomal abnormalities including Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and various types of pseudohermaphroditism. The document aims to explain the physiology of sex determination and differentiation and its abnormalities.
sex linked inheritance
The document discusses sex-linked inheritance in humans and other species. Some key points:
- Sex-linked traits are determined by genes on the sex chromosomes (X in humans). Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and one Y chromosome.
- Early work by Thomas Hunt Morgan in fruit flies established the first sex-linked trait (white eyes in males) and showed inheritance from father to daughter to grandson.
- Common human examples are color blindness and hemophilia, which are X-linked recessive traits mostly seen in males. Hemophilia is passed from carrier mothers to some sons.
- Genes on the Y chromosome in humans and the non-homologous region of the
Patterns of inheritance
This document discusses pedigree analysis and genetic inheritance patterns. It provides definitions of key terms like proband and describes the symbols and structures used in a pedigree. The main genetic inheritance patterns of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and Y-linked traits are explained. It notes that a pedigree can provide clues about a disorder's inheritance and help assess risk to family members.
Factors affecting fertilization in icsi
The document discusses factors affecting fertilization using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). It outlines sperm-related factors like abnormal morphology, DNA damage, and methods to select viable immotile sperm. It also discusses oocyte-related factors like abnormal morphology and maturation stages. The document emphasizes that low or no fertilization can occur due to few mature oocytes, oocyte activation failure, or lack of appropriate sperm, but repeated ICSI attempts can achieve fertilization in 85% of cases.
Hydatiform mole
A hydatidiform mole is a rare abnormal pregnancy where placental tissue grows abnormally instead of an embryo. It occurs in about 1 in 1,500 pregnancies in the US. Symptoms include abnormal uterine growth, vaginal bleeding, nausea, and sometimes hyperthyroidism. Diagnosis involves ultrasound showing abnormal placental tissue and very high hCG levels on blood tests. The tissue is examined under a microscope for definitive diagnosis. Complete moles have no embryo and risk developing into cancer if not removed, while partial moles may have some embryonic tissue.
Y-Chromosome Deletion
Y chromosome microdeletion (YCM) is a family of genetic disorders caused by missing genes in the Y chromosome. Y chromosome infertility is a condition that affects the production of sperm, making it difficult or impossible for affected men to father children. An affected man's body may produce no mature sperm cells (azoospermia), fewer than the usual number of sperm cells (oligospermia), or sperm cells that are abnormally shaped or that do not move properly.
Check out this video to know more about Y-Chromosome Deletion
Contact Us @ http://fertility-clinic.in/contact-us/
Like Our Facebook Page @ https://www.facebook.com/SrishtiFertilityClinic
Follow Us On Linkedin @ https://in.linkedin.com/in/soumyaroopdash
Subsribe Our Youtube Channel @ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChaynVYC_ltNT3YVKc32XYw
Follow Us On Twitter @ https://twitter.com/SAFALPuducherry
Matters of sex
Dr. Wiskott noted an inherited condition in a German family that affected three boys who died of the same illness involving bruising, eczema, bloody diarrhea, and infections. The boys died from bleeding in their digestive tracts and blood infections. Dr. Wiskott observed that the condition seemed to only affect boys in the family and was inherited in nature.
5- Use the following pedigree to determine the probability that IV-1 (.docx
5. Use the following pedigree to determine the probability that IV-1 (child yet to be born) will have albinism. = has cystic fibrosis = = consanguineous marriage (cousins) 6. Using the following pedigrees, mark the genotype of each member and determine the mode of inheritance: B) C) I II III IV 1 2 0. Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant form of dwarfism. People with achondroplasia are heterozygotes because carrying two copies of the dominant, mutant allele is fatal during embryogenesis. Two people with achondroplasia decide to start a family. A) Fill out a Punnett square for this couple. A) What is the probability that their first child born will be of average stature? B) What is the probability that this couple has two daughters with achondroplasia and one son of average stature in that order? C) What is the probability that this couple has two children with achondroplasia and one of average stature in any order?
.
Sex linked traits
Sex-linked traits are traits determined by genes on the X or Y chromosomes. For example, colorblindness and baldness are found on the X chromosome. In humans, traits like baldness are more commonly expressed in males because they only have one X chromosome, while females need two copies of the gene to show the trait. A Punnett square shows that there is a 50% chance a child will be male or female. If the mother carries the baldness gene, there is a 25% chance their child will be bald male and 25% chance will be a carrier female. If the father is bald, all sons will be bald but daughters will be carriers. If the mother is bald, all children will be carriers and
Sex linked traits
Sex-linked traits are traits determined by genes on the X or Y chromosomes. For example, colorblindness and baldness are found on the X chromosome. In humans, a Y chromosome determines male sex, so traits on this chromosome only affect men. Traits on the X chromosome can be expressed in men, but women need two copies of the gene to show traits as the second X chromosome provides backup. If the mother is bald, both sons and daughters will always be carriers and sons will be bald, while if the father is bald, only daughters can be carriers and sons will not be bald.
Sex Linkage-Unique Heritage
This presentation intends to explore the sex-linked characters along with some fatal diseases of human beings, their cause, consequences and other issues.
Hereditary causes of infertility 2
Hereditary factors can cause various forms of infertility in females. Some key hereditary causes mentioned in the document include true hermaphroditism, where both ovarian and testicular tissue is present; White Heifer Disease, where recessive genes cause Mullerian duct abnormalities leading to issues like uterine unicorns; and ovarian aplasia or hypoplasia, where one or both ovaries are missing or underdeveloped causing sterility. Developmental abnormalities of the uterus, cervix or vagina can also persist due to genetic factors. Females with these hereditary conditions often have impaired fertility or are completely sterile.
Gynecology 5th year, 2nd lecture (Dr. Hanaa)
1. Abnormal development in embryos can be caused by chromosome abnormalities like Turner's syndrome or mutations affecting sex determination.
2. Gonadal abnormalities in both males and females can also disrupt development, leading to ambiguous genitalia or the lack of secondary sex characteristics.
3. Internal and external genitalia can be abnormal due to issues like androgen insensitivity or Mullerian duct abnormalities. Some conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia cause virilization of external female genitalia.
Heredity
Identical twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos, while fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm. Conjoined twins result when an egg begins to split like identical twins but fails to completely separate, causing the embryos to share parts of the body. Heredity plays a large role in determining physical traits that are passed down from parents to children through genes and chromosomes. Factors like genetics and environment can also impact prenatal development and may cause birth defects.
AP Bio Ch. 15, part 2
Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance depending on the sex chromosome system of the species. In humans, females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome contains the SRY gene which triggers male development. Females serve as the default sex since they only need one X chromosome to develop, while males require specific signaling to develop as males. Abnormal chromosome numbers, called aneuploidies, can cause conditions like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome. Chromosomal mutations such as deletions, inversions, duplications, and translocations can also cause genetic disorders and occur during meiosis. Genomic imprinting and mitochondrial DNA inheritance are exceptions to
2.Cross a heterozygous tall and round seed pea plant with anothe.docx
2.
Cross a heterozygous tall and round seed pea plant with another heterozygous tall, round seed plant.
3.
Cross a pea plant that is heterozygous for purple flowers and homozygous dominant for yellow seeds with a plant that is heterozygous for purple flowers and homozygous recessive for green seeds.
Cross a plant that is heterozygous for round seeds and homozygous recessive for white flowers with a plant that is homozygous recessive for wrinkled seeds and heterozygous for purple flowers.
Blood Type
5.
What are the possible genotypes for each blood type?
Phenotype
Genotype
Type A
Type B
Type
AB
Type O
Juan has blood type A (I
A
I
A
), his wife Lucia has blood type B (I
B
i). What are the possible genotypes of their children?
Answer:
A child has genotype of ii. If the child’s mother has a genotype of I
A
i, which blood types COULD represent the father?
Dad Mom Baby
____ ____ ____ _____ ____ ____
Dad’s possible Genotypes
Dad’s possible Phenotypes
If a man with blood type O marries a woman with Type A, what would be the possible phenotypes of the offspring?
9.
What are the possible genotypes of children born to a man that has the genotype I
A
i and a woman that has the genotype I
A
I
B
?
10.
What blood types can donate blood to (list all):
a.
A person with type A blood?
b.
A person with type O blood?
c.
A person with type AB blood?
SEX LINKED TRAITS:
11.
Rickets is a condition in which the bones become soft. Children with rickets develop bone deformities. A lack of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus in the diet usually cause this condition. One form of rickets, called vitamin D-resistant rickets, is caused by the recessive trait on the X chromosome
. A mother who is heterozygous for rickets marries a man who HAS rickets.
Normal=
Rickets=
Mom=
Dad=
a.
What chance do they have of having a
daughter
with rickets
?
b.
What chance do they have of having a
daughter
that is a carrier of rickets
?
c.
What chance do they have of having a
son
who isnormal
?
d.
What chance do they have of having a
child
with rickets
?
Baldness is a sex-linked trait. Sam wanted to know if he would be bald when he grew up. Therefore, Sam decided to find out how much of a chance he had of becoming bald. Through research, he found out that
his
mother is a carrier for the baldness trait and that his father has a normal gene for hair.
a.
What chance does Sam have of being
bald
when he gets older?
b.
What chance would of having
a
daughter
who will be bald
?
c.
What chance would of having
a
daughter
who is a carrier of the baldness trait
?
In humans colorblindness is a sex-linked, recessive gene. Having normal vision is dominant. A
woman who is heterozygous
for colorblindness marries a
man who is normal
.
.
2014-sex-linkage.ppt
This document discusses sex linkage, sex determination, and sex chromosomes. It begins by defining sex linkage as the phenotypic expression of an allele related to an individual's chromosomal sex. Sex determination is defined as the biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. It then discusses several key topics:
- Eukaryotic chromosomes, including that most species are diploid and have homologous chromosome pairs.
- Sex chromosomes, which are the X and Y chromosomes. Females typically have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome.
- Evidence that supported the chromosome theory of inheritance, including Morgan's experiments with white-eyed Drosophila that demonstrated X-linked inheritance.
Individuals with Swyers Syndrome (XYSRY)tend to not develop gonads. .pdf
Individuals with Swyer's Syndrome (XYSRY)tend to not develop gonads. But that invites the
question of how do YSRY - gametes show up in the first place? Since meiosis is a form of cell
division and may introduce mutations during DNA replication and distribution, gametes may
carry a genotype slightly different from the parent simply as part of naturally occurring variation.
Answer the following questions about a cross (or mating) between Parent A with a who has a
genotype of XYSRY+ but who is producing gametes that carry either an X or YSRY and Parent
B who has a genotype of XX. For phenotypes, write whether the individual has likely been
masculinized or feminized. Because of the nature of this example, the terms "mother" and
"father" have been replaced with "Parent". What is the phenotype of the Parent A ? What is the
phenotype of the Parent B?.
DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
The document discusses normal sexual differentiation and disorders of sexual differentiation. It describes the process of normal sexual differentiation including chromosomal, gonadal, ductal, and genital differentiation. It also discusses several common disorders of sexual differentiation including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome, mixed gonadal dysgenesis, and others. Specific conditions discussed in more detail include Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, XX maleness, and mixed gonadal dysgenesis.
Sexual Determination and Differentiation
Sex is determined by chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic factors. Chromosomal sex is determined at fertilization by the presence of either two X chromosomes (female) or one X and one Y chromosome (male). Between 6-8 weeks of gestation, the undifferentiated gonads will develop into either ovaries or testes depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome. The development of testes or ovaries then leads to further anatomical changes through the secretion of hormones and regression or development of duct systems that result in either male or female phenotypic characteristics. Disorders of sex development can occur when there is a discrepancy between these factors.
Apomixisinplants 1
Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction in which seeds are formed without fertilization. There are two main types - gametophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell gives rise to an embryo sac, and sporophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell develops directly into an embryo. Apomixis was first discovered in citrus seeds in 1719 and allows for the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent. While apomixis has advantages for plant breeding like fixing desirable traits, it is also genetically complex and facultative forms can be affected by environmental conditions.
Apomixis in plants
Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction in which seeds are formed without fertilization. There are two main types - gametophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell gives rise to an embryo sac, and sporophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell develops directly into an embryo. Apomixis was first discovered in citrus seeds in 1719 and allows for the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent. While apomixis has advantages for plant breeding like fixing desirable traits, it is also genetically complex and the level can be affected by environmental factors.
Punnett square.docx
1) A Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring based on the genotypes of the parents.
2) While Punnett squares are useful for simple genetic inheritance, they have limitations for more complex scenarios such as multiple genes determining a trait or linked genes.
3) In a scenario where the mother is a carrier for hemophilia but unaffected, and the father is unaffected, there is a 25% probability a male offspring will have hemophilia and a 50% probability any offspring will be a carrier.
Punnett square.docx
1) A Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring based on the genotypes of the parents.
2) While Punnett squares are useful for simple genetic inheritance, they have limitations for more complex scenarios such as multiple genes determining a trait or linked genes.
3) In a scenario where the mother is a carrier for hemophilia but unaffected, and the father is unaffected, there is a 25% probability a male offspring will have hemophilia and a 50% probability any offspring will be a carrier.
It is a fact that autotriploids have a hard time establishing themsel.pdf
It is a fact that autotriploids have a hard time establishing themselves in nature when they arise.
a) Why would this be the case? b) If autotriploids are in fact highly sterile, how is it possible to
maintain varieties like the Keizerskroon tulip and the Baldwin apple, which are known to be
autotriploids? c) Describe how autotriploidy could arise in each of the following cases: cross-
fertilization, self-fertilization, asexual reproduction. d) In humans, approximately 1% of ALL
zygotes produced are autotriploids or autotetraploids, but such ploidy is inviablc (Kajii, T., and
N. Niikawa, Cytog. Cell Genet. 18: 109, 1977; Pettenati, M. J., et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 24: 23,
1986). How might autotriploidy arise in such a zygote?
Solution
a) Autotriploids have a hard time establishing themselves in nature when they arise as they are
highly sterile. This is due to disturbed alignment of homologous chromosomes in prophase I
followed by altered segregation in anaphase I which in turn leads to uneven distribution of
gametes.
b) The autotriploid varieties like Keizerskroon tulip and Baldwin apple are maintained by
vegetative propagation (clonal propagation) rather than sexual reproduction.
c) CROSS FERTILIZATION: Autotriploidy arises by fusion of diploid and haploid gametes
during sexual reproduction. The diploid gamete can come from autotetraploid or nondisjunction
of chromosomes during anaphase in gametogenesis in a diploid parent.
SELF FERTILIZATION: Non disjunction of chromosomes during megasporogenesis produces
diploid gametes which then fuses with haploid gamete on self fertilization and give rise to
autotriploid.
ASXUAL REPRODUCTION: Consecutive DNA replication during S phase followed by arrest
of cell division leads to formation of autotriploids during asexual reproduction.
d) Fusion of diploid egg with haploid sperms forms autotriploid zygotes in human..
Apomixisinplants 1
Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction where seeds are formed without fertilization. There are two main types: gametophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell gives rise to an embryo sac, and sporophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell develops directly into an embryo. Within these types are mechanisms like diplospory, apospory, and adventitious embryony. Apomixis allows for the cloning of maternal plants through seeds and the fixation of hybrid vigor, but its genetic basis is complex and facultative forms can be influenced by the environment.
5- Let X1 and X2 be independent exponentially distributed random varia.pdf
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5- Label each part of the chloroplast structure- 6- There are two phot.pdf
5. Kyler Chemical has spent $245 , 000 to refine 71,000 gallons of acetone, which can be sold
for $2.30 a gallon. Requirements Alternatively, Kyler Chemical can process the acetone further.
This processing will yield a total of 61,000 gallons 1. Identify the sunk cost. Is the sunk cost
relevant to Kyler's decision? Why or why not? of lacquer thinner that can be sold for $3.50 a
gallon. The additional processing will cost $0.75 per gallon of lacquer thinner. To sell the
lacquer thinner, Kyler Chemical must pay shipping of $0.21 a gallon and administrative 2.
Should Kyler sell the acetone as is or process it into lacquer thinner? Show the expected net
revenue difference between the two alternatives. expenses of $0.10 a gallon on the thinner.
Requirement 1. Identify the sunk cost. Is the sunk cost relevant to Kyler's decision? Why or why
not? The [ ] is a sunk cost that differ between alternatives of selling as is or processing further.
Consequently, this sunk cost of to the sell or process further decision. the Difference column if
the Sell As Is amount exceeds the Process Further amount.).
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Matters of sex
Dr. Wiskott noted an inherited condition in a German family that affected three boys who died of the same illness involving bruising, eczema, bloody diarrhea, and infections. The boys died from bleeding in their digestive tracts and blood infections. Dr. Wiskott observed that the condition seemed to only affect boys in the family and was inherited in nature.
5- Use the following pedigree to determine the probability that IV-1 (.docx
5. Use the following pedigree to determine the probability that IV-1 (child yet to be born) will have albinism. = has cystic fibrosis = = consanguineous marriage (cousins) 6. Using the following pedigrees, mark the genotype of each member and determine the mode of inheritance: B) C) I II III IV 1 2 0. Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant form of dwarfism. People with achondroplasia are heterozygotes because carrying two copies of the dominant, mutant allele is fatal during embryogenesis. Two people with achondroplasia decide to start a family. A) Fill out a Punnett square for this couple. A) What is the probability that their first child born will be of average stature? B) What is the probability that this couple has two daughters with achondroplasia and one son of average stature in that order? C) What is the probability that this couple has two children with achondroplasia and one of average stature in any order?
.
Sex linked traits
Sex-linked traits are traits determined by genes on the X or Y chromosomes. For example, colorblindness and baldness are found on the X chromosome. In humans, traits like baldness are more commonly expressed in males because they only have one X chromosome, while females need two copies of the gene to show the trait. A Punnett square shows that there is a 50% chance a child will be male or female. If the mother carries the baldness gene, there is a 25% chance their child will be bald male and 25% chance will be a carrier female. If the father is bald, all sons will be bald but daughters will be carriers. If the mother is bald, all children will be carriers and
Sex linked traits
Sex-linked traits are traits determined by genes on the X or Y chromosomes. For example, colorblindness and baldness are found on the X chromosome. In humans, a Y chromosome determines male sex, so traits on this chromosome only affect men. Traits on the X chromosome can be expressed in men, but women need two copies of the gene to show traits as the second X chromosome provides backup. If the mother is bald, both sons and daughters will always be carriers and sons will be bald, while if the father is bald, only daughters can be carriers and sons will not be bald.
Sex Linkage-Unique Heritage
This presentation intends to explore the sex-linked characters along with some fatal diseases of human beings, their cause, consequences and other issues.
Hereditary causes of infertility 2
Hereditary factors can cause various forms of infertility in females. Some key hereditary causes mentioned in the document include true hermaphroditism, where both ovarian and testicular tissue is present; White Heifer Disease, where recessive genes cause Mullerian duct abnormalities leading to issues like uterine unicorns; and ovarian aplasia or hypoplasia, where one or both ovaries are missing or underdeveloped causing sterility. Developmental abnormalities of the uterus, cervix or vagina can also persist due to genetic factors. Females with these hereditary conditions often have impaired fertility or are completely sterile.
Gynecology 5th year, 2nd lecture (Dr. Hanaa)
1. Abnormal development in embryos can be caused by chromosome abnormalities like Turner's syndrome or mutations affecting sex determination.
2. Gonadal abnormalities in both males and females can also disrupt development, leading to ambiguous genitalia or the lack of secondary sex characteristics.
3. Internal and external genitalia can be abnormal due to issues like androgen insensitivity or Mullerian duct abnormalities. Some conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia cause virilization of external female genitalia.
Heredity
Identical twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos, while fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm. Conjoined twins result when an egg begins to split like identical twins but fails to completely separate, causing the embryos to share parts of the body. Heredity plays a large role in determining physical traits that are passed down from parents to children through genes and chromosomes. Factors like genetics and environment can also impact prenatal development and may cause birth defects.
AP Bio Ch. 15, part 2
Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance depending on the sex chromosome system of the species. In humans, females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome contains the SRY gene which triggers male development. Females serve as the default sex since they only need one X chromosome to develop, while males require specific signaling to develop as males. Abnormal chromosome numbers, called aneuploidies, can cause conditions like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome. Chromosomal mutations such as deletions, inversions, duplications, and translocations can also cause genetic disorders and occur during meiosis. Genomic imprinting and mitochondrial DNA inheritance are exceptions to
2.Cross a heterozygous tall and round seed pea plant with anothe.docx
2.
Cross a heterozygous tall and round seed pea plant with another heterozygous tall, round seed plant.
3.
Cross a pea plant that is heterozygous for purple flowers and homozygous dominant for yellow seeds with a plant that is heterozygous for purple flowers and homozygous recessive for green seeds.
Cross a plant that is heterozygous for round seeds and homozygous recessive for white flowers with a plant that is homozygous recessive for wrinkled seeds and heterozygous for purple flowers.
Blood Type
5.
What are the possible genotypes for each blood type?
Phenotype
Genotype
Type A
Type B
Type
AB
Type O
Juan has blood type A (I
A
I
A
), his wife Lucia has blood type B (I
B
i). What are the possible genotypes of their children?
Answer:
A child has genotype of ii. If the child’s mother has a genotype of I
A
i, which blood types COULD represent the father?
Dad Mom Baby
____ ____ ____ _____ ____ ____
Dad’s possible Genotypes
Dad’s possible Phenotypes
If a man with blood type O marries a woman with Type A, what would be the possible phenotypes of the offspring?
9.
What are the possible genotypes of children born to a man that has the genotype I
A
i and a woman that has the genotype I
A
I
B
?
10.
What blood types can donate blood to (list all):
a.
A person with type A blood?
b.
A person with type O blood?
c.
A person with type AB blood?
SEX LINKED TRAITS:
11.
Rickets is a condition in which the bones become soft. Children with rickets develop bone deformities. A lack of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus in the diet usually cause this condition. One form of rickets, called vitamin D-resistant rickets, is caused by the recessive trait on the X chromosome
. A mother who is heterozygous for rickets marries a man who HAS rickets.
Normal=
Rickets=
Mom=
Dad=
a.
What chance do they have of having a
daughter
with rickets
?
b.
What chance do they have of having a
daughter
that is a carrier of rickets
?
c.
What chance do they have of having a
son
who isnormal
?
d.
What chance do they have of having a
child
with rickets
?
Baldness is a sex-linked trait. Sam wanted to know if he would be bald when he grew up. Therefore, Sam decided to find out how much of a chance he had of becoming bald. Through research, he found out that
his
mother is a carrier for the baldness trait and that his father has a normal gene for hair.
a.
What chance does Sam have of being
bald
when he gets older?
b.
What chance would of having
a
daughter
who will be bald
?
c.
What chance would of having
a
daughter
who is a carrier of the baldness trait
?
In humans colorblindness is a sex-linked, recessive gene. Having normal vision is dominant. A
woman who is heterozygous
for colorblindness marries a
man who is normal
.
.
2014-sex-linkage.ppt
This document discusses sex linkage, sex determination, and sex chromosomes. It begins by defining sex linkage as the phenotypic expression of an allele related to an individual's chromosomal sex. Sex determination is defined as the biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. It then discusses several key topics:
- Eukaryotic chromosomes, including that most species are diploid and have homologous chromosome pairs.
- Sex chromosomes, which are the X and Y chromosomes. Females typically have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome.
- Evidence that supported the chromosome theory of inheritance, including Morgan's experiments with white-eyed Drosophila that demonstrated X-linked inheritance.
Individuals with Swyers Syndrome (XYSRY)tend to not develop gonads. .pdf
Individuals with Swyer's Syndrome (XYSRY)tend to not develop gonads. But that invites the
question of how do YSRY - gametes show up in the first place? Since meiosis is a form of cell
division and may introduce mutations during DNA replication and distribution, gametes may
carry a genotype slightly different from the parent simply as part of naturally occurring variation.
Answer the following questions about a cross (or mating) between Parent A with a who has a
genotype of XYSRY+ but who is producing gametes that carry either an X or YSRY and Parent
B who has a genotype of XX. For phenotypes, write whether the individual has likely been
masculinized or feminized. Because of the nature of this example, the terms "mother" and
"father" have been replaced with "Parent". What is the phenotype of the Parent A ? What is the
phenotype of the Parent B?.
DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
The document discusses normal sexual differentiation and disorders of sexual differentiation. It describes the process of normal sexual differentiation including chromosomal, gonadal, ductal, and genital differentiation. It also discusses several common disorders of sexual differentiation including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome, mixed gonadal dysgenesis, and others. Specific conditions discussed in more detail include Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, XX maleness, and mixed gonadal dysgenesis.
Sexual Determination and Differentiation
Sex is determined by chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic factors. Chromosomal sex is determined at fertilization by the presence of either two X chromosomes (female) or one X and one Y chromosome (male). Between 6-8 weeks of gestation, the undifferentiated gonads will develop into either ovaries or testes depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome. The development of testes or ovaries then leads to further anatomical changes through the secretion of hormones and regression or development of duct systems that result in either male or female phenotypic characteristics. Disorders of sex development can occur when there is a discrepancy between these factors.
Apomixisinplants 1
Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction in which seeds are formed without fertilization. There are two main types - gametophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell gives rise to an embryo sac, and sporophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell develops directly into an embryo. Apomixis was first discovered in citrus seeds in 1719 and allows for the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent. While apomixis has advantages for plant breeding like fixing desirable traits, it is also genetically complex and facultative forms can be affected by environmental conditions.
Apomixis in plants
Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction in which seeds are formed without fertilization. There are two main types - gametophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell gives rise to an embryo sac, and sporophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell develops directly into an embryo. Apomixis was first discovered in citrus seeds in 1719 and allows for the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent. While apomixis has advantages for plant breeding like fixing desirable traits, it is also genetically complex and the level can be affected by environmental factors.
Punnett square.docx
1) A Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring based on the genotypes of the parents.
2) While Punnett squares are useful for simple genetic inheritance, they have limitations for more complex scenarios such as multiple genes determining a trait or linked genes.
3) In a scenario where the mother is a carrier for hemophilia but unaffected, and the father is unaffected, there is a 25% probability a male offspring will have hemophilia and a 50% probability any offspring will be a carrier.
Punnett square.docx
1) A Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring based on the genotypes of the parents.
2) While Punnett squares are useful for simple genetic inheritance, they have limitations for more complex scenarios such as multiple genes determining a trait or linked genes.
3) In a scenario where the mother is a carrier for hemophilia but unaffected, and the father is unaffected, there is a 25% probability a male offspring will have hemophilia and a 50% probability any offspring will be a carrier.
It is a fact that autotriploids have a hard time establishing themsel.pdf
It is a fact that autotriploids have a hard time establishing themselves in nature when they arise.
a) Why would this be the case? b) If autotriploids are in fact highly sterile, how is it possible to
maintain varieties like the Keizerskroon tulip and the Baldwin apple, which are known to be
autotriploids? c) Describe how autotriploidy could arise in each of the following cases: cross-
fertilization, self-fertilization, asexual reproduction. d) In humans, approximately 1% of ALL
zygotes produced are autotriploids or autotetraploids, but such ploidy is inviablc (Kajii, T., and
N. Niikawa, Cytog. Cell Genet. 18: 109, 1977; Pettenati, M. J., et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 24: 23,
1986). How might autotriploidy arise in such a zygote?
Solution
a) Autotriploids have a hard time establishing themselves in nature when they arise as they are
highly sterile. This is due to disturbed alignment of homologous chromosomes in prophase I
followed by altered segregation in anaphase I which in turn leads to uneven distribution of
gametes.
b) The autotriploid varieties like Keizerskroon tulip and Baldwin apple are maintained by
vegetative propagation (clonal propagation) rather than sexual reproduction.
c) CROSS FERTILIZATION: Autotriploidy arises by fusion of diploid and haploid gametes
during sexual reproduction. The diploid gamete can come from autotetraploid or nondisjunction
of chromosomes during anaphase in gametogenesis in a diploid parent.
SELF FERTILIZATION: Non disjunction of chromosomes during megasporogenesis produces
diploid gametes which then fuses with haploid gamete on self fertilization and give rise to
autotriploid.
ASXUAL REPRODUCTION: Consecutive DNA replication during S phase followed by arrest
of cell division leads to formation of autotriploids during asexual reproduction.
d) Fusion of diploid egg with haploid sperms forms autotriploid zygotes in human..
Apomixisinplants 1
Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction where seeds are formed without fertilization. There are two main types: gametophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell gives rise to an embryo sac, and sporophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell develops directly into an embryo. Within these types are mechanisms like diplospory, apospory, and adventitious embryony. Apomixis allows for the cloning of maternal plants through seeds and the fixation of hybrid vigor, but its genetic basis is complex and facultative forms can be influenced by the environment.
Similar to 5- Why is nondisjunction more likely to occur during meiosis in human.pdf (20)
5- Use the following pedigree to determine the probability that IV-1 (.docx
5- Use the following pedigree to determine the probability that IV-1 (.docx
2.Cross a heterozygous tall and round seed pea plant with anothe.docx
2.Cross a heterozygous tall and round seed pea plant with anothe.docx
Individuals with Swyers Syndrome (XYSRY)tend to not develop gonads. .pdf
Individuals with Swyers Syndrome (XYSRY)tend to not develop gonads. .pdf
It is a fact that autotriploids have a hard time establishing themsel.pdf
It is a fact that autotriploids have a hard time establishing themsel.pdf
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Leonard has been a freemason for a long time, is well respected within the community, and was
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because of the support that was organised through the facility, carers, family and the freemasons.
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pride of place on his jacket he requested to wear every day. Leonard passed while holding his
medal..
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