V PARAHEMOLYTICUS

1. Food born infection by

2. A foodborne infection is an
inflammation of the stomach
and bowels. The infection
can happen when you eat
or drink something that is
c o n t a m i n a t e d b y a
bacteria, virus or parasite.
Often the inflammation leads
to diarrhoea, nausea,
vomiting, abdominal pain,
abdominal cramps and
sometimes fever. 2VETERINARY COLLEGE GADAG ,12-11-2019

3. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a
curved, rod-shaped, Gram-
negative bacterium found in
saltwater which when ingested
causes gastrointestinal
illness in humans.
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4. Mode of infection
→ by eating raw or improperly
cooked fish,crabs, shellfish and
drinking contaminated water.
→ Also enters from open wounds
in sea water.
→ It does not usually spread from
person to person, unless in poor
personal hygiene.
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5. Epidemiology
Outbreaks tend to be concentrated along coastal regions
during the summer .
Swimming or working in affected areas can lead to
infections of the eyes, ears,and open wounds
→First reported in 1950 Shirasu , Japan .
→In Hurricane Katrina (a storm with a violent
wind paris in 2008), 22 wounds were infected
with Vibrio, 3 of which were caused by
V.parahaemolyticus, and 2 of these led
to death.
→In 2018 - 26 persons were reported for
V. parahemolyticus infectiion from Columbia 5
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7. Pathogenesis
Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains have a number of
virulence factors including adhesins, thermostable
direct hemolysin (tdh) , type III secretion systems
(T3SS1 and T3SS2), and Type VI Secretion Systems
(T6SS1 and T6SS2)
V. parahaemolyticus have two different types
of flagella i.e., A single, sheathed polar flagellum
for swiming in liquid environments. Numerous
unsheathed lateral flagella for movement
on surfaces . (2011)
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8. Adhesion to Host Cells
During infection, bacterial adhesion factors present
on the bacterial surface form contact with host cell
and secrete toxins .
MAM7 (Multivalent Adhesion Molecule 7) is a
novel adhesion factor with 44 amino acid at its N
terminal which is required identification host cell
membrane (2013).
In the process, MAM7 will bind to both fibronectin
and phosphatidic acid, and if either of these
substrates is blocked, it could prevent adhesion of
MAM7 to host cells. 8
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9. Haemolysis
tdh cause β hemolysis of red blood cells on
Wagatsuma blood agar. This hemolytic activity is
called Kanagawa phenomenon .
Only 1–2% of the environmental
samples is reported to be KP+
and 100 % of human extracted
samples were KP+
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10. Type III Secretion Systems
→It is present in pathogenicity island(PAI)
on →2nd chromosome .
→It is the needle-like bacterial machinery
used →to inject bacterial protein directly into
the →membrane and cytoplasm of eukaryotic
cells.
→The common targets of T3SS effectors
include →the actin cytoskeleton, innate
immune →signaling, and autophagy.
→During tissue cell infection, T3SS1 initiates
a →series of events that involves autophagy,
→membrane blebbing, cell rounding, and
lastly →cell lysis. 10
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11. Symptoms of Gastro-infection
→ watery diarrhoea (occasionally bloody diarrhoea)
→ abdominal cramps
→ nausea
→ vomiting
→ fever
→ headache.
• Symptoms usually occur within 24 hours of eating the
contaminated food.
• Usually symptoms are mild to moderate and lasts
around 3 days . However, the infection can be severe
in people with immunosuppression.
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12. Symptoms in wound infection
• pain
• redness
• pus discharge.
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13. Diagnosis
→ culture of fecal sample in TCBS agar
(Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar) ,
that gives blue green colonies .
→ wound swab,
→ PCR and ELISA .
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14. Treatment
1.For gastro symptoms
• plenty of fluids are given
• Oral rehydration solution
is recomended.
• avoid carbonated drinks
or undiluted juice.
• Antibiotic treatment is not
usually needed except in
prolong diarrhoea .
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15. 2.For wound infection
• Antibiotics such as third-
generation cephalosporin and
tetracycline
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16. Prevention and control
• Avoid consumption of raw or
undercooked seafood such
as oysters, especially during
warm summer .
• Avoid using seawater for
cooking.
• Avoid exposing open wounds
to seawater. If wounds are
exposed then wash with
soap and clean water.
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17. source - sahealth.sa.gov.au
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