Problem Decomposition: Goal Trees, Rule Based Systems, Rule Based Expert Systems. Planning: STRIPS, Forward and Backward State Space Planning, Goal Stack Planning, Plan Space Planning, A Unified Framework For Planning. Constraint Satisfaction : N-Queens, Constraint Propagation, Scene Labeling, Higher order and Directional Consistencies, Backtracking and Look ahead Strategies.

1. Topic To Be Covered:
I. Planning
II. Planning Agent & its Components
Jagdamba Education Society's
SND College of Engineering & Research Centre
Department of Computer Engineering
SUBJECT: Artificial Intelligence & Robotics
Lecture No-03(Unit-02)
Prof.Dhakane Vikas N

2. Planning in ai
What is planning in AI?
 Def1:The planning in Artificial Intelligence is about the
decision making tasks performed by the robots or computer
programs to achieve a specific goal.
 Def2:The planning in Artificial Intelligence is an activity
where agent has to come up with a sequence of actions to
accomplish task.
 In AI Intelligent System like Robot or AI Agent OR Planning
agent always need to do planning to perform any task.
 To formulate planning problem following information is
required:
-Initial Status of agent
-Goal condition of agent
-set of action agent cake

3. Planning in ai
What is planning in AI?
 Aim of agent is to find the proper sequence of
actions which will lead from starting state to
goal state and produce an efficient solution.
 Example of: Driver in real life

4. Planning in ai
Example of Planning Problem
 Take example of an agent which can be a
coffee maker, a printer,& mailing system
,also assume that there 3 people who
have access to this agent.
 Suppose at same time if all 3 users of an
agent gives a command to execute 3
different tasks of coffee making, printing
& mailing.
 Then as per the definition of planning
,agent has to decide the sequence of these
actions.
 When a task comes to this agent it has to
decide the sequence of actions to be taken
& then accordingly execute these actions.

5. Components of planning agent
Components of planning Agent
I. Sensors
 Sensors are devices that can sense and measure physical properties of the
environment, e.g., temperature, size, weight, luminance, resistance to
touch, etc.
 Sensors provide analogs to human senses and can monitor other
phenomena for which humans lack explicit sensors.

6. Components of planning agent
Components of planning Agent
I. Sensors
Various Types of Sensors
 Simple Touch: Sensing an object's presence or absence.
 Complex Touch: Sensing an object's size, shape and/or hardness.
 Simple Force: Measuring force along a single axis.
 Complex Force: Measuring force along multiple axes.
 Simple Vision: Detecting edges, holes and corners.
 Object Proximity: distance between objects.
 Heat: temperature, magnitude, direction.

7. Components of planning agent
Components of planning Agent
I. Sensors
Various Types of Sensors
 Chemicals: The presence, identity, and concentration of chemicals or
reactants.
 Light: The presence, color, and intensity of light.
 Sound: The presence of frequency, and intensity of sound.

8. Components of planning agent
Components of planning Agent
II. Effector
 In robotics, an end effector is the device at the end of a robotic arm,
designed to interact with the environment. The exact nature of this device
depends on the application of the robot.
 Effectors include legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings.
 Controllers cause the effectors to produce desired effects on the
environment.

9. Components of planning agent
Components of planning Agent
III. Actuator
 An actuator is the actual mechanism that enables the effector to execute an
action.
 Actuators typically include electric motors, hydraulic or pneumatic
cylinders, etc.

10. Components of planning agent
Components of planning Agent
IV. Environment
 The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives
or operates.
 In similar way environment related with robot is surrounding or domain
or area where robot is used to navigate or work.