Grade X Economics CBSE

2. Synopsis
1. Development and its features
2. Income and other goals
3. National Development
4. Comparison among different countries or states
5. Other criteria for comparing counties or states
6. Public Facilities
7. Body Mass Index ( BMI )
8. Human Development Index ( HDI )
9. Sustainable Development

4. DIFFERENT PEOPLE DIFFERENT GOALS
 Category:
 Landless rural labourers:
 More days of work and better wages.
 Local school is available to provide education for their children.
 Prosperous farmers:
 Assured high family income through higher support prices for
their crops.
 A girl from rich urban family:
 She wants as much freedom as her brother and is able to decide
what she wants to do in life.

5. DIFFERENT PEOPLE DIFFERENT GOALS
( Cont….)
 So, different persons can have different developmental goals.
 What may be development for one may not be development for
the other.
 It may even be destructive.
EX: To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams.
But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people
who are displaced- such as tribals. They may oppose this and may
prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.

6. INCOME AND OTHER GOALS
 Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal
treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others.
 They resent ( feel bitter ) discrimination.
 In some cases, these may be important than income, because
material goods are not all that you need to live.
 People also seek non-material things which money cannot buy
like equal treatment, freedom, security, respect, etc.

8.  There are many things that are not easily measured, but they
mean a lot to our lives.
 For development , people look at a mix of goals.

9. MIX OF GOALS
 It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity
in the household and society increases.
 There would be more sharing of housework and a great
acceptance of women working outside.
 A safe and secure environment, may allow more women to take
up a variety of jobs or run a business.

11. HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES OR STATE
 The criterion we may use to compare depends on the purpose of
comparison.
 We use different criteria to choose a sports team, a music team,
a debate team or team to organise a picnic.
 Usually we take one or more important characteristics of
persons and compare them based on these.

12. HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES OR STATE ( Cont…)
 For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one
of the most important attributes.
 Greater income is considered to be one important goal.
 Whatever people like and should have, they will be able to get
with greater income.

13. HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES OR STATE ( Cont…)
 Comparison of countries are particularly based on their income
i.e., it’s the basic attribute of comparison.
 Countries with higher income are more developed than those
with less income.
 Here more income means more of things available that human
needs.

14. HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES OR STATE ( Cont…)
 For comparison between countries, total income is not such a
useful measure.
 Since countries have different populations, comparing total
income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.
 In World Development Report, brought out by the World Bank,
the criterion used is
 Countries with percapita income of Rs. 4,53,000 per annum and
above in 2004, are called rich countries.

15. HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES OR STATE ( Cont…)
 Those with per capita income of Rs. 37000 or less are called low
income countries.
 India comes under low-income countries because its per capita
income in 2004 was just Rs. 28000/ annum.
 The rich countries are generally called developed countries.

16. HOW TO FIND THE INCOME OF A
COUNTRY?
 Here’s the answer, to find the income we take the average income which is
the total income of the country and its divided by the country’s population.
 The average income is also called as per capita income . Take a look at the
example:

17. INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

18. INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

20.  The first column of the table shows that in Kerala , out of 1000
children born, 12 died before completing one year of age but in
Maharashtra the proportion of children dying within one year
of birth was 25, which is more than double.
 On the other hand , the per capita income of Maharashtra is
more than that of Kerala.
 Just think how dear you are to your parents , think of how every
one is so happy when a child it born.
 Now try to think of parents whose children die before they even
celebrate their first birthday.
 How painful it must be to these parents ?
 The problem does not end with Infant Mortality Rate. The last
column of the table shows around two third of children aged
14-15 in Bihar are not attending school beyond Classes 8.
 After studying the table we can conclude that Kerala is the
developed state among these three and Bihar is least developed
amongst them.

24. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX( Cont..0
 HDI published by UNDP ( United Nations Development
Programme) compares countries based on the educational levels
of the people , their health status and per capita income.
 It would be interesting to look at certain relevant data regarding
India and its neighbours from Human Development Report
2013.
 A small country in our neighbourhood, Srilanka is much ahead
of India in every respect .
 Nepal has half the percapita income of India , yet it is not far
behind in life expectancy and literacy level.

25. “ WE HAVE NOT INHERITED THE
WORLD FROM OUR
FOREFATHERS- WE HAVE
BORROWED IT FROM OUR
CHILDREN ”