class 10 economics Development

1. 1st day Snowballing-
Q1. What idea comes to your mind when we say the
word -Development?
Q2. Apart from economic development, what other
development can you imagine?

2. Development

3. 1st day questions-
Q1. Define developmental goals.
Q2. Different categories of people have different
types of developmental goals. Can you give any
example of it?
Q3. Give three characteristics of developmental goals.
Q4. ‘Goals can be conflicting’. Give two examples of it.

4. Characteristics of development-
● Different people have different goals
● Goal for one cannot be the goal for others.
● Apart from income- freedom, security and respect for their development
Conflicting developmental goals-
1. A girl- expect freedom and opportunity like her brother and also
expect that the brother to do household works- the brother may not
like that.
2. For electricity the industrialist want more dams- but for the tribal
people- no benefit from dams moreover their land would get
submerged under the dam water.

5. Q. Difference between growth and development-
Growth
1. Quantitative
2. Comprise height,
weight, size, shape.
3. Due to cell division.
4. Limited period.
5. Can be measured.
Development-
1. Quantitative and qualitative
2. With physical change social
and emotional change
linked.
3. Due to mental progress.
4. As long as live.
5. Can be observed by
behaviour.

6. 1st day Assessment-
Q1. Money cannot buy all the goods and services that
one needs to live well. Explain.
Q2. For development, people look for a mixed goal.
Justify.
Homework-
Q11 (QB) “Development for one cannot be the
development for the others”. Support the statement
with 3 examples.

7. 2nd day Precap-
a) What may be the goals of -
i) Landless labourer.
ii) A girl from a rich urban family.
b) What may be the goal for one can not be the goal
for the other. How can you say that? Explain.

9. 2nd day Questions-
Q1. “ life not only depends on income but also depends on other factors”. Explain
them.
Q2. If you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it, you would try to
consider many factors apart from income. What are they?
Q3. Define mixed goal. In development why people look for mixed goal?

10. Quality of life depends on non-material things.
1. Role of your friend in your life.
2. Respect in life.
3. Equal treatment.
4. Freedom, and security.
5. No discrimination.

11. Factors on which job depends-
1. Facilities for the family : I would have to check if there is good educational facility for
children, a good house and locality to stay in, good medical facilities should also be
available.
2. Job security : I should have clear terms of employment in my appointment letter. A job
which gives high pay but no job security will reduce one's sense of security and freedom.
3. Opportunity to learn : There should be opportunity for personal career growth, so that
no boredom or stagnation sets in.
4. Working atmosphere needs to be cooperative and healthy : There should be good
team spirit and the seniors should look after the newcomers and guide them. If women are
engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. A safe and
secured environment may allow more women to take up jobs or run a business.
5. Time for your family : Working hours should be fixed and adhered to so that there is
time for spending with family. Leave facility must be there as well.

12. Mixed goal. In development. people and mixed goal
● Mixed goal- development is the mixture of different goals-
freedom, peace, harmony, respect towards others and many more.
● For development, people look at mixed goals.
● Women- in paid work, increase in dignity in the house and society.
So dignity is an important goal.
● If respect for women in house- more sharing of housework and
greater acceptance of women working outside.
● A safe and secure environment- more women to take up a variety
of jobs or run a business. These are goals other than income.
● Hence development goal is not only for better income but for other
important things in life.

13. Q.“Development for one cannot be the development for the
others”. Support the statement with 3 examples.
1.To get more electricity, the industrialists may want more dams- this
may submerge the agricultural land, and disrupt the lives of the
people.
2. Rich farmers wants to sell their product in higher price - poor people
want food crops in less price.
3. A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her
brother and that he also shares in the household work- her
brother may not like this.

14. 2nd day Assessment-
Q1. Give some examples where factors rather than income
are important aspects of life.
Q2. “There are many things that are not easily measured but
they mean a lot to our lives”. Explain with examples.
Homework-Q13. (QB) My grandfather often says that
‘Money is very important for life but not everything’.
Which other values, according to him, are important
besides money? (Any 3).

15. 3rd day Precap-
Q1. In development, people look for mixed goal. Elaborate.
Q2. “Only money is not the thing which we need to live well”.
Illustrate.

17. 3rd day Questions-
Q1. Define average or per-capita income.
Q2. Discuss the importance of average income.Why is total
income not useful measure of development?
Q3. Enumerate the criteria used by the World Bank to classify
the countries.

19. Average or Per capita income-
The income of all the residents of a country is called as the total income
of a country.
Total population of a country is not the same for every country. So total
income of a country cannot tell whether the country is developed or
developing. So we have to take Per capita income or average income.
Per capita income- income per person of a country is called as per
capita income or average income. It can be measured by
Total income
Total population

20. The importance of average income. Why is total income not a
useful measure of development?
It indicates standard of living of the people and prosperity of the
nation.
National income of a country is called its total income. Total
income is not a useful measure of development due to some
reasons. These are as follows.
1) It does not show how the income is distributed among the
different sections of society. It hides the disparities among the
people of a country.
2) Total income is not sufficient for other factors like health
status, literacy rate, life expectancy, educational development
etc.

21. 3) Different countries have different population, so it is
extremely difficult to tell about every person's income because it
tells us about the income of the whole country.
4) It does not tell that how the income is divided between the
citizens of a country.
5) Despite the fact that total income affects the material
welfare, it is the wealth that determines economic welfare and
prosperity of a country, not the total income.

22. While average income is useful for comparison but it may hide
disparities. Discuss.
● Does not show the distribution of economy whether
it is equitable or not.
● Does not show any achievements of the country.
● Does not evolve numerous amenities -education
facilities, health facilities, etc.

23. Per capita income is not a reliable indicator of economic
development”. Justify.
1. It is an average amount of the total income which means it can't show
the actual income status of a country.
2. Per capita income is no guarantee of number of poverty reduction.
3. Per capita income is no guarantee of more employment opportunities.
4. It is not guarantee of high standard of living which is essential
indicators of economic development.
5. It rises but its distribution makes the rich richer and the poor poorer.

24. The usefulness of average and its limitations-
We use averages because they are useful for comparing differing
quantities of the same category. For example, to compute the per
capita income of a country, averages have to be used because there are
differences in the incomes of diverse people.
Averages have many limitations.
(a) They don’t give us the true picture regarding the distribution of
income.
(b) Averages don’t give us any information regarding the
non-materialistic goods and services. While averages are useful for
comparison, they also hide disparities.

25. Criteria used by the World Bank to classify the countries-
Rich Country
The country whose per
capita per annum income
is more than 12056 US
dollars and above is called
rich country.Ex- Countries
of Middle East, The USA.
Poor Country
The country whose
per capita per annum
income is 955 US
dollars is called poor
country. Ex-
Pakistan, Myanmar.

26. Comparison of two countries-
Country I II III IV V Average
Country-A 9500 10500 9800 10000 10200
Country-B 500 500 500 500 48000

27. Average income and national income-
Average income (Per Capita income)-
Average income measures the income earned per person in a
given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year. It is
calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total
population.
National income-
The total amount of money earned within a country in a year is
called national income.

28. Total income and development.
● It indicates standard of living of the people,prosperity of the
nation.
● National income of a country is called its total income.
Total income is not useful to measure development-
● Does not show how the income is distributed among people.
● It hides the disparities among the people of a country.
● Not sufficient for other factors- health status, literacy rate, life
expectancy, educational development etc.
● Different countries- different population, so difficult to tell about
every person's income because it tells us about the income of
the whole country.

29. ● Not tell that how the income is divided between the citizens of a
country.
● Total income determines economic welfare and prosperity of a
country, not actual development.

30. 3rd day Assessment-
Q1. Differentiate between National income and per-capita
income.
Q2. Total income is not a useful measure of development.
Analyse.
Homework-
Q12.(QB) While average income is useful for comparison
but it hides disparities. Analyse.

31. 4th day Precap-
Q1. “ Total income is not useful to measure of development”
Give reasons.
Q2. According to the World Bank’s criteria in which group
does India fall and why?

33. Q. Differentiate between UNDP report and World Bank report.
World Bank
1. Per capita income is the base
of comparison.
2. It is narrow concept of
development.
3. Countries have been divided
into three categories-rich, middle
income and poor.
UNDP
1. UNDP has taken education,
health and per capita as the base.
2. It is broader concept of
development.
3. Countries have been given
ranks.

34. 4th day Questions-
Q1. Define Infant Mortality Rate, Literacy Rate and Net
Attendance Ratio.
Q2. Explain with reasons why state of Haryana with a very high per
capita income has a very low literacy rate?
Q3. “Although per capita income of Haryana is more but Kerala is
more developed state than Haryana”. Justify by giving points.

35. . Five basis of comparison of economic development of
different countries or states.
Five bases of economic development are
1.Per capita income- This is the total National Income (GDP)
divided by the total population.
2.Life expectancy at birth- It is average expected length of life
of a person at the time of birth.(69.66yrs in India)
For males 69.5yrs and for females 72 yrs. Dropped by 2 yrs due
to covid-19.
3.Literacy rate- The proportion of literate population in the 7
and above age group.

36. 4.Net Attendance Ratio- The total number of children
enrolled in or attending primary school, as a percentage of
total number of children of primary school age.
5.Gross enrolment ratio in three levels- It means
enrolment ratio for primary school, secondary school and
higher education beyond secondary school.

37. Per capita income of different states-
State Per capita income (2015-16 in Rs)
Haryana 1,80,174
Kerala 1,63,475
Bihar 34, 409

38. Comparative data on 3 states-
State Infant Mortality Rate
per 1000
Live births (2016)
Literacy Rate %
2011
Net Attendance Ratio(per
100 persons) Secondary
stage(age 14 and 15 years)
2013-14
Haryana 30 82 61
Kerala 10 94 83
Bihar 35 62 43

39. Q. The state of Haryana has very high per capita income but very low
literacy rate.
● Most of the population there is farmer or cultivator- made profits
and have high per capita income but their education level less-
because they are only employed in farming.
● Not aware about the importance of literacy for their betterment of
life.
● In rural areas, they prefer to educate boys - discriminate against
girls to give them school education.
● Many parents themselves are illiterate- do not give priority to
education- send children to work for wages instead of school.
● In many regions, education, health and sanitary facilities not
available to educate and prevent from infectious diseases.

40. 4th day Assessment-
Q1. “Money in your pocket can not buy all the goods and
services that you may need to live well”. Elaborate.
Q2. Many important things can be obtained cheaply if they are
provided collectively. Support the statement with 3 examples.
Homework-
Q15. (QB) Explain with reasons why state of Haryana with a very
high per capita income has a very low literacy rate?

41. 5th day Precap-
a) Define Infant Mortality Rate, Literacy Rate and Net
Attendance Ratio.
b) Can a country be judged by only Per-capita
income? Why? why not? Give reasons.

43. 5th day Questions-
a) What does BMI indicate?
b) Define Human Development Index.
c) Issue of sustainability is important. Explain.

44. Body mass Index
BMI indicates whether the person is under-nourished or not.
It can be calculated by-
1. Take the weight of the person in Kg.
2. Take the height of the person in M.
3. Then divide the weight by the sq of height.
4. The number you get is BMI.
5. Then check the table of BMI whether the person is normal or
underweight or overweight.

45. Q. Cheapest way used collectively. Justify with examples.
● Collective security instead of individual security.
● Instead of individual car-carpool
● Instead of individual study- Government school is better option as many
students want to study.
Calculate BMI to understand health of a person.
1. If less than 15.2 then undernourished.
2. If more than 28 then overweight.
Not applicable for growing children.

46. Importance of HDI.
● Indicates the development of a country.
● Indicates how far the country has developed and how total development
would occur.
● One comes to know important elements of economic welfare- life
expectancy.
● Mean (Average) years of schooling of people of age 25 and above.
● Gross national income and PPP. (Purchasing Power parity)
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is an economic theory that allows the
comparison of the purchasing power of various world currencies to one
another. It describes what anything bought throughout the world would
cost if it were sold in the United States.

47. Human development report 2018
Country Gross national
Income (GNI) Per
capita Income
(PPP$)
Life expectancy at
birth (2015)
Mean years of
schooling of people
aged 25 and above
(2015)
HDI rank in the
world (2016)
Sri Lanka 11, 326 75.5 10.9 76
India 6353 68.8 6.4 130
Myanmar 5567 66.7 4.9 148
Pakistan 5331 66.6 5.2 150
Nepal 2471 70.6 4.9 149
Bangladesh 3677 72.8 5.8 136

49. Crude Oil Reserve
Region/Country Reserves(2016)
(1000 m barrels)
No of years reserve will
last
Middle East 808 70
USA 50 10.5
World 1697 50.2

50. Issue of sustainability is important.
● Development must happen without compromising
with future.
● Development to go up further or at least be
maintained future generations.
● Decrease in natural resources- stagnation of
development after a point of time.
● Exploiting resources unethically- pace of
development of a country be slower.
● In future, those resources will not be available for
further progress.

51. Q.“Sustainability of development is a new area of
knowledge”. Do you agree? Justify your answer.
● Since the second half of twentieth
century-scientists warning that the present type
and level of development are not sustainable.
● Sustainable development- not only for present
but to be continued and maintained for future
generation.
● Consequences of environmental degradation do
not respect national or state boundaries but the
whole world.

52. Q ‘Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect
national or state boundaries’. Explain.
● Land degradation affects- agricultural productivity- food security. Food
requirement of that region- completed by importing food from other
region- will create additional pressure on the land resources of
exporting regions.
● Greenhouse gases in atmosphere- increase in temperature- affects
every part of the world whether it is developed or developing country.
● Chlorofluorocarbons in atmosphere-responsible for ozone layer
depletion in Antarctic region- although source of CFC can be any part of
the world.
● Pollution of water affects- availability of water in whole world.
● Pollution of air- creates respiratory diseases in humans of all parts of
the world.

53. 5th day Assessment-
Q1. Mention the main factor for the depletion of
groundwater in India.
Q2.Imagine the situation of the world without petroleum.
Homework-
Q14. (QB)In what respect is the criterion used by the
UNDP for measuring development different from the
one used by the World Bank? Explain.

54. 6th day precap-
Q1. Discuss the criteria used by UNDP to measure development.
Q2. Can you guess the reasons for the drastic downfall of economy of Sri Lanka in
recent years?
Classwork-
Q16. (QB)In order to sustain a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being for the people of India, what measures should we adopt? (Any5).
Q17. (QB)‘Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect
national or state boundaries. Explain with 5 examples