1-2-SENTENCES-UTTERANCES-PROPOSITIONS.pptx

SENTENCES
UTTERANCES
PROPOSITIONS
SENTENCES – UTTERANCES - PROPOSITIONS

SENTENCES
SENTENCES
CÂU

SENTENCES
A SENTENCE is a
grammatically complete
string of words expressing
a complete thought.
Một câu là một chuỗi
từ đúng ngữ pháp
dùng để diễn đạt một
ý nghĩ hoàn chỉnh.

UTTERANCES
UTTERANCES
PHÁT NGÔN

UTTERANCES
An UTTERANCE is
any stretch of talk:
- a sequence of sentences,
- a single phrase,
- a single word
by one person,
before and after which
there is silence
on the part of that person.
Một phát ngôn là một
đoạn trò chuyện bất kỳ:
- 1 chuỗi các câu
- 1 cụm từ duy nhất
- 1 từ duy nhất
do 1 người nói,
mà trước hay sau phát
ngôn đó đều là khoảng
ngừng của người này.

UTTERANCES
Each utterance is unique,
having been produced
by a particular sender
in a specific situation.
Because they are tied to
a sender and a time,
utterances can never be
repeated.
Mỗi phát ngôn là duy
nhất, được một người
cụ thể nói trong một
tình huống cụ thể.
Vì chúng được gắn chặt
vào 1 người nói và 1
thời gian,
các phát ngôn có thể
không bao giờ lặp lại.

PROPOSITIONS
PROPOSITIONS
MỆNH ĐỀ

PROPOSITIONS
A PROPOSITION is that part of the
meaning of the utterance of a declarative
sentence which describes some state of
affairs.
Một mệnh đề là một phần nghĩa
của phát ngôn trong một câu trần
thuật mô tả sự thể nào đó.
The state of affair typically involves persons
or things referred to by expressions in the
sentence and the situation or action they
are involved in.
In uttering a declarative sentence a
speaker typically asserts a proposition.
Sự thể thường có liên quan đến
người hay vật được nhắc đến bằng
sự biểu đạt trong câu và trong tình
huống hay hành động chúng đề cập
đến.
Khi phát ngôn một câu trần thuật,
người nói thường thêm một
mệnh đề vào.

PROPOSITIONS
Example 1

PROPOSITIONS
Example 1
The following pair of sentences
expresses the same proposition:
The tea is too hot for me to drink.
The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.

PROPOSITIONS
Example 2

PROPOSITIONS
Example 2
The following pair of sentences expresses
different propositions:
Peter is not going out with Lulu.
Peter is going out with Lulu.

PROPOSITIONS
Rule:
The notion of truth can be
used to decide whether
two sentences express the
same or different
propositions.
QUY LUẬT:
Khái niệm sự thật có thể
được dùng để quyết định
xem 2 câu biểu đạt cùng
hay khác mệnh đề.

PROPOSITIONS
Rule:
When one sentence is true
and the other is also true,
they express the same
proposition.
QUY LUẬT:
Khi 1 câu đúng
và câu còn lại cũng đúng,
Chúng biểu đạt cùng 1
mệnh đề.

PROPOSITIONS
Rule:
If one sentence is true,
while the other may be
false,
we can be sure that they
express different
propositions.
QUY LUẬT:
Nếu 1 câu đúng,
câu kia có thể sai,
chắc chắn chúng
biểu đạt hai mệnh đề
khác nhau.

PROPOSITIONS
Rule:
True propositions
correspond to reality;
False propositions do not
correspond to reality.
QUY LUẬT:
Những mênh đề đúng
tương ứng với thực tế.
Những mệnh đề sai
không tương ứng với
thực tế.

PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 1

PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 1
same or different propositions?
Harry took the garbage out.
Harry took out the garbage.
End
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PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 1
Harry took the garbage out.
Harry took out the garbage.

PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 2

PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 2
Tony loves Isobel.
Isobel loves Tony.
End
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PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 2
Tony loves Isobel.
Isobel loves Tony.

PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 3

PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 3
Mary was given a book by John.
John gave Mary a book.
End
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PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 3
Mary was given a book by John.
John gave Mary a book.

PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 4

PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 4
George did not dance with Ethel.
George danced with Ethel.
End
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PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 4
George did not dance with Ethel.
George danced with Ethel.

PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 5

PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 5
(1) Mr. Dindlay killed Janet.
(2) Mr. Dindlay caused Janet to die.

PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 5
(1) Mr. Dindlay killed Janet.
(2) Mr. Dindlay caused Janet to die.
Killed somebody in (1)
implies [+intentionally]
caused Janet to die in (2)
implies [+accidentally].

PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 6

PROPOSITIONS
Explain why the two members of each of the following
pairs of sentences do not share the same proposition.
4(a) Jack was injured by a stone.
4(b) Jack was injured with a stone.
1(a) John is the parent of James.
1(b) James is the parent of John.
3(a) The fly was on the wall.
3(b) The wall was under the fly.
2(a) The hunter bit the lion.
2(b) The lion bit the hunter.
Exercise 6

PROPOSITIONS
Exercise 6: Explain why the two members of each of the following pairs
of sentences do not share the same proposition.
1(a) John is the parent of James.
1(b) James is the parent of John.
2(a) The hunter bit the lion.
2(b) The lion bit the hunter.
1(a-b) and 2(a-b) are not related to each other.
They indicate different states of affairs:
2(a) tells us about the hunter
2(b) tells us about the lion.
1(a) tells us about John,
1(b) tells us about James,

PROPOSITIONS
3(a) The fly was on the wall.
3(b) The wall was under the fly.
3(a-b) expresses different propositions.
3(a) indicates that the fly was in a position that allows it to touch the wall.
3(b) indicates that though the wall was in a position directly below the fly,
there was no touching between them.
The semantic feature [touching] is crucial in distinguishing different
propositions in 3(a-b).

PROPOSITIONS
4(a) Jack was injured by a stone.
4(b) Jack was injured with a stone.
4(a) tells us that a stone fell and accidentally injured Jack
4(b) implies that somebody intentionally used a stone as a
means to injure Jack.
The semantic feature [intention] is crucial in distinguishing
different propositions in 4(a-b).

PRACTICE
PRACTICE

PRACTICE 1
Answer the following questions, choosing Yes or No.
1. Does it make sense to talk of the time and place of a sentence?
2. Can one talk of a loud sentence?
3. Does it make sense to talk of the time and place of an
utterance?
4. Can one talk of a loud utterance?
5. Does it make sense to ask what language an utterance belong
to?
6. Does it make sense to ask what language a sentence belong to?

PRACTICE 2
Answer the following questions
1. Can a sentence be true or false? (Yes / No)
2. Can an utterance be true or false? (Yes / No)
3. Is a sentence tied to a particular time and place? (Yes/No)
4. Is an utterance tied to a particular time and place? (Yes/No)
5. Are the followings a sentence or an utterance?
a. He was on a business trip yesterday. S / U
b. “He was on a business trip yesterday.” S / U

PRACTICE 2
Answer the following questions
1. Can a sentence be true or false?
2. Can an utterance be true or false?
3. Is a sentence tied to a particular time and place?
4. Is an utterance tied to a particular time and place?
5. Are the followings a sentence or an utterance?
a. He was on a business trip yesterday.
b. “He was on a business trip yesterday.”
SENTENCE
UTTERANCE

PRACTICE 3
(1) Fill in the chart with (+) or (–) as appropriate.
Utterances Sentences Propositions
Can be loud or quiet
Can be grammatical or not
Can be true or false
In a particular regional accent
In a particular language
(2) Can the same proposition be expressed by different sentences? (Yes /No)
(3) Can the same sentence be realized by different utterances? (Yes/No)

PRACTICE 3
(1) Fill in the chart with (+) or (–) as appropriate.
Utterances Sentences Propositions
Can be loud or quiet
Can be grammatical or not
Can be true or false
In a particular regional accent
In a particular language
(2) Can the same proposition be expressed by different sentences? (Yes /No)
(3) Can the same sentence be realized by different utterances? (Yes/No)
+ - -
+ + -
+ + +
+ - -
+ + -

PRACTICE 4
Look at the following utterances. Are they intended to be taken literally?
What does the speaker mean in each utterance?
(1) Tired traveler: “This suitcase is killing me.”
(2) A mother to her son: “I am dying of shame!”
(3) During a business meeting: “It’s a dog-eat-dog situation”
(4) In a stuffy room: “It’s so hot in here. Can you crack open the door?”
(5) Hungry person at the dinner table: “I could eat a horse!”
(6) Tom to John: “Have you got any cash on you?”

PRACTICE 4
Look at the following utterances. Are they intended to be taken literally?
What does the speaker mean in each utterance?
(1) Tired traveler: “This suitcase is killing me.”
(2) A mother to her son: “I am dying of shame!”
(3) During a business meeting: “It’s a dog-eat-dog situation”
(4) In a stuffy room: “It’s so hot in here. Can you crack open the door?”
(5) Hungry person at the dinner table: “I could eat a horse!”
(6) Tom to John: “Have you got any cash on you?”
No. He means that the suitcase is too heavy.
No. The mother is so ashamed.
No. This is used to describe a situation in which people will do anything to be
successful, even if they do harms to other people.
No. The speaker just wants the hearer to open the door.
No. He just means that he is so hungry.
No. Tom wants John to lend him some money.

PRACTICE 5
Mark each of the following statements true (T) or false (F).
(1) Alive means the opposite of dead.
(2) Buy has an opposite meaning from sell.
(3) Caesar is and is not a meaningful English sentence.
(4) Caesar is a prime number is nonsensical.
(5) Caesar is a man is nonsensical.
(6) Both of John’s parents are married to aunts of mine is in a sense
contradictory, describing an impossible situation.
(7) If the sentence John killed Bill is true of any situation, then so is the
sentence Bill is dead.
(8) If the sentence David loves Jennifer is true of any situation, then so is the
sentence Jennifer loves David.

PRACTICE 6
Indicate whether each of the following sentence pairs expresses the
same (S) or different (D) propositions.
a. Mary read the book / The book was read by Mary.
b. Fred took back the book / Fred took the book back.
c. The cat chased the rat / The cat was chased by the rat.
d. The chef cooked the meal / The chef had the meal cooked.
e. Hondas are easy to fix / It’s easy to fix Hondas.

1-2-SENTENCES-UTTERANCES-PROPOSITIONS.pptx

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