Impact Of Technology On New Business Models

Impact Of Technology On New Business Models
2016 was a phase change year for many technology companies. Enterprises and service providers were forced to evaluate new business models,
technologies. Knowledge and speed are the primary factors behind the technological disruptors that have affected nearly every industry, and 2017
will be a continuation of this disruption. Below are several predictions we believe will occur in 2017 and beyond: In 2017 most new IT projects
will deploy and operate 'Big' Software Businesses are looking for capabilities that require a new class of software. Applications were once primarily
composed of a single software instance running on a limited number of machines. Today, software and workloads like Cloud, Big Data & The Internet
of Things (IoT) have expanded the mix to be made up of multiple software components and integration points across thousands of physical and virtual
machines. Software is getting 'Big' and within many organizations it has created an efficiency challenge and opportunity. Operating Big Software will
require organizations to break away from legacy software and deployment models and explore new cloud–native tool sets and methods. No one will be
'all in' on any one thing With the explosion of cloud, companies have realized they have many options when it comes to deploying software into target
environments. Options spanning cloud, bare metal, on–premise and off–premise are making service providers more competitive and customer choice
has become broader. For
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Advantages And Modes Of Effective Devices
modes to generate LP11 modes (LP11a+LP11b) and even all three modes (LP01+LP11a+LP11b)over few–mode fiber (FMF)The transmission system
with mode multiplexing are a very crucial problem. The mode selective devices proposed in divided into two major categories: free–space based
(FSB) and fiber based(FB).Free space components are bulky in size ex liquid–crystal–on–silicon (LCOS) spatial light modulator (SLM). But fiber
based mode selective device have compact and easiness of integration. .Firstly proposed 107–Gb/s coherent optical OFDM (CO–OFDM) transmission
over a 4.5–km two–mode fiber using LP01 and LP11 modes. Secondly proposed 58.8–Gb/s CO–OFDM transmission using dual modes where the
mode separation is achieved via 4Г— 4 electronic MIMO... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Transfer of energy from one ideal mode to another during propagation only due to mode coupling. It has been observed that practically strong couple
modes having equal or nearly equal propagation constant but weakly coupled modes having a highly unequal propagation constant. The separation
between two modes results in modal dispersion increasing capacity through mode division multiplexing (MDM). SMF ( single–mode fiber helps in the
wave movement in two polarization conditions. Polarization–mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization–dependent loss (PDL) have long been described
by field coupling models. It has been observed that strongly coupled modal group delay or gain depend only no. of modes and variance of
accumulated delay or gain and can be derived from the eigenvalue distributions of certain random variables[7].
SDM (space division multiplexing) has been putforth by Savory. SDM is extremely challenging technology, of requiring developments in all areas of
Photonics Technology. The optical communication systems are being upgraded every day .There is a rapid development taking place in this field at
the global level in the space division multiplexing. Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) is conceptually simple, SDM is extremely challeng
technologically, requiring the development of new fibers, amplifiers, multiplexers, digital signal processing circuits, and other components. The
multiplexing means the utilization of channel by the

Conventional Cmos Technology : Science And Nano Electronics
Conventional CMOS technology comes up with a lot of margins while scaling into a nano–level. So, to overcome this, several substitute technologies
have been proposed as a solution. Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology is one such upcoming nano–technology that can be a perfect
substitute of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) due to its high speed and low power procedure in the field of nano–science and
nano–electronics. Thus, QCA overcomes the drawbacks of CMOS technology and has a substantial relevance in the field quantum computation. In
this paper, we give a review result of QCA in terms or hazards using digital multiplexer circuit as the base. Literary survey lacks in hazard free
design. Hazards in a system are undesirable effect which creates uncertain outputs and can be avoided. This paper considers hazard in smallest ever
2:1 multiplexer. Static hazard has been looked into for both digital and QCA circuit. For both the circuits, hazard has been eliminated and given a
comparative study in terms of delay and better one has been proposed. Design has been verified using simulation from QCA designer tool.
Keywords–Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA); Multiplexer; QCADesigner; Static Hazard; Delay; Hazard Elimination
I. INTRODUCTION
CMOS technology is very near to its scaling limit. Using the VLSI technology, in the recent past, researchers are facing some limitations, from
practical point of view, in the approaches of CMOS technology like the short

Universal And Programmable Routers ( Upr )
2.UNIVERSAL AND PROGRAMMABLE ROUTERS (UPR)
The design of UPR routers is in par with the increasing capabilities of single chips in VLSI technology. At macro level the programming of this router
is very efficient for statistically and dynamically reconfigurable systems. In parallel computers, it is common to use custom made routers. Researchers
have started designing routers for good performance recently. These universally programmablerouter that are statistically and dynamically adaptable
are believed to be very essential in the parallel computing field. Universal routers are essential for two reasons. First because of their static adaptability
they are used to construct any parallel computer independent of channel width and topology. Second the channel width and the topology of a parallel
network can be reconfigured more than once to match the requirements through implementation taking advantage of its dynamic adaptability.
A programmable and adaptable router is proposed which can be used in any design independent of the chosen interconnection network. A
programmable lookup table is used by this router to map processor addresses to physical network routes. These lookup tables maintained in the router
makes it easy to modify the network topology based on network failures, requests from the application algorithm and changing workloads.
The UPR makes routing decisions locally based on the destination address in the packet header and availability of outgoing channels. If

Nt1310 Unit 8 Assignment 2
and the second path is where ten is added to the value of the entrance and then the subtraction occurs. On the side you can see a series of logic
gates that generate a function that will produce an output of 1 only when digit 1 of the exit is bigger than that of the entrance. This output will be
sent to two different multiplexers, one for each digit. In the digit 1 diagram it will be sent to a multiplexer that will decide whether to use the
subtraction where the entrance has been increased by 10 or whether to use the other where the entrance has had no alteration. If it is a 1, then it will
use the first option where ten was added to the entrance. If it is a zero, then the latter will be used. This can be seen below in figure 2. Figure 2 In
digit 2 we have a similar circuit, where the subtraction for the entrance minus the exit occurs. However in this one we have another multiplexer that
has another two options. On one option we have where the subtraction occurs alone. On the other option we have where the subtraction of the entrance
minus the exit minus 1. The reason that we have this minus one is to account for if digit 1 needed to borrow from digit 2. The selector bit for this
multiplexer is also again controlled by the output of the function that determines if digit 1 of the exit is bigger... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Automatic counting of people is also very important for both business and security applications [10].This paper proposes a system able to detect and
people using a photoelectric sensor/counter in an controlled area. This project focuses on designing an effective counter using IR as a sensing element
that is capable of counting from 0 to 99 or higher if needed. Although mostly developed for the manufacturing industry, the project employs methods
that can prove particularly effective when determining the amount of people in an

Multiplexing and Data Rate
Multiplexing
CHAPTER 4
Outline * Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM) * Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing * Statistical Time Division Multiplexing * Asymmetric
Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL)
Multiplexing * Set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single link * allows several transmission
sources to share a larger transmission capacity
Link = physical path
Channel = portion of a link that carries a transmission between a given pairs of lines
2 CATEGORY OFMULTIPLEXING
WDM FDM TDM ADSL
Frequency Division Multiplexing
* FDM – numerous signals are combined for transmission on a single communications line or channel. Each signal is ... Show more content on
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TDM : Time Slots and Frames
In a TDM, the data rate of the link is n times faster, and the unit duration is n times shorter.
Time Division Multiplexing
Example 5
Four 1–Kbps

Disadvantages Of FFT Implementation
FFT is very well developed in software but still a need to study on realizing it on hardware subsists. Its primary advantage is the fact that the hardware
implementation of FFT generally has more than one computations running in parallel, while in the software implementation a single step is processed
at once. Therefore, a FFT hardware can have large amount of data running through the circuit in comparison to those of sequential circuits as realized
by software. 16–Point FFT Implementation: A typical FFT processor has the following 3 modules 1 Address generator 2 Twiddle factor generator 3
Butterfly unit 4 Two memory banks– R0 and R1 The address generator controls writing to and from the two memory banks and which memory bank
is read. In addition to this, it generates addresses for reading and writing the contents read from memory banks to the Butterп¬‚y Unit. The address
generator also ensures that no memory bank is read from and written to concurrently. There are 3 read address and 3 write address buses. First data is
read from one memory bank, and after processing through the butterfly unit it is written to the other memory bank.... Show more content on
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We use a digital complex multiplier to carry out multiplication with the generated twiddle factors. The complex adders then perform addition or
substation of opposite arms. As the arm A has no latency as compared to latency created by twiddle factor multiplier on arm B so a delay block is
needed on the block A so that the outputs on both the arms appear simultaneously. We have to take into account that multiplying two 8 bit numbers
produces 16 bit number. Also the multiplication of signed integers sometimes produce redundant sign bits in the results. The result hence produced
won't be correct in magnitude. Therefore, bits are routed from the back ( 15 to 8 ) from the multiplier to the adder, effectively performing a left–shift
on the

The Design Of A Fiber Optic Communication System
Design of a 400Gbps WDM system over 3000Km Balasaravanan Govindarajan(bxg160830), Shubham Agarwal, Nishanth Department of Electrical
Engineering The University of Texas at Dallas. Abstract: This paper discusses the design of a fiber optic communication system which is used to
support a date rate of about 400Gbps over a length of around 3000Km using a laser power source around to 1550nm. The design includes both the
internal and external modulation. Introduction: Fiber optic communication is the process where there's an information transmitted from one place to
another by pulses of light with the help of an... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The operating voltage of the laser can be determined by using the equation hv=E1–E2 Where h–Planck's constant v– Operating voltage E1–conduction
band gap energy E2–valence band gap energy The receiver helps in converting the optical energy into electrical energy using the effect of
photoelectric. A photodiode is generally the main component of a receiver. The components used in the receiver are: 1.Photodiode 2.Amplifiers.
3.Low pass filters The front end: Simulates a photodiode and preamplifier. The frequency response is specified by the filter transfer function. The
equivalent input noise of the amplifier can be added to the Thermal Noise of the photodiode. These three helps us in forming the front end of the
receiver. The back end of the receiver consists of: 1.Amplifier 2.Low pass filter 3.Inverter The back –end: Simulates the main amplifier and the channel
filter of the receiver. The transfer function of the channel filter is specified in the Filtered module. Photodiode: The photodiode present at the receiver
helps in converting the incident photons into electrons. Generally, the two most used photodiodes are the –Pin Photodiode –Avalanche Photodiode In a
PIN Photodiode, electron hole pairs are generated due to the absorption of photons. The Avalanche Photodiode is very similar to the PIN diode, but
the reverse bias voltage applied to this diode is very high. The

The 7 Layers Of Osi Model
1. write a 1000 word paper that describes the 7 layers of OSI model. Answer: 1. OSI is the conceptual model which consists of seven layers. 2. This
seven layer model was developed by ISO in 1984. 3. ISO describes the standard for the Inter –communication. OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION
MODEL Upper layer DataApplication layer Presentation layer Session layer Segmentation Transport layer Packet Network layer FrameData link
BitsPhysical APPLICATION LAYER : The top most layer of the OSI reference model is application layer. The networking applications of the OSI
model are mail, web, file transfer, management, remote connections . Data grams are also called upper layer data . The function of the application
layer is flow control and error recovery. The data type used is user data. The network components used are gateways. PRESENTATION LAYER :
The communication between one layer to the another layer can be done with the help of the presentation layer. It uses the ASCII characters. It has the
encryption and decryption schemes. It makes use of the compression . Upper layer data is also called as datagrams. The function of the presentation
layer is translation of data, compression and encryption. The data type used is encoded user data. The network components used are gateway,
redirector. SESSION LAYER : The Controlling of the dialogues is done with the help of the session layer between the computers . The session layer
also controls the Duplexs,transmission,and

What Is A Quadcopter?
The hardware used can be seen in figure 4. At the center of the design is the UAV body. The UAV is an "X" style quadcopter frame with four rotors.
Attached to the frame is the battery, the four ESC's, four brushless motors, the Arduino UNO, the remote phone, and the optical LiDAR sensor.
Additionally, the other hardware pictured for the design is the cellular network tower and the host phone, used as the remote controller. V.LTE TDD For
multi–way communication from the user cellphone to the drone cellphone, LTE networks make use of Time Division Duplexing (TDD) and Time
Division Multiplexing (TDM). Fig. 4. UAV Control via Cellular Network Block Diagram Fig. 5. Flow Diagram of Android UAV Quadcopter TDD
uses different time slots... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bunched structure struggles when the signal is jammed because all the synchronization bits are bunched. Being that directional control of the drone is
accomplished through the communication of two distinct cellphones on a populated network, there is a delay encountered because of the TDM
method of communication. Rotor based UAV's have six degrees of freedom: three translational and three rotational. Control of those degrees is only
accomplished through changing speed in the four independent rotor motors. In robotics and control theory, this is referred to as under–actuation,
meaning the system dynamics are nonlinear and thus extremely challenging for a human to control [16]. Disrupting airflows caused by wind and
other factors exponentially increase the level of difficulty for complete human control. An instability not timely controlled tends toward an
unrecoverable flight. Therefore, a stabilization control algorithm is required to act real time from onboard embedded hardware. I.TDD LTE
Frequency Bands There are many frequency bands used for LTE TDD. Because of this, the spectrum allocated for LTE varies throughout the world.
The FDD (Paired Spectrum) and TDD (Unpaired Spectrum) frequency bands continue to be developed for use with LTE. While FDD requires two
different bands, one for uplink and one for downlink, TDD only needs a single band

Three Layers Of Osi Model
Seven Layers of OSI model 1. OSI is the conceptual model which consists of seven layers. 2. This seven layer model was developed by ISO in 1984. 3.
ISO describes the standard for the Inter –communication. OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION MODEL Upper layer DataApplication layer
Presentation layer Session layer Segmentation Transport layer Packet Network layer FrameData link BitsPhysical APPLICATION LAYER: The
top most layer of the OSI reference model is application layer. The networking applications of the OSI model are mail, web, file transfer,
management, and remote connections. Data grams are also called upper layer data. The function of the application layer is flow control and error
recovery. The data type used is user data. The network components used are gateways. PRESENTATION LAYER: The communication between one
layer to another layer can be done with the help of the presentation layer. It uses the ASCII characters. It has the encryption and decryption schemes.
It makes use of the compression. Upper layer data is also called as datagram's. The function of the presentation layer is translation of data,
compression and encryption. The data type used is encoded user data. The network components used are gateway, redirector. SESSION LAYER: The
Controlling of the dialogues is done with the help of the session layer between the computers. The session layer also controls the duplexes,
transmission, and restarts. In the session layer the duplexes are also called

Case Study Of Computer Arithmetic
CASE STUDY
Title: Division Algorithms in Computer Arithmetic
Computer Organization and Architecture
CSE 301
B.Tech(E&T), Batch 2013–17, Section – A
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Sourjya Sen (A16071113015) (2 Names for Case Study) (Space for Sign) Anil Kumar Sajnani Asst.Professor... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The dividend is shifted to the left and the divisor is subtracted by adding its 2's complement value. The information about the relative magnitude is
available in E. If E= 1, it signifies that A>=B.A quotient bit 1 is inserted into Qn and the partial remainder is shifted to the left to repeat the process.
If E=0, it signifies that A<B soothe quotient in Qn remains a 0 (inserted during the shift).The value of B is then added to restore the partial remainder
in A to its previous value. The partial remainder is shifted to the left and the process is repeated again until all five quotient bits are formed. Note that
while the partial remainder is shifted left, the quotient bits are shifted also and after five shifts the quotient is in Q and the final remainder is in

Company Analysis : Bharti Airtel Ltd & Symphony India Ltd...
Abstract This work done in this research describes Business system and communications that rely on the network technologies and all the relating
things for the companies that are taken. Company is Bharti Airtel Ltd and Symphony India Ltd. We will here discuss about the some security concepts
that are involved in the data flow and controlling of loss of data which are very essential for the telecommunication company in broadband field. This
report likewise separates the utilization of systems between the mentioned associations giving the brief data about the scope of innovations being
utilized as a part of bigger and littler associations keeping in mind the end goal to secure their information and in the meantime planning a course
outline how they transmit information. Introduction The usage of systems with legitimate arranging and execution is essential for any association to
ensure their data. In the Telecom industry which is into broadband or ISP, this is most essential and considered as most important for them, as they
have to ensure their information while transmitting through a system is protected all the way as this information contains lot of confidential data,
while transmitting information they need to ensure that there is no loss of information as well amid correspondence between the server and the
customer. Assurance of information is dependably a remarkable issue for any association. The innovation is being upgraded every once in a while,
subsequently

The Importance Of Optical Communication
Design of Non optical Carrier Single Sideband and wavelength reused DWDM passive optical network with Wired/Wireless Services Incorporating
OFDM
Abstract– In this work, an integrated passive optical network and free space optical communication system based on no–carrier single sideband
modulation is proposed. Optical orthogonal frequency multiplexing is employed with dense wavelength division multiplexing to support 16 channels
over 300 km bidirectional single mode fiber to enhance spectral efficiency and reduce inter–symbol interference. Moreover, wavelength reuse is also
realized to design cost effective optical network units. Results revealed that the proposed framework successfully accomplished the 300 km
symmetrical distance and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature of OFDM system provides us that there are significantly three kinds of the OFDM such as direct detection, coherent detection and
heterodyne detection. However, all the aforementioned types can be used in the systems based on the specifications or user demands [7]. To
understand the cost effective system, direct detection and heterodyne reception are ideal beneficiaries [8]. In any case, regardless the utilization of
single photo–detector in reception of OFDM signals and offers the cost effective modulation, it experiences short separation transmissions [9]. Due to
phase matching at the receiver, CO–OFDM is considered as the unmistakable and potential contender for long separation transmissions [10]. Till now,
different methodologies are exhibited to create a dependable OFDM signals incorporating double side band and single side band modulation [11].
Disadvantage in the former modulation such as double side band (DSB) modulation, is the bandwidth inefficiency and limiting effects of power
fading because of dispersion effects [12]. Unexpectedly, single sideband balance offers more noteworthy insusceptibility or resistance to scattering
impacts and procures less data transmission in the optical fiber [13]. Also, it is studied that the optical carrier to signal power ratio (CSPR) is vital
parameter in the frameworks that utilized the single side band adjustment in OFDM. Nonlinearities are because of high power, in the fiber,

Performance Improvement Of Full Adder Using H Cmos Logic...
Performance Improvement of Full Adder using H–CMOS Logic Imran Mehmood* and Muhammad Aqueel Ashraf Department of Electronics,
Quaid–i–Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. *Email: imran_kanjoo@yahoo.com Abstract– In this research work we present hybrid CMOS
(H–CMOS) logic style for the performance improvement of one bit full Adder cell. This structure provides better implementation of for the proposed
full Adder in terms of delay and compared to its counterpart power delay product. It is expected to that the propagation delay of the proposed
structure of the full Adder provides more than 22 percent less compared to the next fastest Adder available. HSpice simulations using 65nm technology
with a power supply of 1.2V was utilized to evaluate the performance of the circuits. Keywords– full Adder, high–performance, high–speed,
hybrid–CMOS, propagation delay. INTRODUCTION Most of the VLSI applications, such as digital signal processing, image and video processing, and
digital filter design, widely use arithmetic operations. Addition, subtraction and multiplication are examples of the most commonly used operations.
The 1–bit full Adder cell is the building block of these units. Hence, improving its performance is critical for improving the overall unit performance.
The most important performance parameters for a generic VLSI system are power consumption, speed, and chip area. Several logic styles have been
used in the past to design full Adder cells. Each logic style has

Lego Mindstorm Research Paper
The Lego Mindstorms series of kits contain software and hardware to create customizable, programmable robots. They include an intelligent brick
computer that controls the system, a set of modular sensors and motors, and Lego parts from the Technic line to create the mechanical systems.
The hardware and software roots of the Mindstorms Robotics Invention System kit go back to the programmable brick created at the MIT Media Lab.
This brick was programmed in Brick Logo. The first visual programming environment was called LEGOsheets,[1] since it was created by the
University of Colorado in 1994 based on AgentSheets.
The original Mindstorms Robotics Invention System kit contained two motors, two touch sensors, and one light sensor. The NXT ... Show more content
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The version sold through LEGO Education is designed for a deeper level of learning or teaching that often happens in a classroom or school
setting. The LEGO Education version comes with support called the Robot Educator. This includes 48 tutorials to walk the learner through the
basics of coding to more sophisticated and complex concepts such as data logging. This resource to support the learner and/or educator are not
included in the retail version of Mindstorm. It 's always a good idea to reach out to a LEGO Education consultant to inquire of other differences as
there are several more. The retail version was designed for more of a home/toy use vs the educator model was designed to support deeper learning
with extra resources and pieces to do so. This is why the LEGO Education Mindstorm contains more sensors and parts than the retail version.
Mindstorms is named after the book Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas by Seymour Papert.[5]
The latest system, called the Lego Mindstorms EV3, was released on September 1, 2014.
Contents [hide]
1Robotics Invention System
1.1RCX
1.2Programming languages
2Lego camera
34.5V PC interface
4Technic control center

5Dacta Control Lab
6Cybermaster
7Codepilot
8Scout
9Micro Scout
10Spybotics
11Programming language
12Lego Mindstorms NXT
13Lego Mindstorms NXT Educational Version
14Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0
15Lego Mindstorms EV3
16Programming

CMOS Technology Lab Analysis
transistors and thus the circuit area is small. Two stage open loop comparator is presented using 50nm CMOS technology.
пѓ "Design of 3–bit low power flash type ADC" Sarojini Mandal, Dr. J.K. Das [60] ; define that Simple two stage op–amp with miller capacitance can
be used as a high gain comparator. It is simulated in 180nm technology using Cadance Virtuso analog design environment simulation. The op–amp uses
a 1.8v Vdd and a 1.8v Vss and consumes power of around 0.9mw. The analog output of each comparator is encoded using cascading full adder
designed by transistor logic that makes the circuit more faster. This paper introduces a low power op–amp modified from the traditional one and an
encoder employing cascaded full adders with pass ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The TIQ Flash ADC provides higher data sampling rate and operates at low voltage and also low power consumption.
пѓ "A 8–bit TIQ based 780MSPS CMOS Flash A/D converter" J.Ramesh, K. Gunavathi [24] ; present the design of an 8–bit Flash ADC with TIQ
comparators,. Speed of this ADC is 787.78mbps and the power consumed is 800mw. In this design the comparators are realized with the inverters,
which avoids the complexity in the design of conventional comparators. The TIQ comparator consists of two cascaded CMOS inverters. The analog
input signal quantization level is set in the first stage by changing the VTC by means of transistor sizing. The second inverter stage is used for
increased gain and logic level inversion so that the circuit behaves as an internally set comparator circuit. The key point about second stage is that it
must be exactly same as the first stage to maintain the same DC threshold levels and to keep the linearity in balance for the voltage rising and falling
intervals of high frequency input signals.
пѓ "Employing threshold inverter quantization (TIQ) technique in designing 9–bit folding and interpolation CMOS analog–to–digital converters
(ADC)" Oktay Aytar and Ali Tangel [42] ; This paper present designing and interpolation of a 9
–bit folding and interpolation ADC using 0.35 Вµm
CMOS C35B4 model under AMS–HIT kit library. The complete system consist of two main blocks, one of them is 4–bit flash ADC using TIQ
technique and second one is the 5–bit

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fpta
This chapter presents about the FPGA ideas and FPGA Synthesis Flow. An FPGA is a device that comprises of thousands or even large number of
transistors connected to implement logic functions. They implement functions from simple addition and subtraction to complex digital filtering and
error detection and its correction.
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO FPGA
A field programmable gate array (FPGA) is a semiconductor device that can be designed by the designer or the customer after manufacturing,
hence it is known as "field programmable". Field Programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are truly innovatory devices that combine the benefits of
both hardware and software. FPGAs are programmed with the logic circuit diagram or the source code in Hardware Description Language (HDL)
to determine how the chip will work. They may be used to perform any logical function that an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)
might perform but the capacity to update the functionality after shipping provides advantages for many applications. FPGAs contain programmable
logic components also called "logic blocks", and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects that permit the blocks to be "wired together" like a 1
chip programmable breadboard. Logic blocks can be designed to implement complex combinational functions or simply logic gates like AND and
OR. In most FPGAs, the logic block also consists of memory elements, which can be simple flip flops or complete blocks of memory. They perform
circuits just like hardware performing huge area, power and performance advantages over software, still can be programmed again economically ...
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4.4 FPGA IMPLEMENTATION USING XILINX
The FPGA that is used for the implementation of the circuit is the Xilinx Spartan 6E (Family), XC3S5000 (Device). The working environment/tool
for the design is the Xilinx ISE 14.2i is used for FPGA Design flow of VHDL code.
4.4.1 Overview of FPGA Design

The Role Of Software And Hardware As A Common Part Of The...
Investigating and designing of the software and hardware as a common part of the UC1 EIT system
1.1.Addressing Control Unit
It is possible for integrity recapitulate some characteristics of EIT system. There are two arrangements of the source and the data acquisition topologies
in the multi–channel EIT systems (I) multi–source and multi–channel signal measurement structure where a single source and a signal measurement
structure are embedded by an individual electrode. (II) single–source/ measurement or semi–parallel (a group of the paralleled single–source
/measurement) is used to implement a multi–channel structure. Amultiplexer structure is allocated the single source and the single measurement to
different electrodes and provides the multiplexed structure for the multi–channel system.
EIT system conducted over a channel connection that is generally subjected to environmental factors that can adversely impact parasitic capacitance.
Each arrangement has certain advantages and disadvantages. The primary disadvantage of the multiplexer–based is that the on–resistor and grounded
capacitance is involved during on/off switches; therefore, the value of stray capacitance of the system is increased. It is while the disadvantage of the
multi–source is that needs a complex calibration method to utilize for all individual sources and signal measurements and making the validation process
of different affection of data to achieve the equal result with the same accuracy for the all

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Integrated Circuits
INTRODUCTION TO VLSI
Very–large–scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating integrated circuits by combining thousands of transistor–based circuits into a single chip.
VLSI began in the 1970s when complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being developed. The microprocessor is a VLSI device.
The term is no longer as common as it once was, as chips have increased in complexity into the hundreds of millions of transistors.
Overview
The first semiconductor chips held one transistor each. Subsequent advances added more and more transistors, and, as a consequence, more individual
functions or systems were integrated over time. The first integrated circuits held only a few devices, perhaps as many as ten diodes, transistors,
resistors and capacitors, making it possible to fabricate one or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Integrated circuits improve system characteristics in several critical ways. ICs have three key advantages over digital circuits built from discrete
components: Size. Integrated circuits are much smaller–both transistors and wires are shrunk to micrometer sizes, compared to the millimeter or
centimeter scales of discrete components. Small size leads to advantages in speed and power consumption, since smaller components have smaller
parasitic resistances, capacitances, and inductances. Speed. Signals can be switched between logic 0 and logic 1 much quicker within a chip than they
can between chips. Communication within a chip can occur hundreds of times faster than communication between chips on a printed circuit board. The
high speed of circuits on–chip is due to their small size–smaller components and wires have smaller parasitic capacitances to slow down the

Design And Analysis Of Adaptive Hold Logic Based Aging...
Design and Analysis of Adaptive Hold Logic based Aging–Aware Reliable Multiplier using Variable Latency K.Naga Aparna1, Mrs. S.Sree Chandra2,
Dr.V.S.R Kumari3 1M.Tech Scholar, Dept. of Electronics & Communication, Sri Mittapalli College Of Engineering, Guntur Email:
aparna.kancharla1993@gmail.com 2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electronics & Communication, Sri Mittapalli College Of Engineering, Guntur Email:
sreechandra23@gmail.com 3Professor & HOD, Dept. of ECE, Sri Mittapalli College Of Engineering, Guntur, A.P, India Email: vsrk46@gmail.com
Abstract: Digital multipliers are along with the majority critical arithmetic functional units. The general performance of the Digital multiplier systems
depends on throughput of the multiplier. The negative bias temperature instability effect occurs when a pMOS transistor is under negative bias (Vgs =
в€’Vdd), increasing the threshold voltage of a pMOS transistor and falling the multiplier speed. In the same way, positive bias temperature instability
occurs when an nMOS transistor is under positive bias. Both effects degrade the speed of the transistor and in the long term, the system may be fail
due to timing violations. For that reason, it is required to design reliable high–performance multipliers. In this paper, we implement an aging–aware
multiplier design with a novel adaptive hold logic (AHL) circuit. The multiplier is able to provide the higher throughput through the variable latency
and can adjust the adaptive hold logic

Unimelb Foundations of Electrical Networks Exam Paper
Student Number: ....................... . THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE Semester 2 Assessment November 2012 Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering ELEN20005 FOUNDATIONS OF ELECTRICAL NETWORKS Time allowed: 180 minutes Reading time: 15 minutes This
paper has 28 pages including the 3–page Formulae Sheet The test is printed single–sided. Authorised materials: Only
Melbourne–School–of–Engineering–approved (with MSE approval sticker) electronic calculators are permitted. Instructions to invigilators: All
examination material is to be collected at the end of the exam. Students may use a script book if they run out of writing space on the test paper itself.
Instruction to students: Attempt ALL questions. The questions carry weight... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the source frequency is continuously reduced towards 0 Hz, to what value does the real power delivered by the source converge towards? You must
show all of your work. Page 12 of 28 ELEN20005 Foundations of Electrical Networks Question 7 (3 marks) Consider the logic function of four
variables Z = ACD + ABD + ABCD + ACD Construct the Karnaugh map in the empty 4 x 4 grid below. Then, obtain the minimal SOP form of Z.
Show your loopings and write your logic function in the space provided below. Question 8 (7 marks) (a) [2 marks] Briefly describe the purpose of a
Multiplexer in the space provided below. Page 13 of 28 ELEN20005 Foundations of Electrical Networks Question 8 (Continued) (b) [5 marks] Sketch
the internal circuitry of a 4–input Multiplexer (MUX). The inputs and outputs for the MUX are already shown below, and you must draw the circuity
inside the box. You may use AND and OR gates (with up to 3 inputs each) and NOT gates in your circuit. 4 . . lnput Multiplexer F––Z S1 so Page 14
of 28 ELEN20005 Foundations of Electrical Networks Question 9 (8 marks) (a) [4 marks] Complete the timing diagram for outputs Y and Z for the
memory element shown below. The initial state of the memory element is Y = 1 and Z = 0, as shown on the timing diagram. A
–––––––< .....––––––y
B z A 1 O––.;...........;......m B y 1 o 1

Engineering Progression
Engineering and Robotics is my career and technical area. Throughout my four years of high school, I have learned about the engineering design
process, automated manufacturing, digital electronics, and robotic systems. I plan to further develop the skills I have gained in my career and
technical area as I pursue a bachelor of science degree in Computer Engineering.
I believe my vocational experience will be invaluable to me as I continue along my career path. Recently, I shadowed a student pursuing electrical
engineering at my first choice college. In her Introduction to Binary class, I realized I understood and had learned about the multiplexers the professor
was discussing. When I talked to the student I was shadowing, we realized I already

The Evolution Of Optical Networks
Optical network is designed to transmit digital signals in the form of pulses of light. Optical fiber is used as medium for transmission. Optical
fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber (glass or plastic) that acts as a waveguide to transmit light between the ends of the fiber. Optical fiber
consists of a central glass core surrounded by a cladding layer whose refractive index is slightly lower than the core index. Such fibers are generally
referred to as step index fiber to distinguish them from graded index fiber in which the refractive index of the core decreases gradually from center to
core boundary. Working principle for transmission is total internal reflection (TIR). Figure 1.1 Light propagation in fiber
Optical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In such kinds of optical networks, both the traffic passing by and ending at a node is converted from the optical domain to the electrical domain and
switched electronically to an output port (including a port that can drop traffic locally). Following electronic switching, the traffic passing by a node is
converted back to the optical domain before departing from the node. With the increase in data transmission rate, electrical switching and
optical–electrical–optical (OEO) conversion result in a significant growth in complexity and cost for electronic devices. Therefore, reducing the
burden placed on the underlying electronic devices in a node and removing electronic switching for traffic passing by a node became key factors in the
development of second generation optical networks. The switching and processing of bits were, however, handled in the electronic domain as before.
1.2.2 Second Generation Optical Networks
These networks were made capable of using multiple carrier wavelengths that were multiplexed onto a single fiber thus offering increased bandwidth.
The technique is called wavelength division multiplexing. From technological point of view, incorporating the switching and routing functionality in the
optical domain and allowing for the transparency of data format, protocol and bit rates are the achievements of second generation over

The Fundamental Concepts Behind Signal Processing
A signal is a time dependent, numerical representation of events in the physical world. In typical applications, the signal is in the form of a current or a
voltage. For the signal to be useful, it must be modeled. Signal processing takes time dependent data, and manipulates it to create a mathematical model
useful to practical problem solvers. Many techniques for signal processing exist, including Fourier Transforms, moving averages, filtering, and spectral
analysis. Spectral analysis uses sampled data to reconstruct a given signal. Though conceptually simple, sampling is typically impractical for most
applications due to the large quantity of data involved in the calculations. However, the fundamental concepts behind signal processing ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fourier Series require an infinite number of frequencies, but the sampling frequency is subdivided into a finite number of frequency ranges to reduce
calculations. One cosine and one sine function is needed to represent the signal for each subdivision of the sampling frequency. If the sampled data is
represented by a vector, it can be written as a linear combination of two vectors, each composed of the appropriate sinusoidal entries. Let bо‚ m
contain the cosine entries at frequency subdivision m, and cо‚ contain the sine entries at m subdivision m. Then, B=[bо‚ о‚‹ bо‚ ] , C=[cо‚ о‚‹
cо‚ ] , D=[B C] , and the columns 0m0m of D form a basis for the vector space V. It can be shown that the columns of D are, in fact, an orthogonal
basis because the dot product of any two vectors in D is zero.
The signal о‚ sв€€V , and о‚ s=Bо‚ uо‚ѓCо‚ v . This can be rewritten as о‚ s=Dwо‚ where wо‚ =[о‚ u] . Given that the columns of D form an
orthogonal basis, the weights can be
о‚ v
[о‚ sв‹…bо‚ ] [о‚ sв‹…cо‚ ] calculated using the following relation: u = m , v = m . This discussion forms the foundation for the calculations in
the following example. m о‚ о‚ m cо‚ в‹…cо‚ bmв‹…bm m m
пїјпїј
EXAMPLE: SAMPLING AT 60 HZ
Take the following signal: s={1, 5, 9, 1, 2, 1} where s is sampled at at a rate of 60 Hz. Subdividing into 6 equal frequency ranges yields the following
sinusoidal vectors:
10
пїјо‚ 10о‚ 33 b = [ ] cо‚ = [ ] b = cо‚ = cosо‚ћоѓ†о‚џ sinо‚ћоѓ†о‚џ 33
пїјпїј10
1 0 cosо‚ћ2оѓ†о‚џ sinо‚ћ2оѓ†о‚џ
пїјпїј0,0,1 ,1 , 1 0 cosо‚ћоѓ†о‚џ sinо‚ћоѓ†о‚џ
[][] cosо‚ћ5оѓ†о‚џ

Test
1.| | | Secondary storage is also called ____. | | Possible Answers| 1. | volatile memory| 2. | primary storage| 3. | permanent storage| 4. | main memory| | | |
2.| | | ____ are NOT commonly used smartphone operating systems | | Possible Answers| 1. | iPhone OS and RIM OS| 2. | Symbian and Palm OS| 3. |
HP–UX and z–OS| 4. | Android and Windows Mobil| | | | 3.| | | People using commercially available software are usually asked to read and agree to a(n)
____ | | Possible Answers| 1. | end–user license agreement| 2. | purchase order| 3. | privacy statement| 4. | copyright agreement| | | | 4.| | | ____ investigates
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| mechanical| 3. | physical| 4. | actual| | | | 16.| | | Customer relationship management programs help companies manage ____. | | Possible Answers| 1. |
marketing and advertising| 2. | a. and c.| 3. | finished product inventory| 4. | programs to retain loyal customers| | | | 17.| | | The RIM operating system
is used in the ____ smartphone. | | Possible Answers| 1. | BlackBerry| 2. | Android| 3. | Apple iPhone| 4. | Palm | | | | 18.| | | As with othercomputer
system components, an organization should keep its business ____ in mind when selecting input and output devices. | | Possible Answers| 1. |
goals| 2. | units| 3. | partners| 4. | customers| | | | 19.| | | Asymmetric DSL ____. | | Possible Answers| 1. | provides a dedicated connection from each
user to the phone company's local telephone office| 2. | provides high speed Internet access over a subscribers cable network| 3. | provides a level
of service that is independent of how far the subscriber is from the local telephone office| 4. | requires an additional phone line to provide "always
on" Internet access| | | | 20.| | | A(n) ____ typically stores three to ten years of historical summary data records from many operational systems and
external data sources so that it can be used for business analysis. | | Possible

Test Plan For Senior Design Project
For our senior design project, we were tasked with designing and building a readout and communication module for a biosensing MOSFET. We
designed this module using a PSOC, or Programmable System on Chip. We originally started this project using an Arduino device. Although the
Arduino had a built–in DAC that we were able to use, we quickly found that it was not going to be accurate enough for reading the low voltages that
we needed to read. So, we decided to breakout and use external components for the DAC, Op–Amps, and Multiplexers. Doing this worked, however,
the new external components that we were interacting with introduced bad signal noise. For this project, we need to have a very clean, accurate signal.
Therefore, we realized that we... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was done to find the best fit line for the data it was reading to accurately calculate values. Next, we output this sample data to a file and verified
accuracy against the actual values. The software provided with the PSOC also has a built–in drag–and–drop interface for accessing and configuring the
onboard hardware. Using this interface, we were able to visually inspect the configuration of all the hardware and the way it is all interacting. Next,
we moved to testing the hardware. To start, we began by building a simple circuit that interacted with the PSOC to verify accuracy. Once accuracy
was verified, we began testing the onboard component accuracy individually. After this, we went on to implement the LCD for external output. Once
the LCD was wired up, we were able to send the output data to the LCD instead of reading it on the computer.
Results: The first test case mentioned was running linear regression on the circuit data in order to find the best fit line. The results of this matched up
with the theoretical results when the linear regression function was ran in MATLAB. This showed that our output results were accurate. Testing of
the hardware was more difficult to verify. This is mostly because some of the lab equipment that we had access to is not very reliable as it is.
However, we were still able to test our hardware value results against the lab multimeters and oscilloscopes. Testing the LCD was a very

CREAMS : The Challenges Of ISA-Homogeneous Systems
The paper then takes a brief detour from talking about CReAMS to talk about attempts that have previously been made to solve many of the same
challenges that the authors hope to solve with CReAMS. The paper first talks about ISA–homogeneous systems, namely ReMAPP, Thread Warping,
and big–LITTLE, and then the heterogeneous system KAHRISMA. For all four of these systems, the benefits and drawbacks are provided, which is
meant to provide context for how the benefits of both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems were determined. The authors hoped to use what they
learned from these systems to create CReAMS. CReAMS is a homogeneous system that achieves simulated heterogeneity dynamically using a binary
translation mechanism. CReAMS also uses a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The system would have a four set associative address cache with 64 entries, a private 32 KB four–way set associative data cache, and a private 8 KB
four–way set associative instruction cache. This section drew heavily on what we learned in class about pipelining, logical units, and memory caching.
This made for a great way to apply knowledge learned in class.
The paper then presents the final aspect of the system, which is specifically of the authors' design. This is what the authors call dynamic detection
hardware, or DDH. This hardware is responsible for detecting instructions, as well as allocation in the datapath described above. It is a four stage
pipelined circuit with the stages instruction decode, dependence verification, resource allocation, and update tables. The paper uses a simple loop in
code to demonstrate the four modes of the hardware. The four stages are probing, detecting, reconfiguring, and accelerating. This a very interesting way
of approaching allocation in the datapath and is quite different from anything we learned in class.
The paper finishes by presenting the experimental results of CReAMS against two different, more typical SparcV8–based systems and basically has a
victory lap after showing greater performance across a wide variety of applications along with greater energy efficiency, especially in more complex
applications.
Introduction Main memory is an absolutely essential part of computing systems. This fact is obvious, as there has to be

Vhdl
Verilog HDL: A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis, Second Edition By Samir Palnitkar Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR Pub Date: February 21, 2003
ISBN: 0–13–044911–3 Pages: 496
Written for both experienced and new users, this book gives you broad coverage of Verilog HDL. The book stresses the practical design and
verification perspective ofVerilog rather than emphasizing only the language aspects. The informationpresented is fully compliant with the IEEE
1364–2001 VerilogHDL standard. Describes state–of–the–art verification methodologies Provides full coverage of gate, dataflow (RTL), behavioral
and switch modeling Introduces you to the Programming Language Interface (PLI) Describes logic synthesis methodologies Explains ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
X Window System is a trademark of X Consortium, Inc. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more
information, contact: Corporate Sales Department, Prentice Hall PTR, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Phone: 800–382–3419; FAX:
201– 236–7141. E–mail: corpsales@prenhall.com. Production supervisor: Wil Mara Cover designer: Nina Scuderi Cover design director: Jerry Votta
Manufacturing manager: Alexis R. Heydt–Long Acquisitions editor: Gregory G. Doench Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
SunSoft Press A Prentice Hall Title
4
Dedication
To Anu, Aditya, and Sahil, Thank you for everything. To our families, Thank you for your constant encouragement and support. в
Ђ• Samir
5
About the Author
Samir Palnitkar is currently the President of Jambo Systems, Inc., a leading ASIC design and verification services company which specializes in
high–end designs for microprocessor, networking, and communications applications. Mr. Palnitkar is a serial entrepreneur. He was the founder of
Integrated Intellectual Property, Inc., an ASIC company that was acquired by Lattice Semiconductor, Inc. Later he founded Obongo, Inc., an
e–commerce software firm that was acquired by AOL Time Warner, Inc. Mr. Palnitkar holds a Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering from
Indian Institute of Technology,

Implementation Of The Sdn Switch Core, Interconnection Of...
This section contains information about the implementation of the SDN switch core, interconnection of multiple SDN switches with the SDN
controller (PowerPC) and the attacker nodes (Microblaze). The main functionality of the SDN switch is to modify packet header fields based on the
flow table and forward it to the next port(s). The SDN controller is responsible for programming the flow table in each switch and monitor these
switches to observe each packet flow. The Microblaze processor, acting as attacker nodes plays the role of an outside network and transmits packets at
different programmable rates to the SDN switch network using an array of packet drivers. The big picture showing the connection between different
components is given in Figure 3.1. The chapter is divided into two main sections. Section 3.1 describes the details of hardware implementation and
section 3.4 describes the software implementation. 3.1SDN Switch The Figure 3.2 shows the implementation of a 4 Г— 4 programmable switch
implemented with store and forward architecture. It contains multiple internal registers for software access to provide insight about the traffic flowing
through the switch. This switch is a simplified version of NetFPGA's 1G Switch [21]. The logic is customized so that multiple switches can fit in to
one FPGA. This switch provides 10–tuple matching to identify a flow and can support 32 flows at a time. The flow lookup table is implemented in a
hash table which is programmed by

Types Of Standards And Protocols In Computer Network Systems
The documented agreements with precise criteria are standards. It stipulates how a product or service should be designed or performed. Standards
form the fundamental building blocks for a product by establishing consistent protocols which can be globally adopted and accepted. For a device to
communicate over a computer network, standards and protocols gives rules that helps the hardware and software to work together. There are different
standards like ANSI, IEEE etc.The advantage of TDM is as follows:
(i)When multiplexed between the signals there is low intrusion.
(ii)There is bandwidth savings.
(iii) TDM provide more flexibility and efficiency, by dynamically allocating more time periods to the signals which need more bandwidth, while...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, this layer moves entire frames from one network element to adjacent one and the service provided by link layer is protocol dependent.
5. Physical Layer: It gives physical media and at each node, it moves individual bits of frames to next node.
5.What is an application–layer message? A transport–layer segment? A network– layer datagram? A link–layer frame?
Ans: Application layer message: The data which an application wants to send and passed onto the transport layer.
Transport–layer segment: Its generated by the transport layer and encapsulates application layer message with transport layer header.
Network layer Diagram: It encapsulates transport layer segment with a network layer header.
Link–Layer Frame: It encapsulates network layer diagram with a link layer header.When we send many signals through a communication link to form a
single, complex signal at the same time is multiplexing. The DSL modem of each customer uses the existing telephone line so that it can exchange data
with digital subscriber line access multiplexer(DSLAM) which is located at the local central office of Telco. The DSL modem of home takes the
digital data and translates it to high– frequency tones for transmission over telephone wires to the CO. At the DSLAM many analog signals are
translated back into digital format. The residential telephone line carries both data and traditional signals at the same time, which are encoded at
different

Current Modern Techniques Used Fibre Optic Systems
Contents Introduction5 Literature review5 History background5 Application6 Theory and Issues7 Design and issues7 Advantages8 Disadvantages8
Conclusion9 References9 Introduction Communication has always been one of the essential needs of humanity. In the past 20 years, communication
systems have developed drastically in a small amount of time, as a result of the creation of Internet, the use of communication systems has been
enhanced, allowing our modern technologies to function efficiently and fulfilling our needs as the industry grows. The industry is constantly looking
for methods to increase the quality, quantity and velocity in the transfer of data. The following report will analyse the current modern techniques used
in fibre–optic systems. Briefly examine the origins and history of lightwave systems. Followed by discussing the main techniques that are currently
used within the design of fiber–optic, the main concerns regarding theoretical and design issues. Carrying on to discuss the advantages, disadvantages,
possible risks and the possible solutions for those. To conclude on the future development of fibre–optic and how the mentioned techniques can be used
in other systems. Literature review History background The origins of the use of light for communication purposes is very remote. In the past, mirrors,
fire, smoke signals were used to communicate between the surrounding habitants of an important event such as

Fpga As A Calculator That Receives Two Four Bit Binary...
Maryann Dalal
Final Project
Prof. Ken Arnold
FPGA as a calculator 12/2/2015
Introduction: This project is designed to make the FPGA as a Calculator that receives two four bit binary numbers and do four different operations on
those two numbers. The four operations are addition, subtraction, division, and XOR (bit wise operation). The project is designed with top model and
sub modules. Moreover, when the user enters the two inputs in binary the result will display in decimal except for the last operation which is the bit
wise (XOR) that should be displayed in binary. The only challenge part that I wasn't able to fix is I have very long code because I saved the result
from add, subtract, and multiplication in a register and had to do check from 0–225 cases and that's how I can display the binary numbers on the
FPGA board.
Modules:
1–Top Level Module: includes all the inputs, outputs and variables that needed in the program along with six sub modules. Moreover, I used the top
module to instantiate the sub modules and defined the two input numbers and the four operations. Furthermore, most of the code work is done in the
top level and here's is the code source:
`timescale 1ns / 1ps
module Final_Project(input M_CLOCK, output IO_SSEG_COL, output reg [4:0]F_LED, output reg [7:0]IO_LED, output [7:0]IO_SSEG, output
[3:0]IO_SSEGD, input [7:0] IO_DSW, input [3:0]IO_PB); assign IO_SSEG_COL = 1 'b1;
parameter

Computer Network : A Network
Computer network:
A computer network is interconnection of more computing systems and their hardwares for storing and transmitting the data. These networks can be
connected either wires or wireless. Connecting the systems without wires is called wireless technology.
Connecting the computers , laptops , printers and gaming devices comes under computer network
Person Area Network:
Person area network is a computer network connecting the devices within the environment of an individual person. Personal area network typically
includes devices like laptops, mobiles, gadgets and other personal digital assistants.
Local area network:
Connecting the networks within limited areas such as schools, hotels, buildings using network medium are called local area networks. This networks
constitute a little geographical area . The data transfer rate is very high and reliable in these networks
Metropolitan Area Network:
The network which connecting the devices to a larger area like small towns covering area up to 50 km called metropolitan area networks. These
networks are high speed networks that interconnect businesses with other businesses and the internet.
Wide area network:
The network consisting relatively large geographical area and linking states , countries and the world are wide area networks. These networks are often
connected through public telephones and they can be connected through satellites
Data communications: Data communication refers to exchanging the data between

Statement Of Purpose For Electronic Engineering
With this impression I often tried to find, "What is the difference between a successful person and an ordinary person. And since then, I have been in a
constant efforts to bridge the gap that separates the extraordinary from the ordinary.
My inclination towards automobiles , machineries and the latest technology exposed me to the wonders and possibilities of being an Engineer. I
excelled academically at school. I was a topper; I was in the top 10 students throughout in high school. I secured 88.67% in school. I secured good
marks in science subject, as that was my favourite subject and hence took admission for Diploma in Electronics & Telecommunication for further
studies. I secured top grades in my diploma studies due to which i got admission in College of Engineering Pune (COEP). COEP is an autonomous
institute of Government of Maharashtra which comes under top 50 engineering institutes all over India. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I take this opportunity to describe my educational background and career objectives that motivated me to gain a research career in Electronic
engineering. My undergraduate education has provided me a thorough exposure to the various opportunities available in Electronics and
telecommunications

Unit 9 Assignment 1 Essay
Baldeo Persaud
NT1210
Unit 9 Assignment 1
Key Terms:
The Internet– The global network formed by interconnecting most of the networks on the planet, with each home and company network connecting to
an Internet service provider (ISP), which in turn connects to other ISPs.
Internet edge– The part of the Internet between an ISP and the ISP customer, whether the customer is a company or organization with a large private
TCP/IP network, or whether the customer is a single individual. point of presence– A term used by service providers, particularly for WAN or Internet
service providers instead of traditional telcos, that refers to the building where the provider keeps its equipment. Access links that connect the customer
device to the WAN... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
host name– A name made up of alphabetic, numeric, and some special characters, used to identify a specific IP host. Host names that follow the
convention for domain names in the DNS system use a hierarchical design, with periods separating parts of the name.
Domain Name System– The name of both a protocol and the system of actual DNS servers that exist in the world. In practice, DNS provides a way
for the world to distribute the list of matching host name/IP address pair information, letting each company maintain its own naming information, but
allowing the entire world to discover the IP address used by a particular host name, dynamically, using DNS protocols, so that any client can refer to a
destination by name and send IP packets to that host.
Subdomain– With DNS naming terminology, this term refers to a part of a host name (or domain name). That smaller part can be the part that a
company registers through IANA or some authorized agency to identify all hosts inside that company.
IPv4 address exhaustion– A term referring to the very real problem in the worldwide Internet, which first presented itself in the late 1980s, in which
the world appeared to be running out of the available IPv4 address space. classless interdomain routing (CIDR)– One of the short–term solutions to the
IPv4 address exhaustion problem that actually helped solve the problem for a much longer time frame. CIDR allows more flexibility in how many
addresses IANA assigns to a

Bit Stream Controllers For Wireless Power Transfer System
пЂ
Bit–Stream Controllers for Wireless Power Transfer System
Nathan Pyle
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering,
The University of Auckland,
New Zealand
Email: npyl999@aucklanduni.ac.nz
Abstract–This paper presents the original findings of an approach to adopting the bit–stream signal to control a system. It contains the initial design
process and simulations of a bit–stream based PID controller to control and stabilize the output of a proposed Capacitive Power Transfer system in the
discrete time domain. Processing The simulated results use MATLAB's Simulink and illustrate the potential performance of the controller. Compared
against simulations of a similar nature in continuous time, the bit–stream implemented system yields near identical results.
INTRODUCTION
T
HIS document is a template for Microsoft Word versions 6.0 or later. If you are reading a paper or PDF version of this document, please download the
electronic file,
TRANS–JOUR.DOC, from the IEEE Web site at http://www.ieee.org/web/publications/authors/transjnl/index.html so you can use it to prepare your
manuscript. If you would prefer to use LATEX, download IEEE's LATEX style and sample files from the same Web page. Use these LATEX files for
formatting, but please follow the instructions in TRANS–JOUR.DOC or TRANS–JOUR.PDF.
If your paper is intended for a conference, please contact your conference editor concerning acceptable word processor formats for your particular
conference.
Bit–Stream

Computer Network : The Connection Of Computers And...
Q1 Solution:
Computer network: the connection of computers and computing peripherals either using wires or radio waves over a small or large geographical
areas. E.g. interconnection of many computers to a single printer. Depending upon the area covered computer network can as classified as PAN, LAN,
MAN and WAN.
Personal Area Networks: an interconnection of devices in few meter distance which is connected wirelessly. E.g. connection of mobile phone over a
wifi signal to a router.
Local area networks: computer network with an area of small geographical area such as campus premises, home, and office is termed as LAN. Printer,
scanner are generally shared between computers in home and offices. Basically the sharing is done by wired media ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Data may be any number, alphabets, images, videos and other representation such as attendance record of student, customer information in bank.
Such data needs to be sent and receive between the different location and devices. So exchange of data is called data communication. In data
communication message, sender, receiver, transmission media and protocol play a vital role. Messages are the actual data to be shared and it can be
in any form. Senders are those devices which are used to send data and receiver are those devices which receives data. Transmission media may be
wired or unwired and protocols are the set of rules to communicate.
Multiplexing: transmitting multiple information in a single medium has been made easier by the process called multiplexing. Using this technique the
total bandwidth is divided and a portion is given to each signal. Multiplexer and demultiplexer are the devices used in multiplexing. The multiplexer
combines the data from multiple source and sends via the single channel and demultiplexer separates the individual lines and transmits to
corresponding output lines.
Multiplexing is of four types
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Code Division Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Network management: In a board sense network management is simply managing computer networks. It can be defined as configuring, testing,

monitoring and troubleshooting network components, features and operations to achieve

The Importance Of Light Channels For RZ And WDM...
At the transmitter side, our system consist of WDM transmitter for RZ and NRZ modulation, and a CW laser array is used for the radiation of light
waves. It is one that emits radiation continuously rather than in short bursts, as in pulsed laser. Externally modulated subsystem consists of Pseudo
Random Bit Sequence (PRBS) generator, NRZ Pulse generator, two Mach–Zehnder modulators & a sine carrier for CSRZ modulation. WDM
multiplexer multiplexes 8 number of WDM signal channels. The transmission channel consist of single mode fiber (SMF), dispersion compensation
fiber (DCF) and EDFA. EDFA is used to compensate the attenuation losses occurring in SMF and DCF. Then a demultiplexer multiplexes 8 number of
WDM signal channels. The receiver ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The performance of spectrally efficient WDM system is analyzed in terms of Q–factor, BER and optical spectrum of the signal. Q–factor is given as:–
(4)
Where and are the average values of signal strength depending on whether the bit corresponds to 1 or 0 in the bit stream [9]. The relationship between
Q–factor and bit error rate is given as:– (5) Where 'erfc' denotes the complementary error function [10].
III. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
We have one 8 channel DWDM system operating at 10 Gbps with channel spacing of 100 GHz and the transmission distance of 86 Km. We have
made a comparative analysis of the system by using RZ, NRZ and CSRZ modulation schemes and at various power levels. As the signal passes
through the fiber the nonlinear effects such as XPM, FWM, SPM, SRS and SBS contribute to nonlinear changes like increase in channel power for
some channels while decreasing power for the other channels. When transmitter consist of 8 DWDM channels, 3 dBm power and NRZ modulation
then eye diagram & bit error rate, quality factor at receiver is shown in fig. 3, at 3 dBm power level we are achieving a quality factor of 5.99039 with
BER of 9.69935e–010, when we increase the power level to 7 dBm quality factor is

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