Cca Case Study

Cca Case Study
The medical field is always cultivating new technology to expand our ability in diagnosing diseases.
Per Gunderman, in the United States, heart disease is the leading cause of death due to ischemic
events.1 Great advancements to cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and cardiac
computed tomography for calcium scoring (CAC) have been made in the aid of diagnosing coronary
artery disease (CAD). Is CCTA and CAC reliable enough to diagnosis coronary artery disease and
replace the cardiac catheterization angiogram as the "gold standard" procedure?
Coronary artery disease (CAD) The heart consists of three major arteries that divide into several
smaller sub–branches (see Fig.1). These arteries supply the heart with oxygenated blood. ... Show
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The biggest advantage to having this procedure is that is fast and noninvasive. You can get a CAC
done for as little as forty–nine dollars in some institutions. Like the cardiac computed tomography
angiography, disadvantages are that image quality is diminished with a larger patient weighing over
450 pounds.8 A CAC is only recommended for the select asymptomatic patient population. 10 This
includes patients with usually only one risk factor. Patients scoring with high calcium scores are
then referred to have a cardiac workup with a Cardiologist. This workup usually includes an
echocardiogram along with a stress test. As stated above in CCTA, if a patient has any evidence of
significate blockages, they would be required to have a cardiac catheterization angiogram with
possible intervention to fix any problems or have CABG. Furthermore, causing additional radiation
exposure and cost to the patient. 7 Physicians remain uncertain on how to treat or stop CAD from
the results of the patient's calcium score alone. 8 The Radiologist cannot determine if the calcium
that shows up is in the arterial lumen or on the outside of the arterial wall. The CAC does not show
the presence of non–calcified plaque in the atrial lumen.11 This is a major limitation of a CAC,
making it a
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Essay about Heart
Coronary Artery Disease
Heart Disease
Heart disease can take many forms. The form of heart disease I am focusing on is coronary disease.
Different arteries supply different areas of the heart with oxygenated blood. If one or more of these
arteries become narrowed or clogged as a result of coronary artery disease, or atherscelorosis the
artery cannot fully supply the part of the heart it is responsible for. The heart is an effective pump
only when good blood supply is maintained to all heart muscles.
If an artery becomes so clogged that blood cannot flow through it, the result is chest pain which
could progress to a heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI). "Myocardial" is a
medical term that means "having to do with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a blockage occurs, heart cells use stored energy for pumping. By–products, such as lactic
acid, build up and are not removed efficiently because of the blocked blood flow that caused the
problem initially. Waste product build up is thought to be the cause of pain. The pain may be similar
to the pain experienced when you overwork your muscles, which is also due to lactic acid buildup.
The heart cells can rely on stored energy only for a short time before the cells become damaged
permanently. This temporary injury is called ischemia. Permanent damage is called infarction or
tissue death.
Angina
There are two types of angina associated with coronary artery disease: stable and unstable. Whereas
stable angina has a predictable pattern that occurs over time, unstable angina is different from the
patient's usual pattern of chest pain. Typical symptoms of angina include a variety of sensations. For
example, angina may involve only mild, vague discomfort that is not really perceived as pain but as
more an ache. Or it may be a severe, intense, crushing pain in the center of the chest. The location of
pain may differ, however, pain is usually felt beneath the breastbone. In addition to chest pain, there
may be associated pain that radiates to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, or back. Patients are often
pale,

Symptoms and Causes of Heart Attacks Essay
Symptoms and Causes of Heart Attacks
A heart attack (myocardial infarction) is the death of heart muscle due to the loss of blood supply.
Usually, the loss of blood supply is caused by a complete blockage of a coronary artery by a blood
clot. A coronary artery is an artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle. Death of the heart muscle
causes chest pain and electrical instability of the heart muscle tissue. Electrical instability of the
heart causes ventricular fibrillation (chaotic electrical disturbance). Orderly transmission of
electrical signals in the heart is important for the regular beating (pumping) of the heart. A heart
undergoing ventricular fibrillation quivers, and can not pump or deliver oxygenated blood to the ...
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Therefore, prompt CPR and rapid paramedic response can improve the survival chances from a
heart attack.
A heart attack is caused by the formation of a blood clot on a cholesterol plaque located on the inner
wall of an artery to the heart (coronary artery). Cholesterol is a fatty chemical that is part of the
outer lining of cells in the body. Cholesterol plaque is the formation of a hard, thick substance on the
artery walls which is caused by deposits of cholesterol on the artery walls; a process that begins in
the late teens. Over time, the accumulation of cholesterol plaque causes thickening of the artery
walls and narrowing of the arteries; a process called atherosclerosis. Plaque accumulation can be
accelerated by smoking, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, and diabetes. Ultimately,
atherosclerosis causes significant narrowing of the coronary arteries. During exercise or excitement,
the narrowed coronary arteries cannot increase the blood supply to meet the increased oxygen
demand of the heart muscle.
Heart muscle that is starved of blood oxygen, a condition called ischemia causes chest pain (angina).
Chest pain that occurs with exercise is called exertional angina. Exertional angina is reversible, and
subsides with rest. Occasionally, for unknown reasons, the surface of the cholesterol plaque can
become sticky, causing blood clotting. When a blood clot forms on top of this plaque, the artery
becomes completely blocked, causing death of the heart

Essay on Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease remains the most common cause of death in the United Kingdom. A statistic
from the American Heart Association is that heart disease claims a life every 24 seconds.
[www.americanheart.org] Another is that it is the largest single cause of premature death in the
United Kingdom, responsible for 180 000 deaths annually. [www.americanheart.org] Some cases are
related to family history, but in my opinion the majority of cases are self–inflicted i.e. they are
related to diet and lifestyle and I intend to investigate the factors that contribute towards the
development of Coronary Heart Disease.
Coronary Heart Disease is caused by the narrowing of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Cholesterol is another contributory factor towards atherosclerosis. Cholesterol is carried in the blood
by specific proteins, which direct its metabolism. In particular Coronary Heart Disease is linked to
low density lipoproteins (LDLs) which carries 70% of blood cholesterol. A high level of LDL
cholesterol in the blood [especially if oxidised] can lead to deposits in the arteries, which cause
narrowing. High density lipoproteins (HDLs) on the other hand are beneficial as it transports
cholesterol from places where there is too much to the liver where it can be disposed of.
Much attention has been focused on the correlation between a high intake and the incidence of
Coronary Heart Disease. Overweight and obese people are the most likely to be at risk especially
those who have extra weight around there middle which is 'apple shaped' as opposed to those who
have much of their weight around their hips and thighs, these people are said to be 'pear–shaped'.
A factor corresponding to obesity is the role of exercise. Many people in the UK lead very inactive
lifestyles – few people have physically active jobs or do significant amounts of exercise out of work.
[www.nutrition.org.uk] Therefore, any form of exercise is encouraged to increase energy output, as
well as reducing energy output obtained from the diet.
High Blood Pressure, or Hypertension, has been related to

Factors That Elevated Levels Of Cholesterol Ldl, Hdl, And...
Journal Article Summary
Article reference
Leritz, E. C., McGlinchey, R. E., Salat, D. H., & Milberg, W. P. (2016). Elevated levels of Serum
Cholesterol are Associated with Better Performance on Tasks of Episodic Memory. Metabolic Brain
Disease, 31(2), 465–473. doi:10.1007/s11011–016–9797–y
Purpose of the study
The main purpose of this study was to ascertain how lipid transport molecules LDL, HDL, and
triglycerides are linked to neuropsychological function.
Hypothesis (es)
The authors of this study made the hypothesis that elevated levels of triglycerides and LDL
cholesterol would be related to decreased neuropsychological function, with a greater link in the
scopes of memory and executive function.
Participants
A total of 74 females and 46 males participated in this study. All these participants were taken from
two different studies, yet it is to be noted that these studies overlapped one another. The participants
were chosen on the premise of having existing or an absence of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) risk
components, for example, cholesterol, blood pressure, and an atypical regulated glucose. Out of the
one hundred twenty–three participants in this study, thirty–one of these participants were chosen
from a larger sample taken from the Harvard Cooperative Program on Aging (HCPA) Clause Pepper
Older American Independence Center. The participants that partook in this program were taken from
their respective community, and their reasoning to partake was due to

Essay on The Dangers of Angina Pectoris
The Dangers of Angina Pectoris
3 Introduction
4 The Human Heart
5 Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease
5 Heart Attack
5 Sudden Death
5 Angina
6 Angina Pectoris
6 Signs and Symptoms
7 Different Forms of Angina
8 Causes of Angina
9 Atherosclerosis
9 Plaque
10 Lipoproteins
10 Lipoproteins and Atheroma
11 Risk Factors
11 Family History
11 Diabetes
11 Hypertension
11 Cholesterol
12 Smoking
12 Multiple Risk Factors
13 Diagnosis
14 Drug Treatment
14 Nitrates
14 Beta–blockers
15 Calcium antagonists
15 Other Medications
16 Surgery
16 Coronary Bypass Surgery
17 Angioplasty
18 Self–Help
INTRODUCTION

In today's society, people are gaining medical knowledge at quite a fast pace. Treatments, cures, and
vaccines ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(see Fig. 1 – The Structure of the Heart)
Like any other organs in our body, the heart needs a supply of blood and oxygen, and coronary
arteries supply them. There are two main coronary arteries, the left coronary artery, and the right
coronary artery. They branch off the main artery of the body, the aorta. The right coronary artery
circles the right side and goes to the back of the heart. The left coronary artery further divides into
the left circumflex and the left anterior descending artery. These two left arteries feed the front and
the left side of the heart. The division of the left coronary artery is the reason why doctors usually
refer to three main coronary arteries. (Fig. 2 – Coronary Arteries)SYMPTOMS OF CORONARY
HEART DISEASE
There are three main symptoms of coronary heart disease: Heart Attack,
Sudden Death, and Angina.
Heart Attack
Heart attack occurs when a blood clot suddenly and completely blocks a diseased coronary artery,
resulting in the death of the heart muscle cells supplied by that artery. Coronary and Coronary
Thrombosis2 are terms that can refer to a heart attack. Another term, Acute myocardial infarction2,
means death of heart muscle due to an inadequate blood supply.
Sudden Death
Sudden death occurs due to cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest may be the first symptom of coronary
artery disease and may occur without any symptoms or warning signs. Other causes of sudden
deaths include

The Diagnostic Value Of Dual-Source Computed Tomography
The Diagnostic value of Dual–Source Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography (DSCT–CA)
for the Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease in the Intermediate Risk Group in relation to
Conventional Angiography: Literature Review
Abstract
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in developed countries.
Conventional coronary angiography is considered as the ''gold standard'' for the diagnosis of CAD,
but it is invasive and carries risks of vascular complications. Dual–source computed tomography can
be an alternative non–invasive imaging modality due to its high temporal resolution, and,
consequently, high diagnostic accuracy and image quality.
Aim: To review the diagnostic value of Dual–Source ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in developed countries (Salavati et al.,
2012; Sun, et al., 2011). It is caused by the deposition of fatty materials, known as atherosclerotic
plaque, in the inner walls of the arteries. This can cause damage to the heart muscles, leading to
serious health problems and death, if left untreated. (reference) However, its impact can be
minimised if early diagnosis and treatments are initiated. Figure 1 A shows an overview of a heart
and coronary artery damage caused by heart attack. Figure 1B shows a cross–section of the coronary
artery with plaque build–up and a blood clot (See appendix).
Conventional coronary angiography (CCA) is considered as the ''gold standard'' for the diagnosis of
CAD because of its superior temporal and spatial resolution. (reference) However, it is invasive and
carries risks of morbidities, including vascular complications, myocardial infarction, stroke, and
mortality. The rate of major complications associated with routine femoral diagnostic catheterisation
is between 0.5–2%, and the composite rate of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke is between 0.1–
0.2% (Smilowitz, et al., 2012; Jolly, et al., 2009). Moreover, approximately two–thirds of cardiac
catheterisations performed in patients without known CAD are solely diagnostic, with no significant
CAD identified. Therefore, introducing a comparably accurate

Case Based Approach : Patient Information
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Chloe McSherry Cardiology in Practice SSC Report – Case
Based Approach Patient Information: The Patient: Patient X was a 77–year–old gentleman who
agreed to speak to me on 26/ 06/16 I wanted to write about patient X as I had watched his
emergency PCI on 22/06/16 I spoke to the patient in CCU whilst his wife was here. This proved
useful as the patient has Alzheimer's disease, and although it is only mild he did struggle to piece
together what actually brought him into hospital. Presenting Complaint: Epigastric Pain History of
Presenting Complaint: Presented to PRI with epigastric pain Was present for around 2 hours before
going to PRI, scored 7/10 in pain scale and had presented very suddenly, the pain did not radiate and
the patient described it as dull and constant The pain was not exaggerated by movement The patient
did not collapse The patient did not experience any nausea or vomiting When questioned the patient
remembered being SOB during the incident The patient denied having any chest or calf pain The
patient claimed he had previously experienced this pain on a number of occasion, but usually it
resolved itself Whilst in hospital the pain worsened and troponin and ECG tests (which originally
were normal) showed signs of a STEMI – raised troponin and ST–elevation suggesting an
anterolateral myocardial infarction Past Medical History: Alzheimer's Disease –

Essay On Coronary Heart Disease
On Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease makes up 56% of all deaths relating to heart conditions. The heart pumps
blood around the body carrying oxygen and other essential nutrients to the areas in the body where
they are needed.1 Coronary Heart disease is when this process is restricted or interrupted. The
coronary arteries come off the main aorta, which are the first arteries to receive freshly oxygenated
blood. They pass over the surface of the heart and supply it with oxygen. The process becomes
restricted because the walls of the arteries become narrowed by a gradual build–up of atheroma
(fatty material). This can quite often result in serious illness or death.3
The risk of heart disease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, if the smoker was uninformed of the harmful effects of smoking, then it can't be the
smoker's fault. Many years ago people actually thought that smoking was good for you. This was
because little scientific research had been done into the effects of smoking. The responsibility
should have been that of the tobacco companies and the government. This meant that people had
been misled into thinking that smoking was beneficial to their health, which means that if they
developed heart disease, then this was the fault of the tobacco companies and the government.
Recently in America smokers have attempted to sue tobacco companies on this basis.12
Personally I think that if heart disease has developed in a smoker at this time then it is the fault of
the smoker. There are warnings on the front of all cigarette packets now and everyone is educated on
the effects of smoking.
If a person has a high intake of LDL (low density lipoprotein), a high intake of alcohol, and
generally a poor diet then they will have a high risk of developing coronary heart disease. The
process of coronary heart disease begins when the coronary arteries become narrowed by a build–up
of fatty material. This condition is called atherosclerosis. If this process continues the arteries may
become too narrow to deliver the oxygen rich blood that the heart

Case Study Of Angina Pectoris
INTRODUCTION:
The word angina is well derived from origin of Latin word "Angere" which means "to choke" and
"pectus" means "chest" or it is also derived from origin of Greek word "Ankhone" which means a
"strangling". (Marc D Haber, Feb 18, 2015)
Angina is mostly caused by myocardial ischemia. Coronary atherosclerosis mostly causes reduction
in the oxygen delivery. During exercise or hard working heart need more oxygen rich blood. If
coronary arteries are unable to supply oxygen rich blood to heart because of its narrowing, than
there will arise chest pain known as angina. (shenozaki et al 2008)
Angina pectoris is, deadly strangling painful feeling generally present in the retro–sternal region.
The pain spread out to the neck, jaws, shoulders ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In epicardial vessels there is not enough resistance to blood flow in healthy heart. Due to the
presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries or vessels, blood flow is slow down, but
autoregulation process can pay off to a certain degree. Autorgulation is the process of myocardial
vessel dilation in response to diminish supply of oxygen. By autoregulation process, there are rapid
changes in blood flow to heart because of increase in demand. Adenosine which is potent
vasodilator, are the key mediators that are involved in myocardial perfusion. Other mediators are
nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins (PGE2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen ions. Obstruction as
result of atherosclerosis can be fixed to coronary blood flow, or dynamics as with coronary

Atheromatous Lesion Research Paper
macrophages which actively engulf oxidized cholesterol forming "foam cells". As foam cells
accumulate, they die and release cholesterol crystals into the core of the developing atheroma.
Activated macrophages also produce cytokines which probably contribute to smooth muscle
proliferation within the atheroma.(Back et al, 2003)
Complicated Lesion:
As the athermanous plaque evolves and enlarges, it may undergo changes that help contribute to the
development of clinical disease, so called "complicated" atheromatous lesion:
1. The friable atheroma may rupture, or its surface may ulcerate, exposing its core to platelets and
plasma coagulation factors which are activated and produce a thrombus or thromboembolus.
2. Rupture of the fibrous cap may lead

Informative Essay On Myocardial Infarction
We are all familiar with the term "heart attack." Perhaps you know someone who has had a heart
attack, or even died from one. But, do we really understand what a heart attack is? Let's start by
breaking down the scientific name of a heart attack: myocardial infarction. "Myo" means muscle;
"cardial" refers to the heart; and "infarction" is the death of tissue due to lack of blood supply. Just
from that analysis, we can break it down and get a basic idea of what happens when people have
heart attacks.
Most heart attacks are caused by coronary heart disease, which is where buildup occurs in the
arteries and forms plaque that can block blood flow to the heart. A lot of times, it's not the actual
plaque that cuts off blood flow, but the blood clots that form around it. Older people, especially men,
are at a higher risk for a heart attack. There are a number of other risk factors that affect the
likelihood of someone experiencing a heart attack, such as high blood pressure, stress, obesity, high
cholesterol, and a sedentary lifestyle. Also, if your family has a history of heart disease, that
increases your risk of a heart attack. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If any of these symptoms are experienced, then it is vital that the person get medical help as soon as
possible. The longer it takes to diagnose and treat a heart attack, the more damage is done. Heart
attacks cause permanent damage or even death. Much like flesh wounds, heart attacks heal and form
scar tissue. This scar tissue does not pump like the rest of the heart. So, the bigger the heart attack,
the worse the scarring, and the weaker the heart is after

Describe At Least Five Manifestations Of A Contrast Dye...
10. Describe at least five manifestations of a contrast dye reaction. What steps can the nurse take to
minimize the risks of a patient having one of these reactions? The contrast dye that is used during
cardiac catheterization can lead to many reactions that ranges from mild to serious. The mild
symptoms include diaphoresis, pruritus, dyspnea and tachycardia. The more serious reactions
include ventricular tachycardia, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, and seizures (Siddiqi, 2014). A
nurse can minimize these risks by pre–medicating the patient if the patient is known to have an
allergy or a disease that could exacerbate such as asthma. The medications that can be used include
prednisone and hydrocortisone. It is also recommended that the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is the responsibility of the physician to explain the risks and benefits and to answer any questions
that the patient may have. A patient must be competent to sign the informed consent or the informed
consent will not be valid. If the patient is not able to consent, a power of attorney may consent for
the patient (Bashore, 2012). The nurse must make sure that the informed consent has been signed
and documented in the patients chart before preparation of the procedure. In the case of an acute
myocardial infarction, the patient will need immediate attention in the cardiac catheterization lab
which will leave no time for a lengthy description of the procedure. However, an informed consent
must be signed before performing a cardiac catheterization regardless of the amount of time that is
allowed during an emergency. An informed consent allows the patient to have autonomy and has the
right to decide if they want to continue with this procedure due to the benefits and risks that comes
along with it (Bashore, 2012). 12. Immediately following the procedure, what will the nurse's
responsibility be to minimize bleeding at the femoral puncture site, and what will be Robert
Wilson's prescribed activity level? How will

St Elevated Myocardial Infarction ( Stemi )
ST–elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) is one of the leading causes of death across the world.
This has led to researchers attempting to find out what form of treatment is the most effective. This
literature review aimed to look at the evidence supporting primary percutaneous coronary
intervention (pPCI) as opposed to fibrinolysis for the treatment of STEMI. Primary PCI was found
to provide better outcomes of reduced death, re–infarction and intracranial haemorrhage in most
patients in a number of trials both short term and long term. The time at which revascularisation can
begin is of the utmost importance with the best results for pPCI coming between 0–2 hours, with
faster fibrinolysis (1–2 hours) being as effective if pPCI was delayed beyond 3 hours. Improved
pharmacological facilitation of pPCI with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors has also led to improved
outcome in patients, with some suggesting earlier administration leads to better outcomes, which
goes against NICE guidelines and the possibility of pre–hospital fibrinolysis. Whilst further research
is done in these fields the current NICE guidelines suggesting pPCI as the primary form of treatment
are appropriate. Method The method can be found in the appendix. Introduction Worldwide,
coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of death, with over seven million people
every year dying from it, accounting for 12.8% of all deaths(1). An incidence of around 500 per
million people of hospitalised cases

Coronary Antiquilibrium Score
Resistance in the heart could lead to problems in blood pumping to the entire body. In order to
identify how much coronary plaque is present in the walls of the artery, Computed Tomographic
(CT) scans are used to help find the calcium score. The calcium score can be arranged from 0 to
100, and is measured through the Agatston score.1, 4 There have been many researches and follow
ups of patients who were at risk for CHD or atherosclerosis and were labeled with a calcium score.
It was found that Individuals with a CAC score of 100 or more had an incidence density of 22.4
deaths per 100 people observed for 12.5 years.4 Any CAC in early adult life (younger than 50), even
in those with very low scores, indicates significant risk of having and possibly ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Calcium needs to be released first and needs to be obtained in the body in order for the body to carry
out its function. Calcium or calcium ion (Ca2+) is stored in the sacroplasmic reticulum (SR) to start
contraction for the muscles.11 In the case of the cardiac muscle, it would start contraction through
the Sodium–Calcium exchange (NCX) and with limited help of the SR. Sodium ions (Na+) would
enter from the dyadic cleft, the space where the cell membrane and SR are in close proximity.11
This would cause Ca2+ to flow out of the cell. In order for Ca2+ to reenter it has to go through
Ca2+ channels and so Ca2+ would be released.11 Excitation–contraction coupling relies on the
dyadic cleft of Ca2+ to be released. Understanding how NCX works could help provide treatment
for HF because the cardiac muscle could be manipulated to contract. It may be possible to remove
the NCX because it can cause too much Ca2+ to be stored in the SR and cause arrhythmias and cell
death.11 This would lead to a pathway to fixing any heart failure

Heart Disease: Leading Cause Of Death In The United States
Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States and also one of the most
preventable. In 2005, the total number of cardiovascular disease deaths had increased globally to
17.5 million from 14.4 million since 1990. Symptoms and triggers of this disease consist of high
blood pressure, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking, diabetes, poor diet, physical inactivity, and
obesity. Over time, these risk factors cause changes in the heart and blood vessels that can lead to
heart attacks, heart failure, and strokes. By 2013, 614,348 people died in the United States from
heart disease, in my opinion that almost sounds like a pandemic.
Heart disease is formed when plaque buildup thickens and stiffens artery walls. Causing it to

Coronary Heart Disease Essay
Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease is the most common form of heart disease. It is a general term for both heart
attack and angina. Many people suffer from it and 500,000 Americans die from it each year. It is
much more common in older people and in males. However, women tend to be older and sicker
when they are first treated for a heart attack.
Coronary heart disease occurs when some of the arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle become
narrowed with fatty deposits. In this condition fatty deposits called plaque, composed of cholesterol
(see later) and fats, build up on the inner wall of the coronary arteries. When arteries are narrowed,
the heart is not fully supplied with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Major Risks of Coronary Heart Disease =====================================
· Increasing Age About 80 percent of people who die from coronary heart disease are aged 65 or
older.
* Heredity Children with parents who have heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves.
* Cigarette and tobacco smokers' risk of developing heart disease is twice that of non–smokers.
Smokers who have a heart attack are more likely to die within an hour of the heart attack than non–
smokers. Studies have shown that after five years of giving up smoking, the risk of developing heart
disease is the same as for someone who never smoked!!!
* High blood pressure increases the workload of the heart causing it to enlarge and weaken over
time.
* The risk of coronary heart disease increases as blood cholesterol levels increase. This is
considered the major cause of heart disease, the one some people are most worried about.
Cholesterol ===========
Cholesterol is produced in the liver, the adrenal glands and reproductive organs. The liver produces
about 80% of the cholesterol in your body.
Cholesterol is a natural and necessary component of your body cells

What Is Atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that can beginning in childhood or adolescence. Atherosclerosis
is defined as a buildup of fatty material, such as cholesterol, in the walls of blood vessels. There are
three progressive states of excess fatty material in the blood vessel walls: fatty streak, intermediate
lesion, and a fibrous lesion. A fatty streak is a line of yellow fatty material in the blood vessel wall,
and as the streak becomes larger it is then called an intermediate lesion then a fibrous lesion. A
fibrous lesion can be occlusive of non–occlusive. The occlusive lesion forms under the endothelium
of the blood vessel and grows towards the lumen of the blood vessel cause the lumen to become
smaller. A non–occlusive lesion forms under

Informative Speech On Coronary Calcium Scan
Introduction
A coronary calcium scan is an imaging test used to look for deposits of calcium and other fatty
materials (plaques) in the inner lining of the blood vessels of the heart (coronary arteries). These
deposits of calcium and plaques can partly clog and narrow the coronary arteries without producing
any symptoms or warning signs. This puts a person at risk for a heart attack. This test can detect
these deposits before symptoms develop.
Tell a health care provider about:
Any allergies you have.
All medicines you are taking, including vitamins, herbs, eye drops, creams, and over–the–counter
medicines.
Any problems you or family members have had with anesthetic medicines.
Any blood disorders you have.
Any surgeries you have had.
Any medical conditions you have.
Whether you are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because of the radiation involved in the test.
What happens before the procedure?
There is no special preparation for this procedure.
What happens during the procedure?
You will undress and remove any jewelry around your neck or chest.
You will put on a hospital gown.
Sticky electrodes will be placed on your chest. The electrodes will be connected to an
electrocardiogram (EKG) machine to record a tracing of the electrical activity of your heart.
A CT scanner will take pictures of your heart. During this time, you will be asked to lie still and
hold your breath for 2–3 seconds while a picture of your heart is being taken.
The procedure may vary among health care providers and hospitals.
What happens after the procedure?
You will be allowed to get dressed.
You can return to your normal activities.
It is up to you to get the results of your test. Ask your health care provider, or the department that is
doing the test, when your results will be ready.
Summary
A coronary calcium scan is an imaging test used to look for deposits of calcium and other fatty
materials (plaques) in the inner lining of the blood vessels of the heart (coronary

Statin Pills, Including Lipitor, Which Can Be Prescribed
Statin pills, including Lipitor, which can be prescribed to decrease cholesterol levels, paintings
partly through interfering with the activity of HMG–CoA reductase. If your cells take place to want
more LDL cholesterol below certain circumstances, but the statin drug is blockading this essential
enzyme, your cells won 't be able to make cholesterol whilst wished. And what's worse is that the
cholesterol synthesis pathway doesn't just make LDL cholesterol; branches of this same pathway are
liable for synthesizing a wide type of different important molecules along with nutrition A, nutrition
E, diet ok, and Coenzyme Q. So, you could want to suppose twice before you artificially intrude
with this pathway by taking a statin drug. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It 's miles typically concept of as correct LDL cholesterol so better HDL levels are taken into
consideration an amazing signal. LDL debris carry greater cholesterol made within the liver out to
the relaxation of the cells within the frame. We used to think of LDL as awful LDL cholesterol so
lower levels of LDL have been considered an excellent signal.
The LDL cholesterol inside of HDL and LDL particles is precisely the identical, it's just that, for the
maximum part, HDL is wearing it in one path and LDL is sporting it in the opposite route. The
reason why LDL were dubbed horrific and HDL has been dubbed excellent is that numerous
epidemiological studies most famously, the Framingham heart study told us that excessive LDL
levels had been related to a better chance of heart assault, and that high HDL levels have been
related to a lower risk of heart assault.
We used to suppose that HDL changed into desirable as it acted like a rubbish truck, clearing evil
cholesterol out of our bodies, and we used to assume that LDL was awful because it burrowed its
manner into our coronary arteries, depositing evil cholesterol there forming plaques and causing
coronary heart attacks.
Cholesterol, Carbohydrates and Heart Disorder
However, this simplistic way of thinking about cholesterol and heart disease is changing before our
very eyes. It turns out that it 's miles more complex than

Process Recording : A Group Meeting With Alana Holden At...
Date/Type of Interaction
My process recording was in a group meeting with Alana Holden at The American Heart
Association of Hampton Roads. It was Saturday April 25, 2015 in the Go Red for Women Passion
Committee meeting. The committee meeting involved survivors of heart attacks and strokes, as well
as community members and different sponsors dedicated to the American Heart Association's cause.
Purpose Statement
During the meeting, the participants began to introduce ourselves, shared why they attended the
meeting and how has stroke or heart disease affected them personally. Alana Holden introduced
herself to the group and began to converse about her personal effects of heart attacks and strokes. I
asked everyone if I could use their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I joined the passion committee because I have suffered from a stroke and this committee offers a
great support system for me. I am also walking without using my cane as much and gained some
motor skills back in certain areas where I was paralyzed, due to the stroke. Did I tell you that I
recently had a heart attack as well?
My supervisor: What, no! *Looks shocked*
Alana: Yes, I have Coronary Microvascular Disease, which caused me to have a heart attack
recently. But it was mild.
My supervisor: Wow. This is why we should meet more often. I cannot believe you suffered from a
stroke and now heart attack.
Alana: I know. I knew the signs for both heart attacks and stroke. But I did not know it would
happen to me. I am just thankful to be alive and beat both.
My supervisor: Well you look great and still wearing your AKA letters.
Alana: Yeah, I love my sorority. They have been very helpful and great support during this time as
well.
My supervisor: I am glad to hear that. You know we are here for you.
Alana: I know. I heard that you are looking to help spread the knowledge and the American Heart
Association's initiative with other companies.
My supervisor: Yes. Do you know anyone?
Alana: Yes, I have some contacts here and in New York from my business days that would love to
help launch any programs.
My supervisor: Great we can come back to that. Let's finish the introductions. Thanks for sharing
Alana.
Alana: *smiles*
Gut–Level Feeling/Response
When I was met

Angina Pectoris And Coronary Disease
Abstract: Angina pectoris and the coronary artery disease that can follow, can easily be mistaken as
a less severe problem, but knowing the facts, can save your life. There are three different types of
angina pectoris and can happen to both active and sedentary individuals . There are many symptoms,
causes, ways to diagnosis and treat that doctors can utilize to prolong the life of patients. Angina
pectoris is the medical term for chest pains, and is associated with coronary heart disease. This
occurs due to a blockage or the over time narrowing of of arteries that transport blood to the heart.
With angina pectoris, the causes, diagnosis and treatment steps can mean the difference between life
or death for an individual. The term angina ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In diagnosing of angina pectoris, a visit to the doctor is commonly the first step, or if symptoms are
severe, a visit to the the emergency room should be the start. The onset of angina can be felt on the
lateral side of the chest or body, can radiate to the left arm, jaw, neck, and back, and may be
associated with breathlessness, a burning sensation in the mid section, and often nausea. There are
many tests that can provide data for evaluation. The most common, and the initial test is an
Electrocardiogram or EKG, a stress test, nuclear stress test, chest x–ray and a Cardiac computerized
tomography or CT. The EKG records the hearts electrical activity, and a stress test evaluates the
heart under a monitored exercise test and can help the doctor to determine how hard your heart is
working under varied conditions. By using a chest x–ray, or a CT test, the doctor is able to see the
blood flow through the chest and can examine the heart functions using a special dye. These
capabilities have improved the testing and diagnosing of Angina and early detection has

Atherosclerosis Formation
Atherosclerosis can be associate with atheromata'formation, which are raised, fibroadipose plaques
that develop within the intimal layer of the artery or within the innermost layers of the tunica media.
Some atheromata undergo calcification or ulceration, and mural thrombi can form over complicated
and uncomplicated atheromata. As a result, can block or diminished the blood flow in the artery,
turning tissue and organs oxygen deprived.
Lesions on the arterial wall can cause them to become weak and get into the high risk area of
dilatation and rupture. Atherosclerotic aneurysm is a disease of elderly persons, rare before age 50.
Its frequency peak is around age of 70 years. It can be seen in different shapes, fusiform, saccular
and cylindrical. The cause is usually atheroma expansion in the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The arterial stenosis is frequently mistakenly identified. Acute ischemia can also be caused by the
simultaneous development of portal hypertension or thrombosis of the Superior mesenteric vein.
Identify this disease in the beginning is difficult that's why imaging studies are very important in
these cases. As time passes it was noticed that the aorta has becoming more tortuous, especially in
women and those who are committed with hypertension. Thus, sometimes aorta can be seen
compressing the inferior vena cava. Aorta can suffer alteration in its size, commonly aortic
dilatation. Sometimes involves the full length of the vessel, including the thoracic segment, and is
associated with marked lengthening of the artery, a situation defined as dolichoectasia of the aorta.
The majority of aneurysms are infrarenal. Aneurysms involving both the supra and infrarenal
segments of the aorta have an hourglass appearance due to the local expansion–opposing effects of
the left renal vein. The aneurysm sac is composed of thrombotic formations and atheromata
(abnormal mass of lipids), which reduce the patency of the

The Role Of Lifestyle On Influencing Our Health
This essay will talk about the role lifestyle plays on influencing our health and in the development
of diseases. It will include in it what health is, lifestyle epidemiology going into the details of 3
illnesses in details.
WHAT IS HEALTH
The World Health Organisation (WHO) defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and
social well–being and not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity. It is a positive concept
focusing on social and personal resources as we as physical strength. A state of been free from
illness or injury.
BEING HEALTHY
Being healthy simply means staying fit and feeling well. This is maintained by eating healthy, eating
things in the right proportion and exercising regularly.
LIFESTYLE
Strydom (2005) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND WHAT IS THE ROLE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES
The World Health Organisation defined Epidemiology as the study of the distribution and
determinants of health–related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study
to the control of diseases and other health problems. Different methods can be used to carry out
epidemiological investigations. That is surveillance and descriptive studies, which is used to study
distribution, whereas analytical studies are used to study determinants.
Epidemiology as the study of distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human
populations can and should be considered a basic science in medicine.
Epidemiology simply studies the patterns and distribution of health–characteristics and health–
events, along with the cause and how they influence certain populations. It is the central method
used by public health researchers. It helps to provide valuable health policies and evidence–based
medicine by identifying the risk factors for diseases.
An epidemiologist helps to design research studies, collect and analyze statistical data, and most
importantly, they correctly interpret all of the results. There are various areas that they may choose
to focus on, such as investigating outbreaks or comparing the results of different treatments.
Epidemiology studies diseases such as stroke, cancer, heart disease, strokes as well as mental
illnesses, sports injuries

The Fast Food Industry Has a Harmful Effect on Society
Thesis: The fast food industry has a harmful affect on society.
Topic Sentence 1: Fast food causes Coronary Artery Disease.
Topic Sentence 2: Fast food is popular among our nation.
Topic Sentence 3: The environment is affected by the fast food industry.
"We provide food that customers love, day after day after day. People just want more of it"(Ray
Kroc, Founder of McDonald's). Coronary Artery Disease is a type of heart disease and the most
common cause of heart attacks. Plaque from eating unhealthy foods, builds up in the arteries, the
arteries harden and begin to become narrow and can cause chest pain and heart attacks. Fast food
popularity is the amount of customers a fast food establishment has and retains. Popularity is
important to fast food establishments because it's what keeps the company going. The environment
is affected by the fast food industry because of the amount of pollution and trash they produce on a
daily basis. The fast food industry has a harmful affect on society.
Fast food causes Coronary Artery Disease. Nancy Clarks indicates "Fast food contains high amounts
of cholesterol and salt, two nutrients that contribute to cardiovascular health problems" (parag. 2).
Fast food is known to be unhealthy, it is high in fat, sodium, and cholesterol which can cause
Atherosclerosis and lead to Heart Disease. The U.S Center for Disease Control and Prevention claim
there is a direct link between sodium and high blood pressure. Fast food is high in sodium

Common Carotid Atherosclerosis Model
We sum up that the IPB–1+CO diet could induce similar characteristic in body measurement and
plasma lipid profiles with western atherogenic diet and suggested that responsiveness could be a
good sign to choose the individual monkeys as an atherosclerosis model with any atherogenic diet,
included IPB–1+CO. If there was no increase of TPC at the first 3 months of feeding, the monkeys
might not produce a hypercholesterolemia, although for long term feeding, and might not form the
plaques in the arteries.
4.2. Ultrasound scanning
Imaging of arteries will become increasingly useful, justified, and available to determine
atherosclerosis condition [14] (Ibanez 2009). The goal of imaging is similar to that for examination
of plaque by pathological techniques. In clinical trials, the measurement of atherosclerosis most
frequently defined in carotid artery [33] (Tang et al. 2000). Our present study proved that 1 year
feeding with IPB–1+CO ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The IMT of common carotid artery was usually measured because of its easier accessibility and
perpendicular location to the ultrasound beam, whereas carotid atherosclerosis predominantly occurs
earliest downstream in the bulb (and often only in the bulb), which may not be as easily visible with
B–mode ultrasound [34] (Finn et al. 2010). The standard value of common carotid IMT that indicate
the presence of atherosclerotic plaque in animal model M. fascicularis have not been mentioned
before. From all the parameters (size, shape, echogenicity and homogeneity changes), we
determined that plaque in cynomolgus in this study was presented at the IMT at least 0,3 mm. In
human, normal common carotid IMT has been established arbitrarily as approximately 0.05 to 0.11
cm; thus, values 0.11 cm are considered to indicate the presence of an atherosclerotic plaque and its
correlates linearly with the number of atherosclerotic risk factors like hyperlipidemia [35]
(Baldassarre et al.

High Blood Cholesterol
Introduction
High blood cholesterol is not only a major risk factor for cardiovascular heart diseases, but also for
conditions such as stroke and heart attack. Cholesterol consists of two types lipoprotein, low–
density lipoproteins, which are commonly known as the "bad cholesterol" that narrows arteries, and
high–density lipoproteins seen as the "good cholesterol". There are many determinants that
contribute to high blood cholesterol, for instance, environmental influences, genetic factors, existing
illnesses and so on. However, this literature review will primarily focus on controllable risk factors.
Amongst the numerous controllable risk factors, this review will zoom into the three main factors,
obesity caused by unhealthy diet, physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Gonseth, S., Jacot–Sadowski, I., Diethelm, P. A., Barras, V., & Cornuz, J., 2012) also adds that
some tobacco companies include extra appetite suppressants substance into their cigarettes.
Although smoking raises causes high blood cholesterol, but people will only selectively focus on the
appetite suppressing function smoking brings. Thus, people will be drawn to the fact that smoking
can help them to "control" weight, rather than the health issues that could arise from

The Objective Measurement Of 151
the objective measurement of 151 beats per minute. Based on the variation in the normative range
and the fact that the objective measurement is below the predicted measurement, your maximum
heart rate is also within the normative range. It is important to understand what maximum heart rate
means and how it can vary from person to person, because it is commonly used to create exercise
prescriptions. Martina, your overall cholesterol measurement of 172 mg/dL is below the recommend
upper limit of 200 [1]. Additionally, your HDL (high–density lipoprotein)–cholesterol measurement
of fifty–six mg/dL is also within the normal limits, which are defined as a reading greater than 40
but less than or equal to 60 mg/dL [1]. Your LDL (low–density lipoprotein)–cholesterol reading is
extremely close to being below the recommended limit of 100 mg/dL: your reading was 101 mg/dL
[1]. The recommended levels are the values at which your risk for several diseases is minimized.
Your triglyceride reading of 78 mg/dL was well within the normal limit of less than 150 mg/dL, but
your glucose reading was indicative of prediabetes. The Balke treadmill test was used to estimate
your maximum VO2 measurement, and to determine your aerobic fitness percentile. Based on your
time and the chart corresponding to your age on page ninety–three of the ACSM guidelines book,
your VO2 maximum would be about nineteen and a half milliliters per kilogram of body weight per
minute of oxygen [1]. This is the

Radiology Medical Advantages And Disadvantages
In most radiology modalities, it is hard to see the many different soft tissue like the vessels and
arteries without the help of a contrast agent. The soft tissue and blood vessels are composed of a
different density which in turn makes the plain x–ray images not as beneficial as for bones to
diagnosis. Differentiating between two adjacent tissues is proven to be very useful with the help of a
radiopaque substance.2 This in turn is the reason a contrast agent is needed to enhance the
vasculature nature of the human body. Examples of contrast agents commonly used are barium,
Iodine 300 or 370, Gastrografin, or Gadolinium.
The study of the blood or lymph vessels in the body after an injection of a radiopaque contrast agent
is called Angiography.1 Obtaining the images for a patient with obstructed coronary vessels is called
and coronary angiogram. When a patient is given a contrast agent for a coronary angiogram, it can
cause some significant health risks that can be unforeseen. Many complications can come from too
much contrast agent being administered or by not monitoring the patients creatinine before the
exam. This is one of the causing factors that may lead to the patient having kidney failure, cardiac
issues, allergic reactions or even anaphylactic shock.2 Without the proper laboratory procedures
done and close monitoring during an exam, the patient can be put at an extremely high risk of
complications due to the contrast agent. Contrast agents can be classified into

Ventricular Toxicity
Amiodarone and Ocular Toxicity An arrhythmia is a problem associated with the electrical activity
of the heart resulting in a heartrate that can be too fast (tachycardia) or too slow (bradycardia).
Arrhythmias are generally categorized as ventricular or supraventricular.1 Ventricular arrhythmias
are a condition in which extra heartbeats originate from the lower chambers of the heart and can be
classified as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or premature ventricular contractions.
Supraventricular arrhythmias originate in the upper chambers of the heart and can be less serious
than ventricular arrhythmias. Both types of arrhythmia can cause shortness of breath, chest
tightness, dizziness, or syncope. The National Institute ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Macaluso et al reviewed 73 cases of amiodarone induced optic neuropathy and concluded that onset
is insidious, usually bilateral, and characterized by disc swelling that stabilizes after drug
discontinuation.10
Although there are multiple reports of optic neuropathy caused by amiodarone, a major challenge is
discerning whether the optic neuropathy has a direct causal relationship with amiodarone use or is
due to other factors that increase ones risk in developing NAION. NAION is the most common
cause of vision loss in individuals over

Ethics Paper
Administrative Ethics
Le'Chonnia Ware
HCS/335
November 5, 2011
Brenda Boyd
Administrative Ethics
There is an article that spoke about two women who both had heart attacks on the same day. Both of
the women went to the same hospital. The hospital was not equipped to handle two heart attacks that
happen that close. This article bothered me because of how this situation was handled. It should not
have happen the way it happened. Instead of trying to save both lives a doctors' made a decision that
only one of them needed the surgery. In health care ethics supposed to stay with you. Treat people
with respect and let them know that you would do your best to take care of them. There are enough
hospitals and technology to help assist with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This hospital, the ambulance, the doctors, and other staff members knew they already had one
massive heart attack victim. Working in a hospital you should know what the hospital is capable of.
This was a lack of communication, management, experience, and respect for others.
The Outcome
With the decision being made that Sarah would have the surgery because she was younger was not a
good decision. Because they operated on Sarah, she could recover. She was able to continue living
her life with her loved ones. On the other hand Marguerite passes away the next day because she did
not receive the surgery. Now we can say it was her time to go, God wanted it to happen like. The
fact is no one has the right to play God. There were so many things that went wrong.
Conclusion
Ethics is the study of moral principles governing the appropriate conduct for a person or a group of
people. When you grow up you are taught about respect for yourself and others. The respect that you
are taught should stay with you for the rest of your life. When you decide to take a career in health
care you decide to put your ethics in to play. You are caring for other people who think that you have
their best interest. You are supposed to help make people feel better, and be honest. In the article that
did not take place. You do not say who lives because of their age. Dr. K, Marguerite friend should
have spoken up.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Paper
ngiography is a test used to detect blockages of the arteries or veins. It is used to diagnose stroke and
to determine the location and size of a brain tumor, aneurysm, or vascular malformation. This test is
usually performed in a hospital outpatient setting and takes up to 3 hours, followed by a 6– to 8–
hour resting period. The patient, wearing a hospital or imaging gown, lies on a table that is wheeled
into the imaging area. While the patient is awake, a physician anesthetizes a small area of the leg
near the groin and then inserts a catheter into a major artery located there. The catheter is threaded
through the body and into an artery in the neck. Once the catheter is in place, the needle is removed
and a guide wire is inserted. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A series of x–rays is taken and any obstruction is noted. Patients may feel a warm to hot sensation or
slight discomfort as the dye is released.
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis involves the removal of a small amount of the fluid that protects the
brain and spinal cord. involves the removal of a small amount of the fluid that protects the brain and
spinal cord. The fluid is tested to detect any bleeding or brain hemorrhage, diagnose infection to the
brain and/or spinal cord, identify some cases of multiple sclerosis and other neurological conditions,
and measure intracranial pressure. he procedure is usually done in a hospital. The sample of fluid is
commonly removed by a procedure known as a lumbar puncture, or spinal tap. The patient is asked
to either lie on one side, in a ball position with knees close to the chest, or lean forward while sitting
on a table or bed. The doctor will locate a puncture site in the lower back, between two vertebrates,
then clean the area and inject a local anesthetic. The patient may feel a slight stinging sensation from
this injection. Once the anesthetic has taken effect, the doctor will insert a special needle into the
spinal sac and remove

LDLR: Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor
LDLR is known otherwise as the low–density lipoprotein receptor. Genes in the LDLR instruct for
making the proteins. The LDLR is responsible for delivering cholesterol lipoprotein particles into
cells (Leitersdorf & Coetzee, 1984). Lipoprotein particles are bound at the cell surfaces by the
receptors, and released in the endosome at low–pH. The LDLR is not only responsible for delivering
but also for removing the lipoprotein particles from the bloodstream to inhibit their over
accumulation (Leitersdorf & Coetzee, 1984). Mutations in the LDLR affect the healthiness of an
individual. Familial hypercholesterolemia is an autosomal dominant disease that is caused by
mutations in the LDLR gene encoding. Osteoporosis another major health problem is ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
FH can either be homozygous or heterozygous, homozygous being more rigorously affected than
heterozygous. Heterozygotes have a plasma LDL concentration that is double that of normal
individuals, thus increasing the risk of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis is the accumulation
of white blood cells in the artery walls, thickening it over time. Individuals with two defective
copies develop this disease at an early age which usually leads to death. It is always thought that FH
is caused by the mutations of the LDL receptor proteins. There are currently more than 800 different
mutations for the LDLR that cause FH (Soutar & Naoumova, 2007). The most common types of
mutations are premature stop codons, mutations in the promoter and pre–mRNA, and amino acid
substitutions. Individuals with autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia have the same phenotype
as the homozygous FH, but the conditions are not as extreme because of the cholesterol and LDL
cholesterol levels. Treatment results show better results with lipid–lowering drugs. Some studies
show that unaffected individuals and heterozygous individuals how no significant difference (Soutar
& Naoumova, 2007). High cholesterol from birth will lead to vascular diseases and hardening of the

Heart Disease Is The Leading Cause Of Death
Abstract In the United States, heart disease is the leading cause of death. Diagnosis and treatment
can involve invasive procedures including coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary
intervention (PCI). The transfemoral artery approach remains the preferred method for coronary
angiography and PCI in the United States despite a growing body of evidence that the use of the
transradial approach (TRA) improves patient safety and efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to
review the current literature, analyze several pertinent articles comparing cost and vascular
complications of the two methods used for PCI, and to discuss the clinical implications of the TRA.
Keywords: transradial catheterization, radial catheterization, coronary angiography, percutaneous
coronary intervention Transradial Artery Access for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Diagnosis
and treatment of coronary heart disease often includes coronary angiography and percutaneous
coronary intervention (PCI). "Femoral access for coronary angiography has been the dominant
access site for the last two decades" (Jolly, Shoaib, Hamon, Yusuf, & Mehta, 2009, p. 132), and TRA
has been viewed as a "backup plan" for patients without other vascular access (Rao, Cohen,
Kandzari, Bertrand, & Gilchrist, 2010). There is a steep learning curve for physicians who are
performing TRA. Because of this, some studies have shown that the TRA is associated with longer
procedural and fluoroscopy times, higher access site

Coronary Artery Disease Study
Humans are lucky enough to have such complex and diverse organs that somehow work together to
ensure the survival of a person. Many times the human body will be called a well oiled machine due
to how well and instantaneous that the body is able to perform so many duties quickly and
efficiently. Many doctors spend years in Medical school to study the human body in great detail in
order to help a person who is ailing in hopes to treat or hopefully cure them. Sometimes, there are
people who do struggle with illnesses that target specific organs which can condemn them to a life
riddled with pain. Some illnesses and diseases can be cured and treated and the person can pursue a
normal life. On the other hand, some people are not as lucky and are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Mayo Clinic Website, the disease occurs when the major blood vessels that are
responsible for supplying an individual's heart with blood, nourishment and oxygen is damaged
(Mayo Clinic, 2016). The cholesterol that is in your body time will cause a build up of plaque in
your arteries which will eventually cause blockage. The build up of plaque is also associated with
the inflammation of arteries. Some symptoms that are coupled with Coronary Artery Disease is the
presence of chest tightness, nausea, weakness and fatigue (Eastwood, Johnson, Rutledge, Bittner,
Whittaker, Krantz, Cornell, Eteiba, Handberg, Vido and Bairey, 2013). As well as Angina which is
the chest pain; it is described as a sensation of pressure or tightness a person experiences. Many
people experience that kind of pain in the middle or on the left side of the chest (Mayo Clinic,
2016). Angina is usually triggered by emotional or physical stress. Sometimes females can
experience Angina differently; females will feel the pain but it will disappear quickly. They will feel
the pain in their necks, arm and back. Accompanied with Angina, a person will experience Shortness
of breath due to the fact that the heart can not pump enough blood according to a person's needs
which will result in immense fatigue and exertion. Heart attack is a serious symptom that a person
can experience can also end up killing them. Once the Coronary Artery is completely blocked by the
numerous amount of plaque buildup a heart attack will occur. Some signs of a heart attack can
include an awful amount of pressure in an individual's chest and pain that is in the arm of shoulder.
Usually people might experience shortness of breath and sweating. When the signs of heart attacks
are shown in women they are not as clear. Sometimes they will experience neck and jaw pain.
Sometimes, heart attacks do not have symptoms but

Health Information : Assessment Task Essay
Diploma of Nursing: HLT51612
Analyse Health Information: HLTAP501C
Assessment Task 1: Case Study
Case Study One
Mr. Bellows is an overweight, 51–year–old with a long history of angina. He is known to your
hospital and arrives in an ambulance with more severe symptoms than previous admissions. Mr.
Farmer informs the ambulance crew, the Anginine tablets he has taken, have not provided any
symptom relief.
He presents at Emergency Department (ED) with crushing central chest pain, which radiates down
his left arm. On arrival to ED, Mr. Farmer receives 300mg aspirin, followed by IV morphine
sulphate. A 12 lead ECG and blood tests reveal he has suffered an AMI.
Mr. Farmer on Day 5, is discharged home and recommended to take daily exercise and improve his
diet. Mr. Farmer had previously consumed regular take–away food, smoker of 35years and led a
sedentary lifestyle. Discharge medications prescribed include aspirin, metoprolol, an ACE inhibitor
(perindopril) and a statin (simvastatin)
Question 1
Clearly differentiate the pathophysiology of angina and myocardial infarction, including signs and
symptoms. (5 marks)
Angina Pectoris
Angina Pectoris is a disorder described by episodes of pain when the supply of oxygen to the heart
is inadequate to meet the needs of the heart (Bruyninckx 2011). Hypoxia can be the result of three
types of cardiac stressors:
Ischemia caused by coronary blood vessel obstruction as a result of vasospasm, thrombosis or
atherosclerosis. Ischemia can also

The Pathology Of A Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Essay
Seth Kahn's (2011), article entitled, "Putting Ethnographic Writing in Context," identifies
ethnography as the study of "relationships, rituals, values, and habits that make people understand
themselves as members of a group." Ethnographers adopt a stance of observation, as well as
participation to better understand the discourse among members within a particular group, or
discourse community (Khan, 2011). This ethnographic research will "connect what community
members know and do, with what they say and how they say it" (Devitt, Bawarshi, & Reiff, 2003).
The purpose of this study is to explore how nurses, working in a cardiac catheterization laboratory,
learn the 'local knowledge' necessary to communicate with a multidisciplinary discourse community
successfully. To protect the identity of participants in this study, the name of the laboratory included
in the study will be identified as the XYZ Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory. Cardiovascular
diseases have long been the leading cause of death in the United States (Narang et al., 2016).
Research predicts the progression of cardiovascular disease will affect forty percent of our
population by the year, 2030 (Narang et al., 2016). Furthermore, research shows that the
cardiovascular workforce is inadequate to meet the rising demands of this patient population
(Narang et al., 2016). In particular, a subset of cardiac nurses, a cardiac catheterization laboratory
nurse is a key member of this cardiovascular workforce.

Three Symptoms Of A Heart Attack Over Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial Infarction is a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. Many people refer to
Myocardial Infarction as a heart attack. Non–medical Individuals recognize the term heart attack
over Myocardial Infarction. Three symptoms of a heart attack are tightness, pain in the chest, and
shortness of breath. If people are having these symptoms it is likely that they are having a heart
attack. Not everyone that has had a heart attack will have the same symptoms as other individuals.
Everyone's body acts in different ways. Symptoms can occur even before the heart attack takes
place. If someone notices more than one symptom, that may mean you are having a heart attack or
you will get one. Heart attacks can occur in men ages forty–five and women

Essay on Stress and Cardiovascular Disease
Although gross medical advancements have allowed the human population to live longer and fuller
lives without the threat of death from infectious diseases, it is apparent that we are now dealing with
a different phenomenon that may be just as harmful to our health. The impact of psychological,
social and environmental factors from our daily lives is having a drastic impression on the mental
and physical wellbeing of our society. It has been shown in various studies that psychological and
neurological factors influence the immune system and can have an effect on our health (Breedlove,
Rosenzweig & Watson, 2010). As we allow various stressors, poisonous substances, unhealthy diets
and lack of rest to overwhelm our existence, we are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
784). The immune system attempts to attack the inflamed area in the artery with special white blood
cells and "cells full of fatty nutrients, foam cells, begin to form there, too" (Sapolsky, 2004, p. 43).
The white blood cells are unable to properly fight the affected area, and in turn, end up adding more
substance to the build up. As this process continues, the affected area becomes inflamed and
physically hardens. This produces a blockage in the artery and reduces blood flow, while also
causing an increase in blood pressure. At this point of the atherosclerosis build up, many people,
especially women, experience angina.
As blood pressure rises and "the blood moves with enough force, [it] increases the chances of
tearing that plaque loose" and rupturing it (Sapolsky, 2004, p. 45). When a rupture occurs, the
material that has become loose, a blood clot known as a thrombus, can pose as much more of a
threat to a person's life than the initial build up of plaque. If the thrombus blocks a coronary vessel
then the heart muscle is unable to receive blood that is full of needed oxygen and other essential
nutrients, this is known as cardiac ischemia (Steffen, Lecture 11). Ischemia can cause angina and
discomfort. Another possible result of a blocked coronary artery is a heart attack, which can lead to
death, and if a blood vessel in the brain is clogged then a stoke will occur.

Cca Case Study

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