Globalization Generates Poverty

Globalization Generates Poverty
What can two dollars buy you? A small coffee at Starbucks, a candy bar, bag of chips, and a soda, a
slice of pizza. For nearly three billion people, approximately half of the world 's population, two
dollars a day is all the money that the person has to live on. Moreover, of the 2.2 billion children in
the world, 1 billion grow up in poverty; 640 million without adequate shelter, 400 millions with no
access to safe water, and 270 million with no access to health services (UNICEF 2005). One
proposed reason for this harsh reality of high poverty rates is globalization – the growing integration
of economies and societies around the world. The claim that globalization generates poverty has
been the focus of many debates for the last twenty ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, although globalization has helped several countries, "in some developing countries,
foreign aid and investments are not relieving widespread poverty, and policies forced by global
institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank have created more harm
than good, because the policies are based on models constructed by the developed countries and are
not customized for each developing country 's situation" (2003).
Globalization has generated significant opposition because of concerns that it has decreased wages
in all countries and decreased the number of all types of jobs, of both uneducated and educated
statuses, that are available in developed countries. Statistics have shown that an increase in product
trade with unskilled–labor–abundant, low–wage countries leads to an increase in the wage rate of
skilled workers and depresses the wage rate of unskilled workers (Eckel). For some time, factory
jobs have been moving to lower wage countries. More recently, high–speed Internet connections
have allowed clerical and white–collar jobs to be done much more cheaply in places like India.
Many times when a person calls a customer service line for an American Cooperation, they will be
greeted by a person with an accent not native to the United States. This is because companies are
hiring people from abroad for much less than they deserve and much less than they would have to
pay people
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Factors Affecting Population Growth
According to the book, there are three main factors that influence population growth. The first factor
the book addresses is childhood mortality. Childhood mortality refers to the amount of children who
die before age five. According to a website called ourworldindata.com, the child mortality rate in
2015 was around 4.3 percent. Childhood mortality can impact population growth because if the
mortality rate is high, the amount of childhood deaths would cause less population growth. A
decrease in childhood mortality could cause families to have smaller families since there is a higher
likelihood of their children surviving. Education is the second factor that impacts population
growth. According to the book, people who are educated tend to wait to have children or get married
due to their occupation or due to them working towards their occupation. This can impact
population growth by reducing the number of children a women has due to her getting married
older, having children when she is older, and dedicating time to work and children. Women who live
in uneducated areas tend to marry and have children around their teens, increases the population yet
also increasing poverty and lack of hygiene. The third and last factor is the lack of access to
contraceptives. According to the book, contraceptives tend to decrease the amount of children a
women has, allows more women to have children who survive the birthing process, and reduces the
amount of women who die in childbirth. This

The Pros And Cons Of Global Inequality
Global inequality is the state that the world's circumstances are unequal. Many people around the
world are facing this global issue happening. Throughout history, it is seen that ,all the provinces in
the world, have varying degrees of poverty. For my report, I will be focusing on Nepal (Asia) .
Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is home to Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain in the
world, and another 7 mountains which are among the ten tallest mountains. Nepal's capital city is
Katmandu. I will be comparing Nepal to Australia. Australia (Commonwealth of Australia) is an
island country (Oceania). Surrounded by the Pacific and Indian oceans, it is the largest country in
Oceania and 7th largest country in the world. Australia's capital is Canberra but its economical
capital is Sydney. There are many essential aspects of life which include; income, education, food
and water, health and shelter. Income is money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or
through investments. The weekly income of a laborer in Australia is $622.20 ($476.11 USD)
whereas a Nepalese laborer would make 2000 NPR ($19.31 USD) . Education is the process of
receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university. The expected amount
of schooling years in Nepal is 12.2 years. Now, compare that to 20.4 years in Australia. The average
cost of living in Australia is $2835 ($2169.31 USD) while the cost of living in Nepal is 500 – 1100
NRs ($4.83 – $10.62

Contraceptives In Melinda Gates : Universal Access To...
1) In Melinda Gates' discussion on limiting population growth, she proposes that there be universal
access to contraceptives that women so desperately need around the world. For instance, Gates talks
about her time in Africa where she met many women who did not have access to birth control. As a
result, there are high infant mortality rates and children that survive are often sick with diseases and
struggle with poverty and hunger. When women use contraceptives and are allowed to control when
they want children, the children have better futures and opportunities ahead of them. Gates stresses
that in order for impoverished countries like Africa to have access to birth control, rich and poor
governments, must make contraception a reality and a priority.
On the other hand, in Hans Rosling's lecture, he utilizes boxes to demonstrate the same concept of
population growth. Each box represents one billion people. As the years past and the boxes pile on,
Rosling notices one common trend: Population continues to rise in areas that exhibit poverty and
lack of access to basic health services. He proposes that in order to stabilize population growth
around the world, we must improve child survival by 90%, ensure that children are educated, and
provide tools and resources for families to get out of poverty.
2) In Hans Rosling's TED talk, some things I found interesting:
The first thing I found interesting was Rosling's claim that he was neither an optimist or a pessimist
when it

Behavioral Science And Community Health
For Department of Behavioral Science and Community Health
Around 6 years of age, I was outside playing with other children when I noticed a group of people
building something in an area. Everyone gathered around to observe them and saw water coming
out of a pump. There were a few stories about drinking unsafe water or eating contaminated foods
which led to gastrointestinal diseases, but very little effort was made to prevent this. While in my
undergraduate years studying to become a physician, I noticed how doctors were trained in
interventional medicine, but not many practiced preventive medicine. I decided that I wanted to
enact positive impact by assessing and analyzing data to understand public health problems,
developing programs to address the issues and designing methods to measure the efficiency of
health interventions in order to improve population health. By the end of my sophomore year, I
started pursuing a degree in public health.
At X University, I took two courses––Community Health Promotion and Epidemiology––that
captured my interest in Behavioral & Community Health Sciences. As I listened to experts speak
intensively about effective communication with vulnerable population and ways to modify
incidence, prevalence and mortality rates within the communities, I saw the possibilities of
improving the quality of lives for many. My professors carried such genuine interest in educating us
on various public health issues that by the end of the course, I was sure

A Health Indicator Of Nepal Essay
PUBLC HEALTH INDICATOR
SNAP OF NEPAL
Nepal is a relatively small (population around 26.5 million) land–locked country, bordered by the
two biggest countries in the world, India and China. Its renowned physical beauty makes it very
fragmented and many parts are inaccessible by modern transport and communication facilities.
There are few cities and 86% of the population lives in rural areas. The country is divided into 5
development regions, 14 zones and 75 districts. Despite its richness in biodiversity, natural
resources and cultural multiplicity, Nepal has still remained a developing country where more than
24 percent of the people live under the poverty line. The impact of the poverty is manifest in all
other sectors like health and hygiene, education, disaster and conflict preparedness, access to and
distribution of resources, gender equity, as well as respect for humanitarian values. The transitional
period of developmental change in the legal, political, financial and diplomatic scenario indicate
that the country needs more efforts in the fields of social reformation, rehabilitation and
development.
________________________________________
PUBLIC HEALTH SCENARIO OF NEPAL
The Government of Nepal has recognized health care, reproductive right, women right, safe
environment right, as abasic fundamental right, as acknowledged in the Interim Constitution of
Nepal 2063 (2007), and has declared that it's the state 's responsibility to ensure people 's health. The
vision of an

The United States And Australia
The United States and Australia are both industrialized countries with both English–speaking
populations with challenges of providing health care coverage. Differences and similarities can be
found in both countries with regards to the health care system. Both have government programs
such as Medicare that is designed for the population in different circumstances, and both
populations use private insurance. With the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, the United
States is attempting to cover a large population of those needing health insurance yet in Australia
Medicare system covers a larger portion of its population. With the cost continuing to rise along
with spending for health care is dramatically different. The money ... Show more content on
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Medicare, Australia's national public health insurance, provides universal health coverage for
citizens and permanent residents in addition to people with temporary visas from countries with
which Australia has reciprocal arrangements. Medicare covers inpatient care in public hospitals for
free or subsidized access to comprehensive medical services (Mossialos et al., 2015). Citizens may
choose to buy private insurance to cover more health care options and to cover items not covered
under Medicare for example ambulance services. Medicare gives Australian residents access to
health care and is partly funded by taxpayers who pay a Medicare levy of 2.0% of their taxable
income (Ato, n.d.). The first contact with health services one may need would involve a visit to a
general practitioner, who may refer the patient to a specialist, diagnostic testing, medication for the
need to in a public hospital. Australia's health care system involves public and private providers.
The government funds the public hospitals, whereas those in the private sector operate the private
hospitals. As of June 2014 over 47% of the population had private health insurance (PHIAC, 2014).
The public perception of the Australian medical system is generally positive and strongly favors a
universal public health system funded by the public (Hardie & Critchley, 2008). In the United States
the passing of the Affordable Care Act of 2010, established the

Reasons Women Live Longer Than Men
Reasons why women live longer then men
It is an accepted fact of life that men enjoy certain physical advantages over women. Men are
stronger, taller, faster and less likely to be overweight, but they have then tendency to die before
their female counterparts. Their date rate is higher than women in many different societies. Women,
as a group, live longer than men. In all developed countries and most undeveloped ones, women
outlive men, sometimes by a margin of as much as 10 years. In the U.S., life expectancy at birth is
about 79 years for women and about 72 years for men. The gender discrepancy is most pronounced
in the very old: among centenarians worldwide, women outnumber men nine to one. The gender gap
has widened in this century as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chromosomal differences between men and women may also affect their mortality rates due to
diseases. Chromosomes carry genetic mutations that cause a number of life–threatening diseases,
including muscular dystrophy and hemophilia. Because women have two X chromosomes, a female
with an abnormal gene on one of her X chromosomes can use the normal gene on the other and
thereby avoid the expression of disease even though she is still a carrier of the defect. Men, in
contrast, have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, and so they cannot rely on an alternative
chromosome if a gene on one of the sex chromosomes is defective. If a man has a defect in this
gene, his body's ability to repair the mutations that arise during cell division could be severely
compromised. The accumulation of such mutations is thought to contribute to aging and disease.
The second X chromosome as a longevity factor in and of itself. Although one of the two Xs is
randomly inactivated early in life, the second X seems to become more active with increasing age. It
may be that genes on the second X activates and compensate for genes on the first X that have been
lost or damaged with age.
A third reason for the mortality rate be higher for males is the fact that men are more likely to
engage in risky life–threatening behavior thus raising the mortality rate among them. While this is a
more social reasoning it can be explained using biological terms. The male specie

Health and Social Care Level 3 Assign3 Essay
3.1 Analyse why life expectancy has increase over the last century. Life expectancy in the human
race has risen dramatically in the past century reaching its highest level for both male and female on
record. Between 1981 and 2002 life expectancy at age 50 increases by four and a half years for men
and three years for women and two years respectively. By 2002 women who were age of 65 could
expect to live to the age of 84 while men could expect to live to the age of 81. The primary reason
for the vast increase in life expectancy in developed countries in the 20th century is universal clean
drinking water and very high level of public and personal hygiene. These two improvements
account for probably 80%of the life expectancy. Overall life ... Show more content on
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* Cerebrovascular Disease: More commonly known as stroke cerebrovascular disease can be cause
by either a colt or blockage that cuts off blood flow to a part of the brain or by haemorrhage. In both
cases there is damage or death of the brain tissue that can cause paralysis, speech disorder,
swallowing problems and immobility. People with diabetes and high blood pressure are at higher
risk of stroke. * COPD: Chronic obstructive lung disease decreases the lungs ability to exchange
carbon dioxide for oxygen. As the disease progress the patient has to work harder and harder to
breathe often feeling as if they are suffocating. These disease are often link to a lifetime of smoking
but be due to environmental factors. * Pneumonia: Pneumonia is the fifth highest killer of older
adults, especially during the winter months of flu season. At high risk are seniors with chronic
disease such as diabetes heart disease and reparatory conditions. The flu and pneumonia shot are
recommended for all adults over the age 55 to help prevent this killer. Diabetes: Type two diabetes,
also known as adult onset diabetes is a chronic that lowers the immune system and can increase risk
of stroke, heart disease and other circulatory problems. Wounds take longer to heal and respiratory
infections like pneumonia often are more severe. 3.3 Analyse

Essay about Troubles with Eminent Domain in Iceland
Iceland recognizes the issue of eminent domain, as they have had trouble with this in regards to
geothermal deposits. However, they agree with the ECHR regarding rights to fair compensation.
Governments should only take property if it will benefit the public as a whole.
In any case of mandatory purchase, the purchased property should be used for the public good. The
government must have proof of a plan to use the property to improve the lives of the public before
the property can be purchased. Property must also be purchased in accordance with law, which will
vary from country to country.
Compensation must be provided to the person whose property is being bought. Each country should
work to set a standard for what is a fair market price, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is also something to be said for the boost economies gain once there citizens are able to have
families they have planned, and can adequately provide for. This being said, Iceland believes all
countries in United Nations should provide their citizens with contraceptives and information
regarding their use. This may be done through requiring coverage in health insurance plans,
reducing the price of contraceptives, and/or dropping any bans they may have on contraceptives. In
addition, a wide variety of contraceptives should be available–both which are for male and/or
female use. It is recommended birth control pills, and female and male condoms. This provides
citizens with a wide range of options, and the ability to choose what works for them. Religion or
cultural belief should not interfere with access to reproductive health services. These services not
only prevent pregnancies, but also prevent the spread of disease and reduce risks of cancer. Citizens
should have proper education regarding the use, benefits and downfalls of these services. Iceland
recommends this begin in primary school. This will give citizens the right to choose what works for
them, if they choose to use any at all. Religious and personal ideals are to be respected, and no one
should be forced into the use of contraceptives. However, no one should be denied them either.

Why African American Are The Leading Race For Infant...
Introduction Infant mortality rate constitutes the death of a baby before their first birthday. Mortality
rates around the world differ tremendously with America leading the first world countries at an
alarming rate of 6.1 deaths per 1,000 births. Conversely, Finland and Japan secure the last, most
desirable position, with deaths totaling 2.3 per 1,000 births, as of 2010. (Ovaska–Few, 2015) In
2014, over 23,000 babies died in the United States. (CDC, 2016) Exploring the mortality rates in
America brings light to a dire need for additional interventions and research as to why this
developing nation has the highest rate of infant deaths before the age of 1 year old. African
Americans face the worst outcomes of infant death compared to whites, Latino, and their Native
American peers in North Carolina. (Ovaska–Few, 2015) This paper will explore why African
American are the leading race for infant mortality and the steps that health communities need to take
to address this devastating occurrence.
Demographic Characteristics of the North Carolina Population
As of 2014, North Carolina ranks as the 8th worst state for infant mortality in the United States with
a slight improvement from holding the number one position in 1988. (Health Start Foundation,
2014) As infant mortality rate is broken down by demographics and ethnicity a clearer picture opens
the doors of perception and explores preventative measures for this at risk population. African
Americans represent 22% of North

African Countries, Sierra Leon And Ghana
I have chosen to dissect two West African countries, Sierra Leon and Ghana, along with Peru
located in South America and lastly the United States located in North America. Sierra Leon is a
British established colony founded in 1787 for slaves returning to Africa from Great Britain and also
the United States, its primary language is Krio spoken by 97% of citizens. Sierra Leone became an
independent country within the Commonwealth of Nations on April 27 of 1961 and Freetown was
deemed the capital city. Sierra Leone holds a population of 6,453,184 and population density of 89.4
per square kilometer. In spite that this country is very poor it still suffers the consequences of the
Civil war. Yet its mineral, farming and angling assets still ensures potential for monetary future
developments. Earnest Bai Koroma is the current President of Sierra Leon. Earnest Bai Koroma is a
graduate from the oldest University in West Africa, Fourth Bay College class of 1976, born October
2 1953. Sierra Leon Presidential term limit consists of a maximum of 2 five–year term limits.
Earnest BK is now serving his 2nd term as of 2007. During Earnest Bai Presidency Sierra Leonean
faced detrimental governmental issues, commanded by the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014.
As the nation experienced the most exceedingly sicknesses ever. The President was condemned for
the Government slow reaction and for the outrageous measures it took, for example, "shutting
down" the whole nation to check the spread

Questions On The Theoretical Lens
Jesus F. Garcia 6/15/2015 Midterm Question 1 Part A "Theoretical lens" refers to a set of
assumptions made, that are composed of factors such as past experiences, cultural background, and
religion. This concept can be problematic when a society attempts to assume the way things will be
and turn out to be unexpected. Dennis Phillips explains, "people often learn to understand things
based on the set of theories and belies with which they were raised."(Seminar 1, June 1) In child
development, "theoretical lens" of developing countries can ultimately hurt the way a society views
the progress of its future generations. Additionally, outcomes that are outside of the "theoretical
lens" are often rejected, which can cause distress to those individuals who are not conforming to
these expectations. Different countries have different assumptions about how the world works and
the role that each individual plays in it. These individuals, such as children, across the globe have
different expectations from society based on the region's "theoretical lens." For example "the main
issues facing young people in India will be the school versus work, the tradition of early arranged
marriages, the caste system, and the rights of women." (Gielen, 2004) The expectations of Indian
culture are completely different from those found in the United States for young people. The culture
difference is key in how new generations will develop in accordance to societies expectations. A
young person in

Terror Management Theory Essay example
Terror management theory (TMT) asserts that human beings have natural tendency for self–
preservation if there is threat to one's well–being (Greenberg, Solomon, & Pyszczynski, 1997). It
notes that we are the cultural animals that pose self–awareness on the concept of past and future, as
well as the understanding that one day we will die. We concern about our life and death but aware
that it is unexpected by everything. The worse matter is that we become aware of our vulnerability
and helplessness when facing death–related thoughts and ultimate demise (Pyszczynski &
Greenberg, 1992). The inevitable death awareness or mortality salience provides a ground for
experiencing the existential terror, which is the overwhelming concern of people's ... Show more
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We react to the death concerns through the acquisition and maintenance of self–esteem. Empirical
evidences have established the association between self–esteem and cultural worldview. It showed
that individuals with strong culture worldviews have higher self–esteem (Solomon, Greenberg, &
Pyszczynski, 1991). On the other hand, the research suggested that self–esteem is able to serve a
death–denying function. If someone is being asked to think about their own death, it would increase
their need for the protection affords by the cultural worldview and the self–worth derived from it
(Harmon–Jones, Greenberg, Pyszczynski, Solomon, & McGregor, 1997). Based on this
presumption, TMT derives a hypothesis – anxiety buffer hypothesis, suggesting that self–esteem
serves as an anxiety buffer against the mortality salience (Pyszczynski et al., 1999). Anxiety buffer
hypothesis posits that self–esteem is an emotional buffer to defend against anxiety (Solomon et al.,
1991). There are several significant evidences to support the claim that self–esteem serves as an
anxiety buffer function. First of all, there are large literature review indicated that self–esteem is
negatively correlated with various measures of anxiety and the physical and psychological
consequences of anxiety. Leary and Downs (1995) demonstrated that

Military Hero Essay
Who do you think is the most important in a play, the lead role, or the stage hands? Like how a play
is, it's just the same in the military. There are the soldiers that go out and fight, and there are ones
that make, test, and fix their equipment. My grandfather, Glen Sauerbry, was a technician in the air
force, and played the most important role in the air force and was and still is, a hero for doing it.
Glen Sauerbry is a hero because he joined the military with no prior knowledge on what he was to
do and did it willingly. This is important because if a hero is not willing to face danger and the
unknown, then they cannot become a hero in the first place. In the words of Kendra Cherry, creator
of the "Seven Qualities of Heroism," "It takes both skill and self–confidence to rush in where others
fear to tread" (Cherry). My grandfather was gaining both of these in taking the risk of joining the
military. My grandfather is a hero because he joined the air force knowing the air force is
dangerous. According to the Center for Disease Control, at an average death rate of 1,934, a total of
27,070 soldiers died serving in active duty. Annually, 94.9 of soldiers per 100,000 military
personnel of all factions died. ("National Mortality Profile of Active Duty Personnel in the U.S.
Armed Forces: 1980–1993"). My grandpa could have been one of those deaths every year for seven
years, but he wasn't. Knowing you could die at any moment is a heavy burden, be he took that
burden and

Florence Nightingale Essay
Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy. Her parents named her after
the city she was born in. She was born on May 12,1980, she was raised mostly in Derbyshire
England. Many people when they hear Florence Nightingale think about her as a nurse and for her
fight for better hospital care. Florence did a lot more in her life than achieve better hospital
conditions, and become a nurse. She was a brilliant mathematician, and used statistics to apply them
to achieve her reforms. Florence was a well–educated woman in a number of fields other than math;
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using her calculations she determined that an improvement in sanitary conditions would lead to a
decrease in deaths. During her time this was the first time a woman had came up with such a
productive theory to reduce the mortality rate. Florence was dedicated to improving the health and
living conditions of the British army, the sanitary and administration of hospitals, and the way
women were looked at if they wanted to pursue a profession in nursing. Florence Nightingale also
raised the educational status of women by opening up the Nightingale School Home for Nurses in
Saint Thomas's Hospital in England. This was the first educational facility dedicated towards
nursing for women. The women of the 19th century didn't usually get an education equal to the
education of a man. Florence's family didn't think that way though. Florence also raised women's
educational status by being educated by her father who gave Florence and her sister a vast classical
education. One person that definitely needs to be mentioned is James Sylvestor, he was Florence's
math tutor. He is the man who is responsible for teaching Florence mathematics that she used in so
many different ways to achieve different

Development Of A Forest That Is Dominated By Sugar Maple
Abstract
Students conducted research relating to mechanisms of coexistence within a forest that is dominated
by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) compared to beech (Fagus grandifolia). The objective of the study
was to test three hypotheses relating to competition within trees, maintenance along with
regeneration of sugar maple and beech within Warren Woods, located in Michigan, IL. The first
evaluated whether or not highly despotic forms of lottery completion was present, in which a few
trees ever achieve canopy. Second, in response to competition, canopy trees were evaluated in terms
of being uniformly or randomly distributed within their unique environment. Third, evidence of
tradeoffs as both types of trees make their way up to a canopy was assessed. From the plots
established and analyzing through density and frequency, students examined that sugar maple was
more abundant, viewed in large fractions among the sub–canopy classes. Beech may have had a
lower frequency, yet it had a higher density in Warren Woods. Evidence suggested that there was a
lottery competition taking place in the forest, as seen by the number of seedlings being higher than
saplings, which are greater than sub–canopies, which are greater than canopies. The evaluation of
the understory environment determined that a mechanism of coexistence, between both species, was
evident since the number of canopies was higher than that of sub–canopies. Each class appears to
coexist well with one another while

Educating Afghan Girls ' Education
Educating Afghan Girls'
Education is one of the most important contributors to having a successful future. In developed
countries such as North America boys and girls are fortunate enough to have access to an unbiased
education system. Therefore, allowing children to have countless opportunities. However, in
countries like Afghanistan girls are marginalized and neglected the right to learn. Afghanistan is a
country of war, where women and girls are often the worst victims. In 2011, Afghanistan was known
as the most dangerous place in the world for a girl to be born (Kissane). Malala Yousufzai, a female
education activist was also a victim of war. Yousufazi was shot in the head and neck for advocating
for girls and their rights to have access to education. Similarly, to Yousufzai many women in
Afghanistan stand up for their entitlement to having equality. Those courageous women often
become victims of abuse and are often killed. Investing in girls' education is critical, not only is it
life–altering for a girl's future, but it's also poses benefits to society. By allowing Afghan girls access
to educating we are also promoting better socioeconomic s, a reduction in child marriages, and an
improvement in mortality rates.
Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world. Three decades of war has subjected
Afghans to harsh living conditions. Leaving most with insufficient resources to survive. Many
women are left widowed, and are obligated to provide for their families,

Early Life As A Social Determinant Of Health
Early life as a social determinant of health has the potential to impact both a person's health and
wellbeing. Social and economic disadvantage, belonging to a marginalised population, access to
adequate nutrition, educational attainment and exposure to adverse experiences all contribute to an
individual's functional health into midlife and old life age. Those children who suffer socioeconomic
disadvantages have earlier onset and faster progression of disease, resulting in higher morbidity and
earlier mortality (Agahi, Shaw, & Fars, 2014).
The social model of health takes the approach that a broad array of characteristics influence the
health of people, not merely biological and genetic factors (Wilkinson, & Marmot, 2003). Families,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Child health inequalities were first explored in the 19th century, with regards to the differences in
infant mortality rates within the social classes (Woolfenden et al., 2013). Early childhood
development as a social determinant is now described as the factors and environments that can
influence development and lifelong health and wellbeing (Maggi et al., 2010). These factors interact
with one another and include; social interactions, physical environment, living conditions, learning
environments and socio–political context (Maggi et al., 2010).
The societal influences on early life are determined by a variety of factors, ranging from access to
survival necessities to income inequality (Maggi et al., 2010). Developing countries are more likely
to be impacted by war, slavery, discrimination, disease, and a lack of water and sanitation facilities
(Maggi et al., 2010). Developed countries face issues around childhood exposure to poverty and the
inability for some to access the services needed for ideal health and wellbeing (Maggi et al., 2010).
Although the issues faced between countries are immensely different, the concerns for one child are
no less important than the concerns for another (Maggi et al., 2010).
There are also vast differences between childhood growth and development within countries. This
disparity is caused by differences in socioeconomic status, population

taking a Look at Infant Mortality
Infant mortality is the death of a child that is less than one year of age. Infant mortality rates are
measured by the number of deaths in infants per number of live births. Infants are usually up to that
age of one year. The health outcomes of a pregnancy is mainly influenced by a woman's health.
Other risk factors include race, ethnicity, age, and income. Socioeconomic status and geographic
location are major influences for infant mortality of a child. Most babies that die before their first
year can be because they are born with a serious defect, is a preterm birth (Born too small or too
early/37 weeks), infections, affected by maternal complications of pregnancy, victims of injuries and
victims of sudden infant death syndrome also known as SIDS. National Vital Statistics Reports
studied the infant mortality rates for the top five leading causes of infant death from 2005 to 2009.
The top five leading causes were congenital malformations, preterm birth or low birth weight, SIDS,
maternal complications, and unintentional injuries. Congenital malformations had the biggest
decrease from 2005 to 2009 while the other four causes decreased only a little bit or not at all.
National Vital Statistics Reports also studied infant mortality rates, by the race and ethnicity of the
mother in the United States from 2005 to 2009. The infant mortality rate for each race and ethnicity
of the mothers decreased from 2005 to 2009. The non–Hispanic blacks had the highest infant
mortality rate

UNICEF Challenges
Introduction
Alfred Nobel once said, "If you could only understand that we can help a human being without any
ulterior motive." Mr Nobels words echos a sentiment of the the Declaration of the Rights of the
Child or by another name, the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of children. It was adopted by the
United Nations in 1959. This worthy goal to protect children must be carried by people that can
fulfill that purpose and reach into the world, where many need help. UNICEF is that program.
(UNCF) UNICEF or United Nations Internationals Children Emergency Fund has a duty to help
make the world a better place. It is vital to understand what UNICEF is, its origins, the type of
problems they face and how they help. It is also essential to look at challenges they have and how
they can improve as an organization.
History of UNICEF UNICEF had its origins in 1946. It was 3 men who played an essential role,
Former President Herbert Hoover, Maurice Pate, an American business man, later the first executive
director of UNICEF. Ludwik Rajchman, an advocate for global health.
By 1947, Pate set up an office in D.C. He assembled a team and built networks in Europe and
recruited staff from the League of Nations. It took only 8 months to get approval for UNICEF to
support programs for Albania,Austria, China, Finland and a few others . (Jolly, 12)
Its first program focused on establishing feeding programs and provided 4.5 million children a daily
meal in 30,000 locations in 12 countries. It

Nursing In The 19th Century And The 20th Century
Nursing in the 19th century compared to the 20th century
The history of nursing is an important factor that was in high demand, as it had support and major
influence during both World War 1 and 2, due to the excellent healthcare providers. In the 19th
century, women did not require a college degree to practice nursing compared to today's education
system requirements. Due to the women volunteering during the World War, as a healthcare
provider, their work was highly appreciated. In which the government made nursing a profession
within the healthcare system, as nurses were volunteer work. Dock and Stewart (1938) explain how
within the U.S and other nations, the second World War was more helpful in regard to how it pushed
each countries' respective government to provide support for nursing. In 2002, the World Health
Organization explains about the declining numbers of nurses around the world, and they also
explain how this issue needed to be fixed to prevent more negative outcomes in which can later
cause more problem like affecting patients. "Later that year, the WHO went on to publish strategic
directions for strengthening nursing and midwifery services, which provided a framework of five
key result areas to guide member states in enhancing their support of nurses and midwives" (World
Health Organization, 2010). The world health organization explains the issues regarding the
declining of nurses at the beginning of the century and how it is still declined as time passes.

Childbirth During The Nineteenth Century Essay
The idea of childbirth has been viewed in three peculiar ways: a social natural occurrence, as a
passage to an early death, and in present times a medical procedure needed when having children. In
the seventieth and eighteenth century childbirth was seen as a social celebration conducted by
midwives, while in the nineteenth century fear of death arose due to an increase of maternal
mortality rates. This time period also served as a transition time between the elimination of the
midwife and the emergence of the physician. The transition was due to attitude changes and
knowledge understanding. During the twentieth century, medical knowledge expanded and thus the
idea of childbirth was medicalized into a medical procedure needed to have healthy children.
Childbirth once seen as a natural phenomenon was now an event that needed medical attention by
health facilitators at institutions of health. The ideas around childbirth developed based on the
knowledge, cultural setting, mortality rates, and professionals available at the time. Based on these
ideas it is easy to see how social and behavioral aspects influenced childbirth throughout the
seventeenth, eighteenth, ninetieth and twentieth centuries. In addition, the communities' views on
childbirth were influenced by the development of public health infrastructure, public health policy
advancement and how well public officials were able to disseminate information. In the colonial era,
the majority of women spent their lives

Anorexi A Psychologically Based Eating Disorder
Anorexia
Anorexia is a psychologically based eating disorder in a human, when a person feels extremely
insecure of his/ her physical appearance by thinking that his/ her physical appearance is not
impressive or socially acceptable at all and gets obsessed & involved in continuous efforts to lose
weight. Their weight loosing efforts are not healthy rather are extremely unhealthy in the form of
vigorous exercises, imbalanced diet plans & intake and unsatisfying mistaken image of themselves
towards them. Their problem is not based on the reality of being as fat as they actually are but of the
amount they think they are. Their image of being fat doesn't come from the mirror but from their
own mind so it is a virtual reality. The purpose of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because problem resolution of any kind starts from identifying the true nature of problem instead of
denial, to define the challenges required to be fought to. And where there is problem, solution lies at
the center of that. So instead of deviating through denial, anorexia patients should understand that
they direly need to get out of depression and anxiety and they deserve to be happy so one way or the
other, they should get it out to understand they don't need to fight their misconception of being fat,
they have to fight the cause arising misconception, anarchy, disgust, anger, isolation, anxiety and
deprivation in their lives. And all of these are dissociating themselves from their beautiful
surroundings, attention seeking beauties of nature, their family members, their friends, their
potentials and all the areas of the community that may be bettered by their exclusive roles.
Main Body:
In USA, 20 million females and 10 million males are anorexia patient, dissatisfied with their bodies.
Moreover this trend is usually seen in youngsters from age 6 to 10, studying in schools. They first of
all start feeling complex regarding their body shapes and their chubbiness. [1] Then this complex
stars growing more and more unless some counseling or control is done. If kids get no help they
might develop such complex further into anorexia. Normally it happens to girls that at the age of 6,
they start developing their body shape and weight concerns, contrary to

Iceland And Gabon : Unique Countries With Different Statuses
Iceland and Gabon are very unique countries with different statuses. Iceland has a very small
population but is highly developed and a model of efficiency socially, politically, and economically.
Whereas Gabon has the potential to be one of most developed African countries, with their
discovery of oil and the associated profit, but the population trends of the transitional period of
development and the social and political endeavours attached to such a change have hindered the
countries progression. As a result of this, Iceland has a better economy, quality of life, and social
and political structure while Gabon is developing these benefits slowly but with success with signs
of development problems in population and infrastructure that ... Show more content on
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Iceland and Gabon have different population sizes, but they are relatively close in comparison to all
countries of the world. The various people that make up their populations reflect each as developed
and developing (respectively). Iceland has a population of 317,351 and is ranked 180 in the world,
whereas Gabon has a population of 1,672,597 and is ranked 154 in the world . Iceland's population
is relatively small because the climate of Iceland does not promote a large amount of human life as
it is consistently cold and its already developed systems keep its population small with a growth rate
of .65%. However, such a small population facilitates more effective government programs to
support health care and insure good quality of life for more individuals. Gabon's population, on the
other hand, is small because it recently began its demographic transition. This illustrates its status as
a developing country along with its growth rate of 1.94% kept low by the smaller population but
still growing steadily along with its developing industry, healthcare, and food production, where
Iceland has the advantage of this infrastructure, Gabon has not yet fully developed this
infrastructure and can not deal as easily with the growth in population or support individuals or
communities quality of life. The age structure of each country also affects their growth rate. In
Iceland, 19.7% of

Infant Mortality : An Important Factor For Determining The...
Infant mortality is considered to be an important factor in determining the health of a nation. To
better understand the severity of infant mortality rates this brief addresses the trend of infant
mortality throughout history and then compares the differences in infant mortality rates (IMR)
between black and white infants.
The incidence of infant mortality before the 20th century was staggering, approximately a 30
percent of infants died before the age of one (CDC, 1999). At that time, survival was dependent on
the environmental and social factors such as weather, war, and disease. During what was called the
pre–modernized period, the occurrence of death was considered inevitable. As a result, parents
refrained from naming their children until after their first birthday. The early start of the industrial
revolution introduced manufacturing processes and urbanization, which significantly influenced
standards of living. With new developments came crowded factories, nutritional scarcity, and lack of
precautions to prevent spread of infections. Life improved considerably during the Progressive era,
in which individuals who called themselves 'progressives' had the goal of making the United States
a safer place to live (Loc, 2015). They brought ideas that impacted legislation and government to
improve socials problems such as, sanitation, poverty, and housing.
This brought a rise in standards of living, which played a role in lowering infant mortality rates. By
the early 1900's

The Demographics Of Mclennan County
Overview PURPOSE METHOD SUMMARY HEALTH RANKING SUMMARY Community
Profile DEMOGRAPHICS The demographics of McLennan County can be found in Table 1. This
information shows the change in the demographics from 2010 to 2014. As can be seen by the chart,
there is not a huge amount of growth, but growth nonetheless. Growth and change is expected in
this county in the coming years due to new developments in the downtown area including a new
stadium, which provide opportunities to live and work closer in to downtown and property values
are also on the rise. The county values when compared with the state values are very similar. Table
1: Demographics McLennan County State Year 2014 2010 2014 Population 238,707 234,906
26,059,203 Below 18 years of age 25.1% 25.4% 26.8% 65 and older 12.9% 12.5% 10.9% Non–
Hispanic African America 14.4% 14.8% 11.6% American Indian and Alaskan Native 1.1% 0.6%
1.0% Asian 1.5% 1.4% 4.1% Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 0.1% <18 years DSU DSU 2.5
Aged 18–44 years 12.7 16.3 17.3 Aged 45–64 years 241.8 239.2 220.5 Aged 65 years and over
1063.9 1046.7 1039.1 By Race/Ethnicity McLennan Peer Median US Median American Indian or
Alaska Native DSU 194.5 181.7 Asian or Pacific Islander DSU 137.4 99.7 Black or African
American 256.0 223.0 219.7 White 184.1 188.7 182.8 Hispanic or Latino 126.6 137.3 119.3 Not
Hispanic or Latino 199.3 195.3 187.1 By Sex McLennan Peer Median US Median Male 237.7 245.0
228.1 Female 158.8 157.9 154.7 *DSU indicates that data do

Symptoms And Symptoms Of The Valley Fever
After transmission, there are many different symptoms Rift Valley fever can cause when infecting
its host. Not only can they differ between humans and animals, but within those units individuals
can experience a wide variety of symptoms ranging from those as mild as headaches and nausea to
those more extreme such as meningitis and death. Although throughout history only about 2% of
humans infected happened to be fatal, the other 98% suffered through a wide variation of symptoms
that focused on different aspects of the body1. In humans, Rift Valley fever can have an incubation
period of 2 to 6 days with some patients showing no signs and a majority of the others suffering
from flu–like symptoms, such as vomiting, headaches, limb pains, and diarrhea2. These minor
symptoms can last from 2 to 7 days before the patient's adaptive immune response is implemented
and begins its fight against the virus, followed by a complete, or nearly complete, recovery2,3.
Though these symptoms seem like common ailments that exist everywhere today and are practically
harmless in the long run, Rift Valley fever has the potential to turn them into a lifelong nuisance.
After the onset of the first symptoms, infected patients can progressively suffer from ocular damage,
both temporary and permanent. Most cases can involve the inflammation of the retina and uvea or
can have complications with retinal vasculitis, which in turn could lead to photophobia, a sever
sensitivity to light1,4. With

Heartbreaking Infant Morality in Ohio Essay
Infant Mortality in Ohio The Columbus Dispatch editorial "Saving Our Kids" gives a disturbing
look at the high infant mortality rates in Ohio, and their plan to decrease these fatalities. It is truly
shocking when beginning to take a look at these numbers. The Columbus Dispatch stated, "In Ohio,
in 2011, more than one thousand children died before their first birthday". These numbers tell us
that Ohio is failing our infants when it comes to keeping them healthy. Imagining the heartbreak and
devastation that comes with having to bury a child is unthinkable. That being said, why is Ohio's
infant death rates so high? One issue is our inadequate healthcare system. The United States health
care currently ranks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These five factors alone accounted for "sixty–one percent of infant mortalities in Ohio from 2006 to
2010" (Ohio Department of Health). Some of these factors can be drastically reduced with increased
education among women whether they are pregnant or not. The old saying "knowledge is power"
becomes of upmost importance when it can save a child's life. The increase of education on smoking
cessation, prenatal care, nutrition, and infant sleeping precautions during pregnancy can help to
lower these rates. If mothers were better educated on these topics the rate of compliance would
increase and the risks that come along with them can be decreased as suggested by The Ohio
Collaborative to Prevent Infant Mortality (OCPIM). Poverty has also been shown to play a role in
infant mortality. Living in poverty has been linked to significant rises in stress levels due to lack of
money, poor living conditions, and high crime rates. Women who live in poverty stricken areas are
also less likely to have access to quality healthcare, and these everyday stresses cause an increase in
stress hormones. When these hormones are increased your blood pressure rises, and the body tends
to store fat causing weight gain both of which have harmful effects on pregnancy as indicated by the
Secretary's Advisory Committee on Infant Mortality. As poverty rates rise in the United States,
solutions for how to decrease the correlation between poverty and infant

The Low Country Healthy Start Program
The Low Country Healthy Start program was designed to eliminate disparities in perinatal health,
improve birth outcomes, and quality of life in African American women and infants living in
Allendale, Bamberg, Hampton, and Orangeburg counties. This process evaluation sought to
determine whether the services provided by LCHS were effective in changing the birth outcomes
associated with chronic disease in African American women. Data collected from the initial risk
screening and assessment survey along with attendance data from services provided by LCHS was
utilized. Case summaries and frequencies were ran on all data linked with chronic disease to
determine the risk factors, recognize who was at risk, and what services were provided. Findings
suggest that Asthma was the most common chronic disease amongst its participants with smoking
tobacco, poor coping skills, negative feelings, and inadequate housing being the risk factors
associated with asthma. The services provided by LCHS were found to be insufficient in reaching
participants with chronic disease. The program in general proves to be useful and beneficial in
addressing the major issues associated with low birthweight infants, however the data collected for
this particular study is all self–reported which leaves gaps and unanswered questions due to
inconsistency in the data received. Keywords: Pernatal health, Chronic disease, African American
Women
Introduction In 1991, the Health Resources and services

Essay about Safe Surrendered Baby Law
The Safely Surrendered Baby Law has responded to an increasing number of newborn infant deaths
due to abandonment in unsafe locations. The Safely Surrendered Baby Law was first established in
Jaunary 2001, eventually being signed permanently into state law in January 2006. The law's
objective is to be a safeguard for newborn infants at risk of abandonment by encouraging parents or
persons with lawful custody to safely surrender the infant within 72 hours of birth, no questions
asked (California Department of Social Services, 2007). A baby can be safely surrendered 24 hours
a day, 7 days a week. An identity bracelet is given to the baby so that if the parents decide to keep
the baby, they have up to 14 days to change their mind (Santa Clara ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They are left with no option than to find secret ways in abandoning the baby. There have been
stories of mothers drowning a baby in a toilet or babies found in dumpsters (Phillipsen, 2003).
History of problem
The safe surrender baby program was derived from the need to harbor children who couldn't be
cared for. Looking back in history, infanticide was used as a form of population control when
resources were not abundant (Milner, 1998). Thus, the safe surrender baby program is a humane
alternative to abandoning the baby. Before 1999, those who were concerned with the deaths of
infants as a result of abandonment responded to the problem with various community–based
programs. There were programs that provided 24 hour hotlines and others provided burial for the
infants who have died as a result of abandonment. Thirty–five states passed their laws concerning
abandoned babies, creating safe havens to secretly surrender a child without prosecution by March
2002 (Hittle, 2011).
Current status As of 2005, 51 babies have been safely surrendered in California, marking it the
largest yearly total since the Safely Surrender Baby law went into effect. Los Angeles County leads
the state with 44 babies safely surrendered since the program began (Santa Clara County
Government, 2011).
Critical perspectives in

Two Other Aspects In The Health Category Are Life Expectancy
Two other aspects in the health category are life expectancy and infant mortality rates. The United
Arab Emirates has a life expectancy rate of 76.96 years and an infant mortality rate of 12.7%, which
this mortality rate seems high, but sadly are much higher ones out there. Oman has a life expectancy
rate of 76.59 years and an infant mortality rate of 16.8%, a little higher than the UAE's. Saudi
Arabia has a life expectancy rate of 75.50 years and an infant mortality rate of 11.5%, a little lower
than the UAE's. But when comparing the UAE to countries like Brazil and India, they are lucky.
India's life expectancy is 66.21 years, which is the lowest of all six of the countries that have been
compared throughout this paper, and an infant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Saudi Arabia has a poverty rate of 12.7% and China, with the lowest, has a poverty rate of 6.1%.
China's poverty rate seems rather low, but when you do the math, they have about 78 million people
who are living below the poverty line, which is a little over eight times the population of the United
Arab Emirates. India and Oman have very similar poverty rates and the two highest in this
comparison. India has a rate of 29.8% and Oman, with the highest at 32%.
There must be some reason for the high poverty rates, let's look at the income inequality in all seven
of these countries, starting with the United Arab Emirates. The UAE has a Gini coefficient, a
statistical measure of the degree of variation or inequality represented in a set of values, of 36%
(Wikipedia, 2017). It also has a GDP per capita of $43,048.85, which seems very high for a country
with a 20% poverty rate. Oman, although I have not found a Gini coefficient, has a GDP per capita
of $21,929.01, which is about half of the UAE's. Saudi Arabia has a Gini coefficient of 45.9% and it
has a GDP like Oman's at $25,961.81. Brazil has a Gini coefficient of 51.1%, which means that the
wealth isn't very spread around and many people are poor. Brazil's GDP per capita is $11,208.08,
which is almost four time lower than the UAE's, but maybe that is because Brazil has a much larger
population than the UAE. China has a Gini coefficient of 42.2% and a low GDP per capita of
$6,807.43. China

Essay about Racism and Discrimination in Healthcare
Healthcare systems are microcosms of the larger society in which they exist. Where there is
structural violence or cultural violence in the larger society, so will there be evidence of systematic
inequities in the institutions of these societies. The healthcare system in Australia is one example–
from a plethora of similarly situated healthcare systems–in which the color of a patient's skin or the
race of his parents may determine the quality of medical received. Life expectancy and infant
mortality rates are vastly different for non–Aboriginal, Aboriginal, and Torres Strait Islanders
residing in Australia. The life expectancy of Aboriginal men is 21 years shorter than for non–
Aboriginal men in Australia. For women, the difference is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The organizational structures of political and economic systems cause and sustain the sort of
hierarchical relations that enable dramatic differences between and across sectors of societies.
Within these hierarchies, the people at the top have privilege, wealth, and power, while those at the
bottom of the hierarchy are dominated, oppressed, and exploited (Christie, 1997). People are
harmed and killed as a result of structural violence but, unlike direct violence, it occurs more slowly.
The harm or death of oppressed people may come about because "some people are deprived of food,
shelter, healthcare, and other resources" (Christie, 1997). Because structural violence is embedded
in a society's way of being, over the long–term, groups of people may not be able to meet their basic
needs to the degree that normal development and growth is impacted.
In the 1960s, Johan Galtung posited the construct of violence as a phenomenon generated by the
existence of social barriers that deny needs satisfaction in certain sectors of society. Galtung's
conceptual framework illustrates the relationship between the structure of society and the
inequalities experienced by its citizens. Gilman's seminal definition of structural violence reads,
"physical and psychological harm that results from exploitive and unjust social, political, and
economic systems" (1983, p. 8).

Costa Rica The Little Country
You could call Costa Rica the little country that could, at least in terms of health care. Over the past
seventy years the government has enacted reforms that have changed the face of both the health care
system and health of a country. The Costa Rica health system is dedicated to providing equitable
access to citizens, while protecting them from financial risk. The improvement this middle–income
country has made over the past few decades rivals that of higher–income countries. However, while
this system is fundamentally efficient and effective, it is not without problems.
Throughout the last seventy years Costa Rica's healthcare system has been going through a
transformation. As the nation has taken steps to improve the health care system, the health of the
country's population has also drastically improved. For instance, in 1950 the total population of
Costa Rica was approximately one million citizens (Vargas & Muiser, 2013). The life expectancy
was fifty–six years for both female and male citizens (Vargas & Muiser, 2013). The fertility rate for
women at that time was 6.7 (Vargas & Muiser, 2013). By the twentieth century the population has
reached close to four million citizens, and the life expectancy of both male and females has risen to
seventy–eight years old (Vargas & Muiser, 2013). This life expectancy rate placed Costa Rica
second in the Americas, behind Canada (Unger, Buitron, Soors, 2008). The fertility rate of women
also dropped to 2.4 (Vargas &

Research Report On Neonatal Mortality
Introduction: World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that neonatal mortality contributed to
38% of under–5–mortality (1). Therefore reduction in neonatal mortality is an important target of
WHO (Millennium Development Goal 4 aimed at reduction under–5–mortality by two thirds by the
year 2015). This can be achieved by provision of high quality neonatal care units equipped to offer
continuous observation, monitoring and intensive treatment to sick neonates. In order to give the
best available services, these neonatal units need continuous evaluation. Studying outcome of
neonates admitted to neonatal units is an important parameter of evaluation. Worldwide, many
published studies reported very different outcomes in terms of mortality and morbidity rates (2, 3, 4,
5). This can be explained by different nature of population, different environmental conditions,
different study designs, variability in available resources and different patterns of neonatal problems
from country to another. Therefore mortality and morbidity figures can not be applied globally and
each neonatal unit needs to have its own figures. This helps strategic management planning and
redirection of available resources especially in developing countries where resources are very
limited. Aim: To study Outcome of neonates admitted to a neonatal unit in Upper Egypt Patients and
methods: Place of study: Neonatal Unit at Sohag University hospital in Upper Egypt. Sohag
Governorate is located in the

The Effects Of Distributing Thalidomide On The Late 1950s
A little white pill, sold as an over–the–counter drug, lined the shelves of pharmacies across the
globe. Originating from the German drug company, Chemie Grütinethal, this pill was advertised to a
highly receptive international market and was a success in 1959. Several years later, physicians
began to form a link between phocomelia, a birth deformity, and pregnant woman who ingested the
German–created drug. That little white pill is known as Thalidomide. Staying in the market for
almost six years, Thalidomide changed the lives of mothers and their newborns for the worse
making it one of the largest pharmaceutical failures in the course of mankind. Although the horrific
effects of distributing Thalidomide in the late 1950s is historically ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This poisonous drug that had the ability to severely damage the anatomical structure of fetuses to
the point of death passed unnoticed for several years. The highly concentrated infant mortality toll is
a despairing loss of innocent life. Additionally, several hundred more babies from Australia, Great
Britain, Japan, and Canada were affected. The international widespread death magnified the tragedy,
adding salt to the wound. The immense death toll is considered an international failure because of
the shared infant death crisis. Since the distribution of Thalidomide caused thousands of premature
infant deaths, it can be classified as historically tragic. In addition to premature deaths,
Thalidomide's consumption in the early 1960s is also tragic in another way.
The unregulated sales of Thalidomide also caused emotional distress and hardship for the future
lives of mothers and their infants. The fatal drug 's side effects were displayed in pregnant women's
newborn babies. Infants affected with Thalidomide were born with limb reduction anomalies,
congenital heart disease, ear malformations, and ocular abnormalities. The potential to live a long
life was inhibited by the handicapped ailments each infant received. This created a lot of health
expenses and difficulty obtaining an education. It is also very physically–challenging to perform
everyday tasks causing many victims to often experience guilt and depression when realizing how
unfortunate their circumstances

Socioeconomic Status Affects Development During All Stages...
Socioeconomic status affects development during all stages, but the infancy stage is affected
dramatically because the effects on health and wellbeing are at a crucial stage of life that affects an
individual throughout life. Infants born into higher socioeconomic status' needs are met more
adequately than those of its counterpart infants of the low socioeconomic status. Infants needs being
unmet due to lack of resources have been linked to growth restrictions, as well as failure to thrive.
According to (Mcloyd,1998) "Lower IQs, higher rates of perinatal complications, increased
exposure to lead are all factors that are linked to poverty in children's development." A family's
ability to provide is a huge factor in the growth of an infant. When those basic needs are stunted the
infant isn't allotted the full amount of resources hindering growth. Low–income families are at an
elevated risk to not have adequate health insurance findings show that children are at a higher risk
for illness. Elevated neonatal mortality, risk for abuse and neglect, asthma are all aspects of the
correlation found in range tests Aber et al 1997. These are all biology of a growing child, the ability
to thrive to grow and develop adequately. Consensus that there is a correlation between poverty and
poor health in children, was found in each article, the guidelines for the united states representing
what is seen as in poverty is the same as it was i. (Aber et al 1960), which doesn't give a clean

Cognitive And Psychosocial Characteristics Of The Infancy...
Infancy is the second lifespan developmental stage within childhood. During this time an infant will
experience many changes physically, cognitively and psychosocially. It is a critical time for growth
and development, therefore adequate nutrition and health promotion is mandatory. This essay will
describe the physical, cognitive and psychosocial characteristics of the infancy lifespan stage,
briefly describe two lifespan theorists, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget, in relevance to infancy and
discuss two health behaviours, nutrition and vaccination in relation to the infancy lifespan stage.
The first few months of an infant's life is the most rapid time of growth. They go through physical
changes such as their weight doubling in the first five months, then tripling by the age of twelve
months. Their height is increased by 50% and their brain doubles in weights. During this time the
fontanels become smaller, with the posterior fontanel closing at approximately two months, and the
anterior fontanel at twelve months (Crisp & Taylor, 2005, p. 187).
The infant will undergo cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of growth and development. The
cephalocaudal principle refers to the growth of the infant from the head down. As the infant grows,
their disproportioned head becomes proportionally smaller as their body grows in height. This
development also suggests that the infants motor skills will develop from their head down. The
infant learns to control their upper body such as their

Mothers From The Community Will Advocate For Healthy Babies
Two Mothers: Maura O'Brien and Denise Yu The two mothers from the community will advocate
for healthy babies, giving insight on services and programs of the agency enabling it to best fit its
programs and services to the needs of the community. They will also provide opinions on what they
would like to see from our organization. They are members to the Nomination Committee.
How will board member help promote and support this agency?
The board members will support the agency by ensuring that it works to reduce health inequalities
between expectant mothers and their children through education, advocacy, and early childhood
development. The board members to the agency have the overall oversight responsibilities to the
various operations of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nomination committee being the main organ through which the music the board is selected has
various mechanisms in place in relation to the identification, selection and engagement of the
qualified individuals sharing the organization interests. It is of the greatest expectation from the
various stakeholders of this project that this group will stand to ensure that the mission and vision
upon which this program was developed defines its very existence and operation towards the
realization of the defined objectives.
.
Role of Committees:
Executive Committee:
Committee Chair: Gail Winfrey
The executive committee is chaired by the president. The executive committee has representation
from various key functional areas of the agency so as to ensure the growth of the organization is
well rounded. The committee is responsible for upholding the organization's mission and values,
while also making sure the organization abides by all laws and policies. It also identifies and
establishes possible partnerships within community. The committee will meet regularly, at least
once after every two months, to discuss key agendas of the agency including its operation as well as
progress.
Finance Committee:
Committee Chair: Steven Swartz
The finance committee is chaired by the treasures, Steven Swartz. The roles and responsibilities of
this committee is to find funding opportunities for the agency in general and for specific agency
programs; Makes the annual budget; Monitors

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