A Brief Look At Bioethanol Essay

A Brief Look at Bioethanol Essay
In transport sector, bioethanol is considered a main alternative fuel and there is significant increase in production from 17 to 86 billion litres over the
period 2000–2011 [1]. There is an expectation to exceed over 125 billion litres by 2020 [1, 2]. Normally ethanol is blended with petrol with several
percentages, either low 5% (E5), 10% (E10) or high 85% (E85) [1]. Production Methods: There are several technologies in producing bioethanol
depending on raw materials, which can be from annual crops (wheat, maize, sugar–beet, and potato), herbaceous perennials (miscanthus, switchgrass
and reed canary grass), woody perennials (short rotation coppice and pine) or residues and wastes (forest Residues, straw and organic municipal waste)
[3].... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After 2009 each scenario shows different amount of emissions reduction. By using 10% of biofuel the first and second scenarios present maximum
emission reduction of 2.54 % and 4.1% respectively in 2020. Third and fourth scenarios achieving 6% emissions reduction with 23.8% and 14.6% of
market share. [4] Another study conducted by journal of Applied Energy shows well–to–wheel analysis of energy produced from different types of
biofuel and their impact on greenhouse gases emissions. As shown in figure 2, ethanol has lower carbon emissions compared to gasoline and diesel.
Specifically ethanol is made of sugar–beet or wood has significantly lower gCO2–equevlent/km than petrol fuels, while wheat ethanol produces greater
emissions since fertilisers are used in its production process. [3] Other Considerations: In addition to emissions saving, knocking resistance in gasoline
engine is another main advantage of bioethanol since it has a higher octane rating [1]. However, there are other main issues that should be considered
such as: 1.Land availability: specifying the location of these lands, the current usage and the net energy gain (NEG) per unit area. Furthermore, the
consequences of using these lands on food production and water [5]. 2.Emissions reduction percentage: bioethanol emissions percentage reduction is
strongly
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The Energy Policy Act Of 2005
RIN Paper
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 established what is the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). The RFS was later modified by means of the Energy
Independence and Security Act of 2007 and is now as we know it today. The purpose of the RFS is to form the requirement of specified volumes of
renewable fuel to be used for certain means each year. Those means include transportation fuel, home heating oil, and jet fuel. The creation of the
RFS allows for fuel to be distributed and used properly without there being any issues. Having this standard establishes a system that creates fair
allocation and dispersal for fuel in all facets. Requirements are also put in place to enable a secure process for managing the fuel. A major component
for the RFS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second value proposition for a RIN would be if the obligation exceeds the ability to place the product in the market. This is not the case today as
90% of the fuel in the US continues to be gasoline which could be blended with ethanol. The problem is that the petroleum industry simply chooses
not to blend above 10% ethanol volume in gasoline. A 15% ethanol blend, or E15, is a legal fuel approved by EPA for approximately 75% of the
cars on the road today and could easily be offered to consumers. In addition, there are 14 million flex fuel vehicles (FFVs) on the road today that can
use up to 85% ethanol. Even a modest increase in market penetration of E85 would absorb more ethanol than is required under the entire RFS
program, thus relegating RINs to worthless status." Due to the large profit the petroleum industry was making and the effect it had on the credibility
of RFS, the oil industry decided not to blend ethanol in volumes above 10 percent. As a result, the price of RINs was increased significantly.
The RIN crisis was controversy and displeasure gear towards the petroleum industry, but it was also self–inflicted. The requirement for renewable fuel
was passed quickly and overwhelmingly to ensure the petroleum industry had no way of benefiting in such a negative manner again. The oil industry
now has complete and total control of the market and there hasn't been any major issues with RINs since

Advantages and Uses of Biofuels Essay examples
Definition: According to Dr Andrew Zimmerman Jones, the Definition of energy is: Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work.
Energy exists in several forms such as heat, kinetic or mechanical energy, light, potential energy, electrical, or other forms (1) A simpler definition
is: Energy is the ability to do work and cause change (2) Renewable vs. non renewable: The definition of bio fuels: "Bio fuel is defined as solid, liquid
or gaseous fuel obtained from relatively recently lifeless or living biological material and is different from fossil fuels, which are derived from long
dead biological material. Also, various plants and plant–derived materials are used for bio fuel manufacturing." (3)... Show more content on
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How the energy functions in nature: Sugarcane itself looks like bamboo stalks and it is in the stalks that the plant stores energy that it doesn't need
straight away – rather like animals make fat. People like sugar for its sweetness and the energy it provides, so farmers grow these plants
commercially to extract the sugar. Most of Australia's sugarcane is grown along the coast of Queensland, and the rest is grown in northern New
South Wales and the Ord region in Western Australia. (5) The uses of Bio fuels: Bio fuel is being used in many ways. One of the most common
uses for Bio fuel is to power vehicles. There are two common ways to produce liquid bio fuels. One is to grow crops high in sugar such as sugar
cane, sugar beet or corn. They then use yeast to help ferment the crops into ethanol. Ethanol is a bio fuel. The second way to make bio fuel is to
grow plants high in oil. Examples of these plants are oil palm and soya bean. These oils are taken from the plants, heated to make them runny and
then used in diesel engines. Wood and things made from wood can also be used to make bio fuels like methanol and ethanol. Bio fuel made from
sugary substances is used in cars with petrol engines. These are the most common types of car engines. Bio fuel made from oily plants is used in
diesel engines. Diesel engines are common in trucks, tractors and heavy machinery. Bio fuels are made by harvesting

Global Energy Propects : Challenges And Future Prospect
TITLE GLOBAL ENERGY PROPECTS:CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECT The world is confronting energy destitution– absence of access
to power, advanced vitality administrations and mechanical power .Quarter of the total populace still lives without power, or different types of
present day vitality administrations, while as much as 33% of aggregate humankind depends on conventional biofuels, for example, bovine manure or
kindling .It brings about extraordinary cost to wellbeing or economic welfare and security .The world additionally confronting twin vitality related
danger : that of not having satisfactory and secure supplies of energy at moderate costs and that of ecological mischief brought on by its utilization.
Reasonable vitality assumes a key part in financial development and human advancement and taking off vitality costs and late geopolitical occasions
have helped us to remember the defenselessness of the worldwide vitality framework to supply disturbances. Protecting energy supplies is by and by
at the highest point of the worldwide strategy motivation. The present example of energy supply conveys the risk of extreme and irreversible
ecological harm. So the objectives of energy security and natural insurance requires solid and composed government activity and open support. The
world 's vitality needs will develop significantly more steeply from now than whenever since the start of the modern unrest. The number of inhabitants
in the industrialized world generally devour

Soybean Hydroponics in the Arctic Tundra
Soybean Hydroponics in the Arctic Tundra
Abstract: Soybeans will be grown hydroponically in the arctic tundra. Greenhouses will be used to extend the possible growing season. Soybeans
can serve two good purposes. They can be used as food or as a way to make biofuel. This is great for the arctic environment where it is difficult to
get supplies such as food and gasoline. With a steady supply of food and fuel more research can be done in this harsh environment. The goals are to
produce the highest output of soybeans possible hydroponically and to convert what is not wanted for food into biofuel. Another goal is to show that
hydroponics can be used on a commercial level and hopefully get more companies to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the United States biofuel production has grown a lot over the last two decades. In 1995 production was at 500,000 gallons, by 2005 it was 75
million gallons, and by 2006 it was at 224 million gallons [Biofuels '13]. The main plant used in the United States biofuel production was the soybean
[Biofuels '13]. Currently 4 percent of the world's demand for primary energy comes from biofuels. The more popular and more well–known
hydropower only provides 2 percent of the world's primary energy demand [Maugeri '10]. Most modern cars can use up to a 10 percent biofuel mix in
their engines without any modifications, though some cars called flex–fuel can use 100 percent biofuel or gasoline [Maugeri '10]. One big advantage
to using biofuel is that it produces a higher octane rating than gasoline which helps improve engine performance [Maugeri '10]. Biofuels currently
cost a little more to make compared to gasoline at about a ten to eight ratio respectively [Sanders '10]. Hopefully with more farms producing the
components for making biofuels hydroponically it can help drive the price down to where it can be competitive with gasoline and one day completely
replace it.
Methodology: Since the soybeans are going to be grown in the arctic tundra a greenhouse will be used to extend the growing season which is typically
10–12 weeks to much longer. Soybeans grow best at somewhere between 60–86 degrees Fahrenheit [Jones '05]. Grow lights will be used in the
greenhouse when there is

The Leading Fuel Ethanol From The United States
POET LLC is one of the leading fuel ethanol producers in the United States, operating twenty–seven corn to ethanol plants and one of only three corn
stover to ethanol plants in the United States. The success of the company has come from capitalizing on government policy. This policy under the
EPA's renewable fuel standard provides incentives in the market place. Due to this incentive along with process innovation POET has grown into an
industry leader. The company has a wide range of intellectual property and is constantly pushing its employees to come up with new ideas and
processes. As an Associate Research Scientist, I am able to collaborate on new ideas first hand. I see many new ideas come through the pipeline every
day. Once an idea is developed it is subjected to scrutiny, it must survive benchtop experiments, economic modeling, and ultimately a run through at a
research plant. Ultimately then trials are done at one of the twenty–six plants that POET manages. This whole process can be stopped at any time if an
experiment fails, the economics do not make sense, or if managers decide other ideas get priority of resources. I see firsthand that employees of POET
are expected to maintain confidentiality when it comes to intellectual property. All full and part time employees are expected to sign non–disclosure,
confidentiality and non–compete agreements upon hiring. POET requires employees to have a training session about their intellectual property within
the first

Is Biofuel Not The Solution? Global Warming?
Biofuel is not the Solution to Global Warming Biofuel has been recognized as one of the most effective alternative energy to help reduce global
warming effect. But, according to the research, biofuels actually do the opposite way. We as human beings, only see good sides of biofuel energy as
a complete way to change current situation and give it too much hope, which blinds our eyes to perceive the danger. What we really do is to minimize
the impact and think of other solutions. Biofuels are desirable because the plants used in production are creating carbon footprints. Therefore, the
carbon emission is in counterbalance and it will be reabsorbed by the replaced plants for biofuel production. Although those limits make biofuel
energy a less desirable option, there is no simple solution. Developing countries are gaining increasing political power from their crops, but at the
same time they are losing at the price of their homes. According to the Department of Energy, a gallon of gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel emits between
18.4–21.1 pounds of CO2 upon burning. Transportation sources accounted for 29% of total Indonesia greenhouse gas emissions in 2006. (1) Creating
biofuels like corn ethanol is an energy–intensive process. The steps involved with growing a feedstock like on an agro–industrial scale – think farm
equipment, fertilizer, harvesting, transporting the feedstock into the ethanol and further transporting the biofuel to a petroleum refinery or service
station –

Renewable Sources of Energy
Biofuel is Fuel produced from renewable resources, especially plant biomass, vegetable oils, and treated municipal and industrial wastes. Every time
we drive in a vehicle we are using nonrenewable resources that are bad for the environment. Using gasoline or diesel release chemicals called green
house gasses into the environment. Because of theses harmful chemicals people have started to use biofuels. There are two types of biofuels, ethanol
and biodiesel. Biofuel is Fuel produced from renewable resources, especially plant biomass, vegetable oils, and treated municipal and industrial wastes.
Ethanol
Ethanol is made from the sugar in grain and plants. It is mostly made from common crops like potato, sugar cane, and corn. It is usually mixed with
gasoline to reduce the amount of fossil fuels used by vehicles.
The world production of ethanol tripled between 200 and 2007. In 2011 22.36 billion gallons were produced the United States was the top producer
with 52.6 liters made. This accounted for 62.2% of global production followed by Brazil.
One gallon of ethanol is equivalent to 1.5 gallons of fuel. Most cars can run of blends of up to 10% ethanol. High blends of ethanol have presented
problems with vapor pressure needed for fuel to evaporate and spark the ignition during cold weather around 52 degrees. We have started using E85 in
flex fuel vehicles because that is what they run the best on but in colder areas like Michigan E70 is used during winter months and still

Lotus Rental Car's
Lotus Rental Car 's – Alternative Fuel Vehicles
COMM 215
LMH
Instructor
6 December 2004
Alternative Fuel Vehicles
As a quick statement prior to beginning this assignment I thoroughly enjoyed researching this topic. It has been of personal interest to me for years. I
have, in the past (as far back as the 1970 's), invested my personal time researching designs and building prototypes, which utilize alternative fuels for
vehicle propulsion and various mechanical motion applications with a practical approach.
This assessment is submitted for the consideration of Lotus Rental Cars Chief Financial Officer, the topic covered is to assist in answering the question
of the feasibility of adding alternative fuel vehicles to the rental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another AFV energy source is methanol, a type of alcohol. Methanol can be produced from a variety of sources such as coal or natural gas, natural
gas being the least costly source. The overall effect of import dependency is relatively the same as that of LNG. Denatured alcohol, or ethanol, can be
made from corn and other biomass products. The supply within the United States is very limited at best and foreign supply would be required to fill
the demands if ethanol AFV numbers increase. Ethanol is used to reformulate gasoline in California as a substitute for the recent reversal of state
guidelines to add Methyl Tertiary–Butyl Ether (MTBE) to gasoline. The total demand within California requires approximately 10% of all ethanol
consumed must be imported. Increased demand will increase the need for importation due to California and the United States current production
capacity levels. No new ethanol production plants are scheduled for construction at this time therefore guaranteeing the import demands.
Hydrogen, as an energy source for AFV can be used in the form of either an internal combustion engine or a fuel cell where hydrogen is mixed with
oxygen to produce electrical power. Current experimentation, testing and development are in process from all major automotive manufacturers in
North America, Europe and Japan. There is no infrastructure for the refueling of hydrogen powered vehicles, nor are any readily available hydrogen
powered vehicles being produced for

HawaiiвЂ™s Renewable Energy Future Essay example
"By 2020, Hawaii is aiming to generate 20 percent of its energy from non–fossil fuels" (Brown et al. 2008, 11). According to the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory (Arent et al. 2009, 1–2), petroleum accounts for 90% of Hawaii's energy consumption and 75% of their electricity. Since Hawaii
has no pipelines or oil fields, they are forced to import petroleum to accommodate their energy needs (Arent et al. 2009, 1). Hawaii is disconnected
from the rest of the United States, which means that Hawaii has to take care of its own energy needs (Croucher 2010, 79).How can alternative energy
sources reduce the need to import of petroleum?
Hawaii's geography is optimal to make use of biofuel, solar, and geothermal resources (Brown et al. 2008, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hawaii has the bioavailability to support biofuels as a renewable resource.
In addition to fuel crops, Hawaii also has abundant resources for biomass heating. During their research Turn et al. (2002, 4) found that the
biomass resources for Hawaii include: swine, dairy, and poultry manure, sugarcane bagasse and trash, pineapple processing waste, macadamia nut
shells, municipal solid wastes, food waste from commercial food preparation facilities, sewage sludge, and fat, oil and grease wastes from food
preparation activities. One of the main advantages is that biomass energy can use municipal solid waste. Hawaii also produces about 10 pounds
of trash per person coming to about 1.8 million tons of trash per year (Yap 2008). Hawaii has a power plant that can use over 2,000 tons of
garbage a day to generate electricity (Covanta Energy 2011). Hawaii has decided to start exporting its garbage to give it enough time to expand the
power plant's capacity (Yap 2008). Smaller scale biomass fueled power generation can help get rid of agricultural and municipal refuse, while
alleviating the strain on the electricity grid and providing a cheap locally based source of electricity (Turn, Keffer, and Staackmann 2002, 17). If
Hawaii develops biomass as a renewable resource, it can reduce the need to import petroleum and export garbage.
Biomass is not the only renewable alternative option for Hawaii, ethanol can also be produced in Hawaii. According Keffer et al.(2009, 253), using

A Brief Synopsis Of The Emerging Ethanol Fuel Industry
A brief synopsis of the Emerging Ethanol Fuel Industry
Ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, commonly known as Ethanol (commonly seen as E–85 at the gas pumps) has a long history in the United States. Henry
Ford considered it the fuel of choice. [1] In fact, his very first automobile, built in 1896, ran solely on ethanol. He said, "There is enough alcohol in
one year 's yield of an acre of potatoes to drive the machinery necessary to cultivate the fields for a hundred years." But it 's use in that capacity on a
commercial scale was never realized due to the abundant resources and soon to arrive efficient production processes of petroleum products. However,
with the highly volatile petroleum markets, mounting environmental concerns and the increase of gasoline fuel prices it is being reconsidered. To where
in 2013, ethanol use had displaced as much as 462 million barrels of imported oil, reducing the dependence on foreign oil by 6 percent. [2]
From an Economical View
In the last 10 years alone gasoline fuel prices have doubled, from just over $1.59 a gallon in 2004 to $2.59 a gallon, as of December 2014. But the
unstable fluctuations in the market, along with the nation trying to unshackle itself from the dependence of foreign petroleum, along with the added
fear that the world has reached or is on the verge of reaching 'peak oil ' has spurred renewed interest within the alternative fuel industry as a whole, with
the primary focus focused on ethanol. [3] On the economic front,

Ethanol Fuel Persuasive Essay
In the reading passage, it focuses on the topic that ethanol is a bad alternative for gasoline for some reasons, and the instructor concentrates on the
same issue. However, the instructor claims that the ethanol fuel indeed is a good replacement, which raises doubts about what the reading passage
asserts. The instructor, in the lecture, also provides some compelling evidence to back his point of view.
To begin with, whereas the reading passage suggests that the increased use of ethanol fuel would not help to solve one of the biggest environmental
problems caused by gasoline use: global warming, the lecturer argues that the use of ethanol fuel could reduce the carbon dioxide which is the main
factor to cause global warming. Even though the use of ethanol fuel create carbon dioxide, the plants which are used to create the ethanol fuel are
able to absorb the carbon dioxide. As a result, the carbon dioxide can be removed, and the absorbing of carbon dioxide counteracts the releasing of it. ...
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That is because a kind of plant can be used to create ethanol, and animals do not use this plant as food. In other words, the amount of corn will not be
reduced.
Lastly, the reading passage claims that the price of ethanol cannot compete with the price of gasoline. However, the instructor verifies the claim is
very weak by indicating the fact that the price will be competitive in the future. The reason is that the price will drop when more producer involves in
producing ethanol fuel. The instructor also said that if the amount of ethanol fuel is 3 times than now, the cost will drop 40

The Ethics of Using Corn or Rice to Make Fuel
Food and energy are the main issues that were mentioned the most in 21st century. The world population has reached over seven billion by the time
we are writing this essay (Worldometers, 2014). It means that the amount of food and energy consumed will be rising promptly. We do not know
whether people would choose food crops or fuel crops to satisfy their needs, but from our point of view, producing ethanol by corn and rice is good for
all economy, environment and social benefits.
First, producing ethanol from corn or rice is really economic. The first benefit of corn–based ethanol would be on agriculture and industry. Corn is
cheap and easy to produce domestically; therefore, producers do not need to import raw material from foreign countries. Consequently, ethanol price
will be lower in comparison with other energy like oil or gas. It will lead to cheaper transportation costs by using bio–fuels. More importantly,
transportations relate to every field of the economy, so lower price of transportation will bring more profits to the whole economy. Besides, price of
corn also creep up since high demands of corn that impulse the planters' income and creating more jobs for farmers. In addition, when the government
supports for corn production on a concentrated area, maize agriculture will be more productive and effective than before. Both consumers and producers
can earn profits and that amount of profits will contributes significantly to the nation's GDP growth. Thus, if we merge

The Biofuel Industry
Biofuels have been used as a source of energy for thousands of years. Wood was the first biofuel to be used as a means to create fires for cooking.
Since that time we have discovered numerous ways to use them and the various forms of biofuels that are available for use. Presently our use of
biofuels consists largely of additives to gasoline in the form of ethanol. Ethanol is found in almost all of our gasoline products today, in which about
10% is typically mixed as an additive. Some gas stations are now offering nearly pure ethanol fuel known as E85 which is 85% ethanol. This makes
ethanol the most common biofuel used worldwide. In response to this, farmers around the world have increased biofuel plant production as a means to
meet the new growing demand for it. As time goes on, more modern farming practices are expected to continue to increase the output at which farmers
can grow corn and other ethanol producing plants thereby "fueling" the biofuel gas industry. With more resources available to use, ethanol will be an
even cheaper additive than it is now.
Biofuels as a whole are made up of a large variety of organisms or their byproducts, leaving a multiple of sources to choose from. This is what makes
biofuel energy an attractive source of fuel for the future. One company named Algenol is leading the world in algae research development that they
claim will revolutionize the biofuel industry completely. They are working on having algae produce ethanol directly

The Effects on theThe Use of Water for the Production of...
Water, over half the planet is covered in this miraculous molecular compound. Water provides us with necessary hydration for our bodies, gives us
means to grow crops and raise animals, it acts as a highway for boats and barges, and through water, humanity has thrived. The recipe for water is a
relatively simple one, all you need is to combine one–part oxygen and two–part hydrogen and suddenly you have the key to life on earth. Water is
arguably the most valuable resource that exists on planet earth and yet, it is quickly slipping out of our reach. Water covers over seventy percent of
earth's surface, but only about three percent of that water is available for human use as freshwater. The main source of freshwater is permanent ice
sheets,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ethanol made its debut in the early 1970s, and by the late 1980s, ethanol was beginning to be used for fueling cars (Fuel–testers, 2012). Now in the
midst of the green movement of the 2000s, ethanol can be found in over 90 percent of gasoline at public gas stations (Fuel–testers, 2012). This
technology is being pushed to new extremes as it strives toward its goal of replacing gasoline as our main fuel source. Ethanol promises us less gas
emissions, less dependence on foreign oil, and prolonged use of a healthier environment. This happy picture ethanol has painted, however, might be
too good to be true. As the demand for ethanol rises, the demand for corn grown by American farmers also rises. As the demand for corn rises, the
water necessary to irrigate those crops also rises. As water use rises, our water supply diminishes. At first glance, ethanol as a new fuel supply
appeared to be the answer to all of our problems, but now Americans need to reconsider this corn–grown miracle. First and foremost, the
water–to–ethanol payoff is shockingly low. Fully irrigated, corn takes up to 1,200 gallons of water to produce one gallon of ethanol (Bio Energy,
2013). To create a little over two gallons of ethanol, farmers need to grow one bushel of corn, which consumes over 3,172 gallons of water (Bio
Energy, 2013). This ratio has become a burden on watersheds, which are being drained at a record rate to irrigate when rain is little

Leaving New York City for the Farmlands of Illinois Essay
| Case: Leaving New York City for the Farmlands of Illinois There are a lot of things to consider before making a career changes, especially one as
big as uprooting yourself from the business world in a major city to moving to rural farmland, learning a new trade from the bottom up. It is crucial
to research your options before making any decisions. The advice from your colleagues in the text does bring up some really good points. If the
article in The Wall Street Journal holds to be true, now would be an excellent time to get into the farming business producing corn crops if there is
going to be an increased demand for corn to produce corn–based ethanol as a gasoline substitute. If there will be an increase in the demand for corn, the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Assuming that the 80 acres of farmland do not come with all of the equipment needed to grow and harvest corn crops, there will be an additional
investment beyond the $80,000 for the land in terms of both time and money. If you do not have the additional funds to not only purchase the
materials and hire the manpower to get the farm up and running, but also the funds to sustain your likelihood while waiting for the crops to turn a
profit, you would find yourself in quite the predicament. There are alternatives to obtaining these additional resources, such as taking out business
loans or finding a business partner, but these added expenses may in turn cause additional stress in your life, defeating the purpose of moving to
Illinois seeking refuge in a more peaceful environment. I also believe it is important to research the corn crops and corn–based ethanol a little bit more
before jumping into a decision like this. According to the 2014 Illinois Crop Budgets corn crops "have lower returns than received in recent years,"
suggesting that incomes will be down for corn farmers in comparison to previous years (Schnitkey, 2013). Even with the increased demand for ethanol,
knowing that projected incomes are potentially in decline is something one should not take lightly before making such a drastic career

Assessing Renewable Energy Projects Essay
As aforediscussed, many authors agree that capital utilization play an important role in defining business viability; however there is a lack of
assessment methodologies for making such assessment possible on the context of assessing Renewable Energy Projects. In view of that, and in order to
tackle this difficulty, a generic assessment model has been presented on Chapter three Within the context of studyingRenewable Energy Projects, this
section provides an application of the generic model as to provide a glance on the insights, or gains in knowledge that can be achieved from the
exploration of capital.
4.1 Case–Study Motivations
As we have previously discussed in Chapter one, the global demand for biofuels is expected to continue its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to these reasons, it has become of crucial importance to understand the Brazilian Renewable Energy System. Therefore, this thesis applies its
present assessment methodology in order to test its ability in generating useful information to the viability analysis process.
4.1.1 Brazil
With its 8.5 million square kilometers and over 190 million inhabitants, Brazil is not only the fifth largest territory, comprising nearly half of South
America, but also the world's fourth largest democracy (CIA, 2008). This tropical country is a major world player comprising one of the most modern
and sophisticated industrial economies of the developing world – the tenth largest at market exchange rates. Despite ranking as the world's 15th largest
oil–producer, advancing to become oil–independent due to recent massive discoveries in oil resources along its coast (see Mello, 2008), "few
countries with reasonably good levels of industrialization and oil reserves have an energy matrix with such an important share of renewable energy
sources (as Brazil)" (Walter, Dolzan, & E. Piacente, 2006). Brazil is considered to have the world's

Corn Prices
The Effect of U.S. Ethanol on Corn Prices
Introduction: There are over 96 million acres of corn planted in the U.S. every year, where the mid–west dominates the country in production. Corn
can be used for a variety of things that include; energy ingredient in livestock feed, ethanol for biofuels, oils, sweeteners, alcohol, and food substances
such as starches.
Ethanol production in the U.S. has been on the rise for over the last 10 years. Production totals were around 115,604 barrels (1,000 barrels) in 2006 and
has more than doubled by 2014 reaching 341,419 barrels (1,000 barrels). A majority of the US ethanol is made from corn. In 2013 the U.S. used 4.7
billion bushels of corn (40% of the harvest) to produce over 13 billion gallons of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A comparison of results with the no–subsidy results and with actual prices and quantities shows separate estimates of the impact on corn. The general
pattern of corn prices would have been the same as in the historical period without ethanol subsidies or without expansion of ethanol, rising from
2005 to 2007 and then declining to 2009. Corn prices would have still risen dramatically in 2007, to $3.75 per bushel. Policy: "By 2011 most cars on
U.S. roads could run on blends of up to 10% ethanol (E10), and manufacturers had begun producing vehicles designed for much higher percentages.
Flexible–fuel cars, trucks, and minivans use gasoline/ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). By early 2013 there were
around 11 million E85–capable vehicles on U.S roads. In January 2011 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) granted a waiver to allow
up to 15% of ethanol blended with gasoline (E15) to be sold only for cars and light pickup trucks with a model year of 2001 or later. The EPA waiver
authorizes, but does not require stations to offer

Ethanol And Fuel Properties Of Ethanol
Ethanol contains a two carbon alcohol and six hydrogen (C2H6O) and has low cetane number (8), low heating value (26.8) and low viscosity (1.08) at
40п‚°. Table 5. shows the properties of diesel, gasoline, ethanol, acetone and butanol. Furthermore, the stability of any blend is an im–portant factor in
fuel properties. The most significant issue of using ethanol with diesel is solu–bility and miscibility. Therefore, the use of biodiesel is an important
method to stabilise ethanol in diesel [119, 124]. In order to maintain the stability of ethanol–diesel blends, two types of additive methodologies are
normally employed: the addition of surfactants (emulsifiers) that yield stable emulsions or micro emulsion, and the addition of co –solvent ... Show
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The effects of adding of vegetable methyl ester to diesel ethanol blends were studied by Chen et al. [152], who observed that the addition of ester to
diesel–ethanol blends prevents phase separation up to 30% by volume to maintain the homogeneity of blends
Other significant research has undertaken by BarabГЎs et al. [119] who investigated to 27 mix–ture samples of ethanol, biodiesel and diesel in different
ratios. The experiments showed that only seven samples were suitable in terms of miscibility and stability and two samples (B10D85E5 and
B25D70E5) could successfully replace diesel.
4.2.2Ethanol blend Tested in CI Engines
Blending ethanol with diesel fuel has several issues in terms of performance and emission lev–els. A number of studies have examined the effect of
ethanol on thermal efficiency, brake power, fuel consumption and emission levels. Some research [114, 120, 125, 126] obtained dif–ferent results in
terms of performance and emission levels. Most of this research agreed that ethanol causes an increase in fuel consumption (BSFC) and a decrease in
the efficiency of the diesel engines. Chen et al. [120] showed that ethanol could decrease some types of emissions such as smoke and PM because high
oxygen content helps to complete the combustion. When vegetable methyl ester was added to

Global Warming Is Caused By Emission Of Greenhouse Gases...
Global warming is caused by emission of greenhouse gases. 72% of the totally emitted greenhouse gases Is carbon dioxide. CO2 is inevitably
created by burning of fuels like e.g. Oil, diesel, petrol etc. The use of such fuels can be minimized by using alternative fuels which do not contain
carbon or contain less carbon. The alternative fuels such as ethanol produced from renewable lignocellulosic resources or fuels produced from
seawater. Research on improving ethanol production is accelerating for both economical and ecological reasons, primarily for its use as a alternative to
Petroleum based fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant raw material in the world. Production of ethanol from renewable lignocellulosic
Resources may improve energy availability, decrease air pollution, diminish atmospheric CO2 accumulation. The production of fuel from seawater
takes 23,000 gallon of seawater to produce to produe one gallon of liquid hydrocarbon fuel. This process solves two problems; dependence on fossil
fuels and rising of sea level. The ultraviolet rays coming from sun also contribute to global warming by destroying the protective ozone layer. Sunshade
Geoengineering – the installation of a Reflective Mirrors between earth and sun to reduce the incoming solar radiation, has been proposed as a
Mitigative measures to counteract anthropogenic global warming.
Keywords– ethanol, ,lignocellulosic resources ,reflective mirrors ,sunshade geoengineering, Terbo fan

Ethanol Fuel Essay
Well we all know that the energy system is very unstable because the total energy available on the earth is limited, and man has exploited all the
conventional technologies to fulfill his needs. By the use of these conventional technologies, the world also has a disability, with problems such as
global warming. Consumption of energy by man increased gradually as his wants also increase. The conventional energy resources mainly include
fossil fuels, but research shows that this fuel source will be depleted completely in approximately 20–25 years. This could cause major setbacks around
the world. As a result, we need an alternative source of fuel that could keep the world running on its wheel. One possibility is ethanol. Chemically
extract ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ethanol fuel is clear and colorless, and most importantly, it originates from plants (Ethanol Fact Book). Since it originates from plants almost anyone
can help produce it.
Ethanol fuel is typically just made from plant biomass by pretreatment, fermentation, and distillation, which is very much the same way that beer and
liquors are produced.
The sugar beets and sugar cane are very good examples of these feed stocks that contain the sugar. Corn contains starch that can easily be converted
into the sugar that is needed. Even most of the trees and grasses have cellulose that can be easily turned into sugar and then used in the making of
ethanol (Mukherjee 1 para 2).The ethanol process always starts by grinding up the feedstock which makes it more quickly and easily processed.
Ethanol fuel has many positive features as an alternative to the use of liquid fuel. First, ethanol is renewable. A relatively safe fuel would show very
few engine changes. Second, its energy density is much higher than with some of the other alternative fuels, such as methanol, which means there
would be less volume required to go the same distance. With the third benefit of ethanol, it would be able to improve much of the agricultural
economies by providing farmers with stable market crops, such as maize and sugar beets, and with

Ethanol Fuel Pros And Cons
Ethanol Fuel "According to the Renewable Fuels Association, ethanol production in 2013 added more than 87,000 direct jobs across the country, $44
billion to the gross domestic product, and $30.7 billion in household income" ("Ethanol Benefits and Considerations"). A nonrenewable resource,
gasoline, currently occupies the United States's spot as the main fuel source. This not only means our fuel supply will eventually be depleted, but the
country's main fuel supply is harming the environment. Throughout the last decade, the idea of ethanol, a renewable resource, starting to replace
gasoline has been debated, but until the last few years, remained implausible. Recent technology innovations, enhancing the performance of ethanol
fuel, transformed this idea into a reality. The adoption of ethanol as the main source of our country's fuel not only benefits the country as a whole but
individuals' vehicles . Lower greenhouse gas emissions prevail as the main benefit of ethanol fuel. Greenhouse gases contribute to global warming,
which affects the Earth's temperature drastically. It is necessary that the world reduces the amount of pollution generated. The warming of the Earth
affects more than the temperature; it disrupts the wildlife as well. Consequently, insects, specifically disease ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Various other countries have previously switched to ethanol fuel and achieved success. For decades, Brazil has operates on 100 percent ethanol fuel
with sugarcane as their feedstock ("Ethanol as a Transportation Fuel"). The production of ethanol in Brazil has employed 70,000 sugarcane farmers as
well as 1.34 million direct jobs and its annual economic output is $50 billion (Goldemberg). Ethanol fuel has not only proven an effective fuel source,
but a source of jobs as well. The United States would prosper with the endorsement of ethanol

Ethanol Fuel
Scientists are constantly looking for new and more efficient alternatives for fuel. Not only are these for environmental purposes, but because of
depleting fuel levels caused by over–consumption. One common substitute for fuel–commonly>??? made of crude oil or petroleum is ethanol fuel.
This fuel, also know as ethyl alcohol, is created by the fermentation and distillation of corn. There are three main advantages and disadvantages when
contemplating the use of this alternative fuel.
First, although not popular in North America, it is possible to run cars on fuel containing pure ethanol. This is evident with ethanol derived from the
readily available sugarcane in Brazil. Manufacturing vehicles that run on one hundred percent ethanol ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Primarily, ethanol–containing fuels sold commercially are almost always mixed with gasoline. These gasoline–ethanol blends either contain only ten
percent ethanol or eighty–five percent ethanol and are only compatible with cars that contain special fuel systems. So although reducing, ethanol is not
eliminating the use of petroleum in transportation. Next, another factor making ethanol undesirable is its fuel efficiency and availability.
Approximately one–third more ethanol is necessary to travel the same distance as gasoline and fueling stations are much less prevalent. MORE
SPARSE?. So, while initially the fuel cost is lower than that of pure gasoline, consumers are usually spending the same amount for fuel. The similar
cost makes the hassle to find these fuel stations less justified worthwhile?? for consumers. Finally, if ethanol use and production becomes more
extensive, it could affect global food and water supplies. More crops and farmland would be converted to produce ethanol, leaving less for food
consumption. This would not only increase the use of pesticides and fertilizers but reduce water availability due to this nutrient–needy? crop. This
increased use of pesticides and fertilizers contributes to water and soil contamination with runoff, including lake, river, and drinking water. With
reduced crops and fewer water supplies, prices of foods containing corn could

Alternative Energy Sources
Alternative Energy Sources
"In United States around half of million deaths each year are attributed to air pollution. It is estimated that air pollution each day kills three people in
the city of Hong Kong. Air pollution also contributes to soil and water pollution. More than 15,000 people in the world die each day because of water
pollution" (pollutionfacts.com). With these statistics, it is no wonder people are coming up with alternative energy sources. From energy to gasoline,
there are many different ways to reduce these statistics. Some alternatives to energy sources are solar and wind power, alternative vehicle fuels and
hybrid cars. Photovoltaic solar electricity, or more commonly known as solar power, is an alternative energy... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"There is considerable interest in electric and hybrid cars because of environmental and climate change concerns, tougher fuel efficiency
standards, and increasing dependence on imported oil" (Deal). Hybrid and electric cars are a way to reduce our carbon footprint. Many vehicle
manufacturers are beginning to jump into the hybrid car craze. Some of the most popular hybrid cars are the Toyota Prius, Honda Insight and Ford
Fusion. There is also the electric car that relies solely on electricity to get from point A to point B. the downside to these cars however is that they
only get about 100 miles before needing to be recharged. Hybrids are different because they rely on a mixture of two sources, electricity and
gasoline. Hybrids can get further than electric cars because of this reason. Electric and hybrid cars have a special braking system called regenerative
braking. Regenerative braking causes the car to recharge the battery whenever the car is coasting or completely stopped. this helps maintain the car's
battery life. Charging these batteries can take a while, some even take more than eight hours!
While the popularity of hybrids and electric vehicles are on the rise, many people still drive a good– old fashioned gasoline car. Whereas driving a
normal car will not be as environmentally friendly as the hybrid of electrics,

Ethanol Vs. Ethanol Free Fuel Essay
Ethanol is now found in most gasolines, except for the few and far between pumps that sell ethanol–free fuel. Ethanol acts as a "filler" in gasoline,
because it is much cheaper than many gasoline components, however it comes at a price because ethanol infused gasoline procures about 33% less
energy than ethanol free gasoline, dropping its competitiveness towards diesel even more. (Energy, 2015) Ethanol gasoline types include E10, E15,
and E85. E10 represents gasoline with a 10% ethanol content, which is the norm now for most gasoline types, and what will mostly likely be in
normal unleaded gasoline. E15, 15% ethanol, can only be used in flex–fuel or light duty cars because it produces not nearly enough power to run a
large gasoline engine without major modifications. (Energy, 2015) E85, meaning that it is composed of 85% ethanol gasoline mixture (51–83%
ethanol), and can only be used by special flex–fuel cars designed to run off high–ethanol content fuel. (Energy, 2015)
Gasoline continues to show an inferiority to diesel fuel in every category except for price, or so it seems. The average price of gasoline as of now is
under two dollars for the first time in 6 years. (Energy, 2016) Gasoline usually is about 15–25 cents per gallon cheaper than diesel. For large trucks
with a 30 gallon tank, this can be a large difference in price that naturally make people wary of purchasing a diesel vehicle. And with this natural
disinclination towards diesel fuel, the world has shied away

Ethanol As An Environmentally Friendly Fuel Essay
The United States is the world's largest producer of ethanol fuel, producing over 60% of the world's ethanol in 2011, which correlates to the
creation of the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) in 2005. The RFS originated with the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and was expanded and extended by
the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA). The RFS requires renewable fuel to be blended into transportation fuel more so every year
until it is set to reach 36 billion gallons in 2022 (Renewable). The purpose of this has widely been seen as an effort to combat environmental damage
such as climate change and oil spills in addition to being a political move to be independent in creating our means of energy production. Currently,
ethanol is societally regarded as an environmentally friendly fuel, being that it is produced from plant material through a series of chemical reactions.
One of the most controversial issues relating to ethanol is the "net energy" of ethanol production. In sum, more energy is used to grow and process raw
material into ethanol than is can be released by the ethanol itself. The agricultural practices that are necessary to produce the biomaterials that are
converted to ethanol include planting, fertilization, tilling, watering, and harvesting, while processing the biomaterials involve transportation,
fermentation, and distillation (Energy). While these processes require more energy than is able to be harvested from the resulted ethanol, and thus
ethanol fuel is

Corn Ethanol: The Future Fuel? Essay
In the world of global warming, all kinds of pollution and fuel shortages going on, renewable and clean/ green energy is increasingly the ideal
solution of energy related problems we have to solve one way or another. Biofuel is one of the mainstream and highly supported solutions nowadays,
an idea to make renewable fuel by living organisms such as fiber, corn, vegetable oil or sugar cane. Unlike nonrenewable fossil fuels over extracted
by people causing various environmental problems like generating a considerable amount greenhouse gas, current technology already lets renewable
fuel like biofuels to shrink a certain amount of greenhouse gas production, making it a more 'clean' source of energy. The two main categories in fuels
are... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This essay will first discuss the advantages of using corn ethanol as the main source of fuel in the future, such as the renewable features of corn
itself, and the benefits of using corn ethanol as an additive of gasoline instead of using gasoline alone. However, everything has its strengths and
weaknesses. Therefore, the second part of the essay will discuss some of the weaknesses in applying the fuel into practical usage. For example, corn
ethanol currently encounters technical limitations serving itself as a standalone fuel, meaning that corn ethanol can only function by combining itself
with a certain amount of gasoline, while gasoline is a kind of fossil fuel. Lastly, this essay will conduct a comparison with other renewable resources
in the world, including solar power, other biofuels, and hydrogen fuel. The most noticeable advantage of corn fuel as an enhancement of fossil fuels
is also the biggest advantage of ethanol energy a renewable fuel. Gasoline as a fuel is extracted from petroleum, and what makes petroleum an
unreliable source of energy is that petroleum is nonrenewable, meaning it would run out some day in the future. Contrary, corn ethanol is a renewable
source of energy, meaning if corns are replanted and remade into fuel, corn ethanol can be a long–term, sustainable energy source. Corn ethanol has the
potential to produce a perfect

Essay on Potential for Large Scale Ethanol Production
Potential for Large Scale Ethanol Production
Recent legislation by the Congress of the United States has created a mandate for 5 billion gallons of renewable fuel (notably ethanol) to be consumed
annually by 2015. In light of this recent push for alternative fuels, many different biomass solutions have been considered to meet the energy need for
the 200 million cars on the road. While the most efficient bio–fuels are derived from palm oil and sugarcane, the Unites States has begun to focus on
the more regional corn crops to produce new renewable fuels. This program appears to have great potential towards achieving a sustainable future
devoid of foreign oil dependence, until the economic implications of large–scale ethanol ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More moderate studies that were conducted suggest a modest 25% return on investment. Still, not enough to herald it as the perfect solution.
President Bush recently visited Central America to sign a memorandum of understanding with the Brazilian Government, aimed at expanding ethanol
production from sugarcane in Brazil. Brazil currently produces 38% of the worlds' ethanol, while already straining the countries ecosystem (Hirsch). If
ethanol production were to increase globally, environmentalists fear that Brazil could transform into a giant sugarcane field. Richard Heinberg noted
this rapid expansion and tried to imagine how this would affect the United States cropland when the demand for corn–derived ethanol production
increased. Heinberg concluded that the US would need 25% more farmland than currently exists to supply the average consumers 852 gallons of fuel
per year (Heinberg, 172). This statistic is especially alarming when you realize this assumes that no farmland would be used for food production for
both livestock and humans. Additionally, while 90% of ethanol production is produced from corn, the USDA reports that, "corn farming required more
chemicals – fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides – than any other comparable crop, such as soybeans." (Pica) With a planned increase in corn
production we would see a severe increase in soil and water contamination near farming areas because of

Biofuels As A Fuel Source
Biofuels as a Fuel Source: Paper 3 In a time of energy crisis and a subsequent search for a renewable replacement for crude oil, biofuels have arisen as a
source of hope. Currently, the largest source of biofuels in the United States is corn–based ethanol. The large scale of corn–ethanol production and the
potential promise of finding a domestic, reliable source of energy, requires the fuel's viability as a replacement for crude oil to be evaluated. However,
there is debate surrounding corn–based ethanol's environmental, economic, and social impacts. The scientists and governments who support the
development of biofuels claim that it will not only provide a new and sustainable source of energy but also that it will reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and is therefore better for the environment. However, although corn–based ethanol continues to harbor support from the United States government,
environmentalists argue that ethanol is not substantially better for the environment, especially when the effects of its production are taken into
account. Also, while some larger farms profit from ethanol production, it places economic stress upon smaller farms and the agricultural industry and
leads to higher food prices that are a great detriment to those living at the level of subsistence. Therefore, in order to produce energy–efficient,
environmentally–friendly fuel, the United States must work towards developing cellulosic biofuels and those produced by microbes as they have

The Production and Consumption of Ethanol as Fuel
The production and consumption of ethanol as fuel is presented by several interesting facts. The ability to compete with non–renewable fossil fuels,
concern about the environment and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and have a source of fuel coming from agriculture as a alternative outlet
for agricultural producers, ethanol production became an important and endorsed industrial process (Mussatto et al., 2010).
Historically, Brazil was a example of country that started with a government program called Pro–ГЎlcool in 1975 to increase the production of ethanol,
aimed to replacing the use of gasoline, reducing oil imports at a moment that the crise of oil increased the price this combustible (Martines–Filho et al.,
2006).
Sugarcane is an important tropical plant that is produced in Brazil. This forage is included in the family of Poaceae, the same family of corn, wheat,
rice and sorghum. Sugarcane is originally from Southeast Asia and was introduced to Brazil in the 16th century, when Brazil was a Portuguese colony.
Using this raw material Brazil is the large producer of sugar and the second large producer of ethanol.
Brazil has the largest market of biofuel using sugarcane as raw material, making this biofuel a import renewable fuel with cost–competitive to replace
the petroleum fuel for transport. Producing almost the same amount in 2005, Brazil use less than half of the area to cultivate the crop to produce
ethanol than United States, wich use mainly corn as raw

Why Do We Use Corn Ethanol For Fuel?
In the United States of America, corn ethanol is the main raw material we use to move our vehicles to accomplish our daily goals. Obviously, corn
ethanol is presenting ethanol by corn. The biomass in the ethanol adds fermentation, a system that breaks down any chemicals or other substance in any
liquid. Additionally, it is added distillation, the action of purifying the process of heating and cooling. This is how cornethanol is made.
One main reason we use corn ethanol for fuel is because it is a renewable resource. This corn ethanol is not entirely made out of corn. It is made
from sugar cane or grasses, in other words, plant materials. These easy renewable sources are why we had the idea to make this fuel and continue on
with it. Due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only does this kill the American Agriculture, but this also starves people. I'm sure everyone of you know the struggle people go through and
the struggle of finding food. Instead of land being used for crops to grow food for these people, it is being used to produce ethanol. I believe we should
use this cropland for crops because it can help starving and hungry people to be able to receive food so they can have enough to eat.
Not only do they take away croplands for the crops to grow in, but the study of corn ethanol is not coming up to an expected measure because this
fuel is not fully exposed to the world. Not everybody is using this corn ethanol fuel. I know most people in zapata don't use corn fuel. Due to this, our
calculations and studies are inaccurate because we are all not burning this fuel. So lets ask this question: why take away our cropland if not everybody
is going to use the fuel that now replaced the

Research and Advancement of Biofuel Technology
Biofuels have been in major discussion amongst the government, and the science community due to the topic of global warming being caused by our
greenhouse gasses produced by our excessive use of carbon producing technologies. Although we like to think that Biofuel is a relatively new fuel
technology that has been developed as of late, it is not. Biofuel energy and its usage can be traced back as far as our ancient ancestors. Wood, the first
form of biofuel, was as many know used by our ancient ancestors to produce fire. Our ancestors used this form of fuel for obvious reasons such as
to keep warm, and for cooking. Other biofuels, commonly referred to as first generation biofuels, are produced directly from food crops. The biofuel
is ultimately derived from the starch, sugar, animal fats, and vegetable oil that these crops provide. Corn, wheat, and sugar cane are the most
commonly used first generation biofuel. Corn is probably the most recognized first generation biofuel, due to the fact that it is used in the production
of ethanol. Corn, like many biofuels has its advantages and disadvantages to the environment. Some advantages are that Infrastructure for planting,
harvesting, and processing is already in place, majority of the plant is used for energy production (little waste). Some major disadvantages of corn are
that its use in ethanol production has increased food cost world–wide leading to hunger, and many fertilizers and pesticides are used in corn production

Is Fossil Fuel Reserves Be Diminished?
... Introduction
With the rise in pollution levels and global warming, it is becoming necessary to find an alternative to fossil–fuels in transport energy. According to
Shafiee, S. & Topal, E, the authors of the journal article 'When will fossil fuel reserves be diminished?' the supply of fossil fuels will drastically
decline towards a potential shortage of fossil fuel from approximately the year 2042 [6]. According to The Economist, the increase of petroleum prices
are due to a number of factors including the rising global demand and the supply of fossil fuels. Statistically, producers of petroleum only supply about
8 million litres per day, while the world consumes roughly 273 million litres per day, which clearly does not satisfy the demand of petroleum
(Chisholm, P., 2000).
To answer the call of this crisis, the world may turn to other energy sources like biofuels, which are a relatively developed, yet innovative alternative to
fossil fuels. Biofuel is a cleaner and renewable source of fuel that is able to combat fossil fuel price increases in relation to the limiting supply of fossil
fuels with many existing and currently developing biofuel technologies to lower greenhouse gas emission and environmental damage. Biofuel
technology derives from organic biomass which may include trees, grasses, plants and aquatic plants. From the photosynthesis of these biomass
materials, plants convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water into carbohydrates (simple sugars) and lignocellulose.

Dependence of Man on the Environment
Comparison of Biomass and Biofuels Leslie Stillwagon SCI207: Dependence of Man Instructor: Dr. Dariush Azimi June 13, 2011 Revised June 21,
2011 When having to wonder how the environment is fairing with all the global warming and climate changes on going in the world. There are more
of the renewable fuels to use like biofuels and biomass we have to wonder how all of this will affect the ever changing of the environment. There are
several different environmental problems of biofuels and biomass in the world. We often wonder about the comparison of energy security by biofuels
and biomass combined together, because these items are being used for energy and the future of our environmental issues and science. Most of the
biofuels... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It seems crazy that it is how we get the crops and different things that can be turned into ethanol like with corn is turned into gas for vehicles. With all
the talk about how bioethanol can help the environment there is also biodiesel and biomass in combination with the ethanol used for the replacement
of oil and gas companies. Some people don't think about how their actions can affect the environment by biomass and biofuels to be replaced using
energy and can also replace oil–based fuels. "Biomass resources can be used to produce methanol. The pyroligneous acid obtained from wood
pyrolysis consists of about 50% methanol, acetone, phenols, and water (Demirbas and Gullu, 1998; Gullu and Demirbas, 2001). As a renewable
resource, biomass represents a potentially inexhaustible supply of feedstock for methanol production." We need to keep making sure that we don't
forget to protect the environment. People don't realize that with bioenergy you can create biomass and biofuels with power plants that supply
electricity to the country. Many people don't realize that what they do now will depend on how our future generations will be able to depend on

The Sustainability Of Biofuels Throughout Latin America
REVIEW OF
"THE SUSTAINABILITY OF BIOFUELS IN LATIN AMERICA"
CHIKE CYRILAMAEFULE
Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD4222, Australia
This paper gives an outline of the hotspots of contentions in biofuel production in Latin America. It shows researches on accessible sustainability
instruments and activities to guarantee practical biofuel generation in Latin America, and examines the benefits, advantages and obstructions of
implementing sustainability initiatives of biofuel production in latin America. The paper additionally propose a point of view toward how to
incorporate sustainability in the Latin American biofuel area. It eventually lands at the conclusion and advances a few suggestions.
Keywords: sustainability, biofuel, benefits, barriers
1.Introduction
1.1.Overview of bio fuel in LA
. Latin America (LA) has abundance of renewable energy sources which remarkably could provide energy solutions to worldwide energy needs.
For biofuel generation, Latin America has a blend of numerous favorable circumstances, for example, great soil, appropriate atmosphere, accessible
land and low work costs. Brazil is one of only a handful couple of nations that have generally demonstrated an expanding supply and utilization of
biofuels as Brazil 's generation and usage of bioethanol from sugarcane has turned into a reasonable transport fuel since 30 years. Argentina and Brazil
are encountering the developing use of soy beans for biodiesel creation.

Etha-Not a Good Idea Essay
Etha–Not a Good Idea Ethanol is the fuel of the future. Really? How so? Ethanol will solve the energy crisis. That sounds a little far fetched. Ethanol
stimulates time travel. Alright, that's just a flat–out lie. It seems that these days everybody and their brother thinks that ethanol is the magic key to the
future of powering automobiles and solving the problem of dependence on foreign oil. Well, that is not the case. Ethanol is not the energy source of the
future; in fact ethanol only creates more energy problems. When Nicolaus Otto built his famous four–stroke engine in 1876, he chose it to use gasoline
(Gilles 2). It was probably because gasoline was the most abundant fuel, and because it had a relatively high energy density ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When the final results came in, gasoline came out on top. Surprise, surprise. To go 667 miles, it took 36.5 gallons of gasoline, whereas it took 50
gallons of E85 to go that same distance. That's a 26.5 percent drop in fuel economy. And having to drive all the way to find a service station that has
ethanol will definitely not help keep the tank full, which shows that gasoline is better for mileage, kit and caboodle. (Edmunds and Reed)
These two authorities in the automotive field made an addition to the experiment: performance of the same Tahoe on ethanol and gasoline. Not only
were the standard 0–60 and quarter–mile tests done, but also a test for something more common in everyday driving, a 50–70 miles per hour highway
test. In the quarter–mile test, gasoline eked out a win, taking the gold by three–tenths of a second and finishing about two miles an hour faster. The
naught–to–60 test is where good ol' fashioned gasoline blew ethanol out of the water. Gasoline was faster than ethanol by five–tenths of a second in
reaching the mark of 60 miles an hour. The only time ethanol was faster than gasoline was when there was a mechanical glitch in the transmission in
the 50–70, but without glitches, gasoline was still faster. (Edmunds and Reed)
One might say, "Oh, well gasoline may be fast now, but how fast will it be when there isn't any more gasoline left?" Valid point, gasoline won't

Ethanol's Environmental, Economic, And Social Impacts
In a time of energy crisis and a subsequent search for a renewable replacement for crude oil, biofuels have arisen as a source of hope. Currently, the
largest source of biofuels in the United States is corn–based ethanol. The large scale of corn–ethanol production and the potential promise of finding a
domestic, reliable source of energy, requires the fuel's viability as a replacement for crude oil to be evaluated. However, there is debate surrounding
corn–based ethanol's environmental, economic, and social impacts. The scientists and governments who support the development of biofuels claim that
it will not only provide a new and sustainable source of energy but also that it will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and is therefore better for the
environment. However, although corn–based ethanol continues to harbor support from the United States government, environmentalists argue that
ethanol is not substantially better for the environment, especially when the effects of its production are taken into account. Also, while some larger
farms profit from ethanol production, it places economic stress upon smaller farms and the agricultural industry and leads to higher food prices that are
a great detriment to those living at the level of subsistence. Therefore, in order to produce energy–efficient, environmentally–friendly fuel, the United
States must work towards developing cellulosic biofuels and those produced by microbes as they have fewer consequences than corn–based

Cycle Of Sugarcane
Each process of the life cycle of sugar cane is analyzed from different states. Sugar cane is best grown where land is wet with easy access to
additional water when compared to other crops like sugar beets and corn. . Water use for sugarcane production is much higher than for the other
crops due to the need to irrigate in many cane growing areas. Around 60% of the sugarcane crop in Australia is irrigated, compared with only 16%
of the U.S. corn crop, and 7% of the U.K. sugar beet crop (Renouf,&Wegener,2007). Sugarcane responds particularly well to high water availability
and has historically been grown either in areas with high rainfall or where water resources for irrigation are available. In many cane growing areas, the
availability of irrigation... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since so much water is used for the production of sugar cane, it is the most dominant type of irrigation in the sugar cane fields. In comparison to
the US corn crops and the UK sugar beet crops, the sugar cane crop I Australia is irrigated up to 60%. Sugar cane responds well in areas with
higher water availability, and has been known in the past to grow where irrigation resources are available (Renouf,&Wegener,2007). The insufficient
data for land use can only be calculated based on the specific area of which the sugar cane is grown. The land area that is required for one tonne of
sugar cane is 0.08ha

Ethanol's Environmental Impact
Charlotte Berl
Global Rough Draft
Ethanol's Affects on the Greater Market
Chain Reaction: Ethanol's Affects on the High Fructose Corn Syrup Market
Since Ethanol has been introduced to American markets its use has risen. However, this change does not just impact Ethanol production, but also the
production and market of other areas that do not directly impact Ethanol. While it is hard to pinpoint a change in market to a single thing, Ethanol has
an affect on other markets, such as High Fructose Corn Syrup. Ethanol not only has this affect on the High Fructose Corn Syrup Market, but through
this also has a greater affect on related markets such as Corn and the Sugar markets. Discovering this impact not only reveals the positives and negatives
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is primarily because corn is cheaper and easier to produce and use. While this raise in Ethanol has increased corn production and sales as a
whole, it is possible it has lowered corn production for food consumption across the states. Not only is corn used for human consumption, but it is
also used as a food for animals in factories and on farms. On top of this, corn is also used in a popular sweetener, High Fructose Corn Syrup. If
corn is being used more for Ethanol production, will production for these categories decrease? One of the reasons it is difficult to identify Ethanol as
the cause of change in sales for each of these markets is because it is not the only variable affecting them. There is always a group against both corn
feeding of livestock and high fructose corn syrup, which can cause both markets to

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